Dec 29 2014, 9:50 am
FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
GREGORY F. ZOELLER LEANNA WEISSMANN
Attorney General of Indiana Lawrenceburg, Indiana
JODI KATHRYN STEIN
JESSE R. DRUM
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellant-Plaintiff, )
)
vs. ) No. 69A01-1405-CR-186
)
ALLISON MOORE, )
)
Appellee-Defendant. )
INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FROM THE RIPLEY CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Carl H. Taul, Judge
Cause No. 69C01-1301-MR-1
December 29, 2014
OPINION – FOR PUBLICATION
BRADFORD, Judge
CASE SUMMARY1
Late in the evening of December 29, 2012, Ryan Jackson’s home in Cross Plains,
Indiana was broken into, and Jackson was robbed at gunpoint. Early the next morning,
Nancy Hershman was shot and killed during a break-in at her home in Milan, Indiana. Based
on information provided by Jackson, authorities were soon pointed in the direction of D.H. as
a suspect, and he confessed his participation in the robbery and the homicide while also
implicating Appellee-Defendant Allison Moore and three others. Moore was arrested in her
Ohio residence and transported to the Colerain Township Police Department, where she was
placed in an interrogation room. At the time of her arrest, Moore was babysitting four
children. Indiana State Police Detectives Tom Baxter and Vince Patton met with Moore and
advised her of her Miranda2 rights. Moore soon indicated that she did not want to talk to the
police, and the discussion regarding the criminal investigation was suspended.
Soon thereafter, Indiana State Police Sergeant Anthony Scott entered and asked
Moore about the four children in her care when she was arrested. After contentiously
conversing with Sergeant Moore about the children, Moore requested that Detective Baxter
return. Moore spoke with Detective Baxter about the children and then asked what the other
suspects were saying about her. Without re-Mirandizing Moore, Detective Baxter verified
1
We heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2014, at Ben Davis High School in
Indianapolis. We thank the administration, faculty, staff, and students of Ben Davis for their hospitality and
counsel for quality of their presentations.
2
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
2
that Moore now wanted to speak with him. Moore then made statements incriminating
herself in the robbery of Jackson and Hershman’s death.
Appellant-Plaintiff the State of Indiana (“the State”) charged Moore with felony
murder, Class B felony burglary, and Class B felony conspiracy to commit burglary. The
State later added a charge of intentional murder and requested that Moore receive a sentence
of life without parole. Moore filed a motion to suppress her statements to police, and the trial
court granted Moore’s motion following a hearing. The trial court granted the State’s motion
for certification of the matter for interlocutory appeal, and this court accepted jurisdiction.
The State contends that the trial court erroneously granted Moore’s motion to suppress
because she waived her right to silence by reinitiating the conversation with police. Moore
contends that police continued to question her after she invoked her right to silence and that
police interference led to her giving a statement without being re-Mirandized.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
At approximately 11:30 p.m. on December 29. 2012, D.H. and his friends S.N., B.N.,
Moore, and K.B. went to Jackson’s Cross Plains home. D.H. kicked in the door, and the
group stole approximately $700.00 and some marijuana. Early the next morning, the group
went to Hershman’s Milan home. Once at Hershman’s home, D.H. kicked in the door, and
he, S.N., and Moore entered the residence. During a confrontation between Moore and
Hershman, Hershman was shot in the head and died from her wound.
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Jackson indicated to police that he recognized one of his assailants as D.H. because
D.H. had done some work on his home, and police spoke to D.H. on January 5, 2013. D.H.
admitted his involvement in the robbery at Jackson’s home and the homicide at Hershman’s
and also implicated Moore, S.N., B.N., and K.B.
On January 5, 2013, Ohio authorities arrested Moore at her residence, where she was
babysitting four children, and transported her to the Colerain Township Police Department in
Ohio. Detectives Patton and Baxter met with Moore, and the following exchange occurred:
BAXTER: I’m gonna read these sentences to you um and I just want to
make sure you understand it. You have the right to remain
silent. Do you understand that?
ALLISON: Uh huh.
BAXTER: Okay. Anything you say can be used against you in court. You
understand that?
ALLISON: Like court for what though?
BAXTER: Oh we’ll … we’ll talk about that. You have the right to talk to a
lawyer for advice before you are asked any questions and to
have him with you during questioning. Does that make sense to
you?
ALLISON: Yeah.
BAXTER: Okay. If you … if you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be
appointed for you before any questioning if you wish. Okay?
ALLISON: Well can I do … can I have you guys question me and then
depending on what it is can I ask for a lawyer?
BAXTER: Yes, you have the right to stop answering at any time.
ALLISON: Okay that’s good. I am kind of not even sure what’s going on.
BAXTER: I’ll explain it all to you and … and be Mr. nice guy okay?
ALLISON: Okay.
PATTON: Listen to this next section here.
BAXTER: If you decide to answer questions now without a lawyer present,
you will still have the right to stop answering at any time. You
also have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to
a lawyer.
ALLISON: Okay.
4
BAXTER: If you understand, now what I ask you to do is … is just
acknowledge that you understand all those rights I’ve explained
to you.
ALLISON: Yes.
BAXTER: Would you write yes in there please? Having these rights in
front of you, do you wish to talk to me now?
ALLISON: Yes.
BAXTER: Okay. And just put the date and the time and put your signature
there.
ALLISON: What’d you say your name was again?
BAXTER: Tom Baxter.
ALLISON: Tom.
PATTON: And I’m Vance.
ALLISON: Vance, I’m not gonna remember that.
PATTON: ??????
BAXTER: You um … I’m investigating uh something that happened over
in Indiana last weekend. It’s been about a week ago. And I’m
gonna ask you to talk to me about it, okay? I think … I try not
to beat around the bush too long, okay? Um but I wanna tell you
where I’m going. Um before we get into the details too much, I
… I just want to tell you that I’ve … there’s … there’s been
more than one person that’s been interviewed today, okay?
ALLISON: Yeah.
BAXTER: And the others are upset, okay? And they just wanna get it off
their chest, alright? And I wanna give you that same
opportunity as to do that as well. Uh I know what happened in
both places, okay? And I need to know what kind of person you
are and I need to know why it happened.
ALLISON: I don’t know what happened.
BAXTER: Well Allison um I know who … who went to Indiana, okay?
We’re dealing with five people, okay? And I knew that you
were …. I know that you were present, okay? And there was
two houses that were went to, one in Cross Plains and one in
Milan, alright? And I know some things went wrong, okay?
And as I explained to you before, um we’ve talked to some of
the other people that were there and they’ve been pretty honest
about what happened, okay? And I … I guess we … we need to
talk about it.
ALLISON: My thing is, like I told you, I don’t have no reason to go to
Indiana. I don’t know nobody in Indiana. I can have my sister
tell you I was with her. If there’s no evidence against me, I
5
can’t really say nothing because I wasn’t in Indiana, so, with that
being said, I’m done.
BAXTER: So you don’t wanna talk to me anymore?
ALLISON: No, because this is just gonna go down the way that you guys
are trying to make it go down. Like I said, I don’t know nobody
in Indiana. I was with my family last weekend. And they can
tell you that.
PATTON: Who … who were you with Allison?
ALLISON: I was with my sister.
PATTON: What’s her name?
ALLISON: Neesha. She’s down in Georgia right now.
PATTON: She was in … were you in Georgia when you were …
ALLISON: No, she just went down to Georgia on Wednesday.
PATTON: Is she a Moore?
ALLISON: No, she’s a Robinson. Her real name is Sharon but Neesha is
her family name.
BAXTER: Okay, so are you telling me that we’re not gonna talk?
ALLISON: That’s what I’m saying.
BAXTER: Okay, well I guess I’ll conclude this interview. It was my hope
that you would cooperate today.
ALLISON: I’ve … I’ve … I’ve told you what I know. That’s … I’m
cooperating.
BAXTER: No, I don’t think you’re cooperating right now so I think I’m
just gonna have to conclude this interview and we will rely on
the others and we’ll just have to see how this investigation goes.
So you’re telling me that you don’t want to talk to me right
now?
ALLISON Uh huh.
BAXTER: Okay. Well I’m just gonna leave you sitting in here for a few
minutes okay?
ALLISON: Okay.
BAXTER: If you change your mind I will be out here.
ALLISON: ???????????? Thank you.
(Baxter & Patton leave)
ALLISON: (Knocks) Since we’re concluding this interview can I leave?
Am I allowed to leave?
BAXTER: Not yet.
ALLISON: Okay.
(F/Sergeant Anthony Scott)
SCOTT: Allison who are the parents of the kids that are at your house?
Or who are the kids?
ALLISON: Is my mom there … here?
6
SCOTT: Yeah, but there’s some kids there. Your mom don’t know who
the kids are.
ALLISON: Yeah, they’re my kids. They’re uh can I speak with my mother?
SCOTT: Well she’s trying to come here but she doesn’t know what to do
with the kids.
ALLISON: Tell her to bring them with her cause they’re with me till
tomorrow.
SCOTT: Can you tell me who the kids are?
ALLISON: Yeah, their names are Emir, Aliyah, Aariona, and Emari.
SCOTT: Okay you gotta slow down a little bit.
ALLISON: Emir …
SCOTT: Spell that.
ALLISON: E-M-I-R. Aliyah …
SCOTT: A…
ALLISON: A-L-I-Y-A-H. [Aariona], A-A-R-I-O-N-A. Emari, E-M-A-R-I.
SCOTT: M-E … say that again.
ALLISON: A-R-I.
SCOTT: And what’s their last names?
ALLISON: Um …
SCOTT: They all have the same last name?
ALLISON: No. I don’t even know their last names.
SCOTT: Okay.
ALLISON: I don’t even know …
SCOTT: You don’t know any of their last names?
ALLISON: No.
SCOTT: Okay.
ALLISON: Tell my mom to bring them with her because they’re with me till
tomorrow.
SCOTT: Alright.
ALLISON: Thank you. (Scott leaves)
SCOTT: Do you have a phone number for their parents?
ALLISON: Can I have my phone please? I don’t know their numbers by
heart.
SCOTT: What’s their … what’s their mom and dad’s name? Or who are
you watching them for?
ALLISON: Their names are not in my phone as their name so can I please
have my phone?
SCOTT: But what are … what are their names? That’s what I’m asking?
ALLISON: I’m not … just … just … just …. my mom knows … just have
my mom bring them up here with here. That’s as much as I’m
gonna say.
7
SCOTT: Okay. I’m asking you because your mom doesn’t … doesn’t act
like she wants to bring them up.
ALLISON: Okay, well just … let me … can I call my mother please? I’m
allowed … I’m entitled to a phone call, I know. So can I call
my mother please?
SCOTT: You’ll be allowed to talk to your mom here in just a little bit.
She’s coming here.
ALLISON: Okay but she needs to bring my kids and I need to let her know
this.
SCOTT: Okay.
ALLISON: So can I please call her?
SCOTT: Are they your kids?
ALLISON: You have my phone right in your hand.
SCOTT: They’re talking to your mom right down there.
ALLISON: Alright well can I go down there and speak with her please?
SCOTT: On the phone. She’s not here yet.
ALLISON: Yes, I know. Can I go and speak with her please?
SCOTT: As soon as she gets here, yeah. Okay? Just hang tight. (Scott
leaves)
ALLISON: You telling me I need to sit … oh you all is some assholes.
??????: Who can come pick the kids up or ??????????? kids to pick
them up?
ALLISON: My … their mothers do not drive. That is why my mom has to
bring them.
?????: Where … where … they’re not coming here, so where are they
going?
ALLISON: Can I put … I have to see if my neighbor can watch them,
please. Because ….
?????: Okay where do the parents to these kids live at?
ALLISON: ??????????
??????: Okay ???????????????
ALLISON: Can you ask my neighbor to watch them just until I get home
please? My neighbor was the one who went over there and sat
with them till my mother got there. Huh? The one parent lives
in ?????? where she’s at. That’s why I asked for my phone …
SCOTT: What are their names?
ALLISON: … that I can call them.
SCOTT: What are their names? That’s all I’m asking for.
ALLISON: Even if I give you their names, their names is not in my phone as
their real name.
SCOTT: I’m asking you what are their names?
ALLISON: Emari’s mother’s name is Erica.
8
SCOTT: Erica what?
ALLISON: I don’t … If I don’t know their last names what makes you think
I know their mom’s last name?
SCOTT: Well I figure if somebody’s gonna leave their kids with you ….
ALLISON: No.
SCOTT: …. you would at least know who they are.
ALLISON: They’re … Aariona and Aliyah’s mother’s name is Esha.
SCOTT: Esha what?
ALLISON: Can I speak to my mom?
SCOTT: Your mom’s not here yet.
ALLISON: Can … can I speak to my mom?
SCOTT: When she gets here, you’ll get to speak with her.
ALLISON: Alright you all ….
SCOTT: Have a seat in there okay?
ALLISON: I … I know I get a phone call.
SCOTT: Have a seat in there please.
ALLISON: So can I make a phone call please?
SCOTT: Have a seat in there.
ALLISON: Why ain’t I entitled to a phone call yet?
SCOTT: Because you’re not entitled to one. Have a seat.
ALLISON: Can I get Tom?
??????: Who?
ALLISON: Where’d he go … Tom, yeah.
?????: ????????????
ALLISON: Yeah.
????? You want a Detective?
ALLISON: Yeah.
?????: ???????? track him down.
ALLISON: Cause he’s the only one that’s even nice right now, so I need to
speak to him.
????: Here he comes.
ALLISON: It’s nothing about the case. I don’t need … no, I just want you.
Um …
BAXTER: You want privacy!
ALLISON: Yeah, just me and you cause you’re the only one that is actually
listening. They all be here to try … trying to ?????????? 241-
KIDS for my kids. Um and I’m over here thinking um … since
you’re the only one that actually can talk like you got … I … I
know I’m entitled to a phone call. I’ve watched too many shows
to know I’m entitled to a phone call. But my kids’ mothers’ last
names … Erica, her last name is Schmidt but my sons don’t
9
have the same last name as them. Erica Schmidt. They get …
they have …
BAXTER: How many … how many children do you have?
ALLISON: There’s four kids at the house. Um … her last name is Schmidt
and Esha’s real name is not … it’s “I” Esha but it’s spelled like
Esha. Um her last name is Esha Butler.
BAXTER: Can I get something to write … write with.
ALLISON: Because my … my kids can’t afford to go to …
BAXTER: Hold on …
ALLISON: Yeah. Now I … I don’t … I don’t know how to spell Esha,
cause like I said it’s spelled … it’s spelled a different way.
BAXTER: You have how many kids?
ALLISON: There’s four of them in there. They wrote down their names.
Uh Emir and …. Emir and Emari is Erica’s sons.
BAXTER: How many … how many do you have?
ALLISON: They’re not my blood kids. They’re kids that I …
BAXTER: So we’re trying to figure out who was at your house, is that
right?
ALLISON: It was just me and my … and the four kids.
BAXTER: But they’re not yours?
ALLISON: They’re not my biological, no. They’re with me for the
weekend.
BAXTER: Oh okay.
ALLISON: Yeah.
BAXTER: So you think you know their first names?
ALLISON: No I know my kids’ first names. I know their …
BAXTER: Know all the kids that …
ALLISON: I’m talking about their last names … their mothers last names is
Erica, E-R-I-C-A, Schmidt.
BAXTER: How old is she?
ALLISON: She’s 22. I don’t … uh I don’t know her number by heart
though. That’s why I was trying to get my phone so that I could
call her because I knew at least you would at least let me do
something. You the only one that actually is talking like you got
some sense. They’re just rude. That’s why I don’t like the
police.
BAXTER: Hey I’m not gonna treat you bad, okay?
ALLISON: And that’s why I … that’s why I asked for you to come in here.
I’d rather move to Indiana than stay here the way … the way you
all act out there, I’d rather go out there. And then the other
mother … there’s two … there’s two different mothers. That’s
… Erica has the two boys and then uh Esha Butler.
10
BAXTER: I’m gonna take a stab at how you spell that.
ALLISON: E-S-H-A …. yeah, H-A … Butler. And those are the two girls.
Make sure they don’t call 241-KIDS, cause I can get them and
get ahold of them and have my mom take them to them if I can
…
BAXTER: Do you know their phone numbers?
ALLISON: It’s in my phone. I don’t know them by heart.
BAXTER: Okay.
ALLISON: That’s why I keep asking for my phone.
BAXTER: Okay.
ALLISON: Um that’s why I … that’s why I said have my mom bring them
up here because then when she leaves she can take them to
where they need to go.
BAXTER: Okay. I think they was gonna try to … I think your mom was
gonna try to get up here.
ALLISON: That’s what I’m saying, but they’re talking about my mom’s not
gonna bring my kids up here.
BAXTER: Well she’s not gonna leave them alone.
ALLISON: Exact ...that’s what I’m saying. And then now they’re talking
about calling ?????????????.
BAXTER: I don’t know if that’s gonna happen. We’ll … we’ll … I’ll
make sure the kids are okay.
ALLISON: At least I … I … I can trust you when you say that. I don’t … I
… my kids is not … don’t mess with my kids … just … even
though they’re not my biological kids, I … I treat them like they
are, you know what I mean?
BAXTER: You care about them.
ALLISON: Of course. I’ll be on my … the two oldest ones they’re 6 and
?????????????? the youngest boy, he was just born. He was
born … born four days before my birthday, so he’s only 2
months. So them is my babies. And my 2-year-old, she just
turned 2 January 2nd. So them is my babies. I really wanna
know what people’s saying about me though. That’d be …
that’d be a good start.
BAXTER: Are we gonna talk?
ALLISON: I mean we can. I wanna know what people’s saying about me
though. Because like I told you, like I told the cop in the car
when he said something about Indiana, I don’t know nobody in
Indiana. I don’t have a reason to go to Indiana. I’ve never been
to the casino. I don’t even know where the casino is.
BAXTER: You’re better off.
11
ALLISON: Yeah, I think I might be hitting the one up downtown though
when it’s done.
BAXTER: Stay away from it.
ALLISON: I want … I wanna go though. I watch gambling on TV ?????
BAXTER: I don’t know if I’d do that if I were you.
ALLISON: I’m broke already. How much more debt can I get in?
BAXTER: Are you working right now?
ALLISON: Looking for a job. I got a job lined up. My cousin’s girlfriend’s
sister works at a home healthcare place and she’s suppose to be
having her pull my app and so I can get started working. I’m
trying. I just … I was working at Burger King but I quit Burger
King because they was treating me like crap and I don’t … I’m
very head strong on being … how to be treated at a job. You
know what I mean? Just because you’re a higher authority …
BAXTER: I think … I think I can tell you’re head strong. But I think
somewhere in there is a nice person.
ALLISON: I’m too nice. That’s what I’m always told.
BAXTER: I don’t know that’s a good quality to have … to be a nice
person.
ALLISON: I don’t think so. In … in the end you always get shitted on, you
know? Like and it’s … and it’s mostly by family. That’s why I
don’t really mess with my family too much. It’s because those
are the ones who really just kick you in the ass. Excuse my
language.
BAXTER: You … you asked me a question a minute ago. And when … do
you want me to answer that?
ALLISON: Yes.
BAXTER: Okay. Um I’ve been told that [D.H.] … do you know [D.H.]?
ALLISON: I know a [D]. ..
BAXTER: [D] …
ALLISON: That’s my neighbor’s nephew.
BAXTER: [D] and yourself, [S.N., B.N., and K.B.] um took a ride and
wound up in Indiana. It might not have been your intention in
the beginning, okay? And at someone else’s direction, wound
up way out in the middle of nowhere, okay?
ALLISON: Uh huh.
BAXTER: That’s the best way to describe it, okay?
ALLISON: I’m listening cause …
BAXTER: Okay?
ALLISON: Okay, whatever.
BAXTER: And I want to be honest with you, I … I don’t want to sit here
and … and just put words in your mouth, I really don’t. Um and
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I … I truly am here to be fair. I really am. And I told you when
we first started talking, I’m gonna treat you with respect, okay?
ALLISON: You have so far.
BAXTER: Regardless, and you’re gonna … you’re gonna get that from me,
you are.
ALLISON: You’re the first cop that’s ever said that.
BAXTER: Well you are … you deserve it because you’re human and I
would want you to treat me that way.
ALLISON: Some people don’t care.
BAXTER: I would want you to show me respect as well.
ALLISON: Yeah.
BAXTER: And that’s one thing that you and I both can do here, is at least
promise each other that we’ll do that and …
ALLISON: That’s why I asked for you to come in here.
BAXTER: I think you know that … and I hope you can respect my
occupation that I am a policeman and we take complaints and
we ...
ALLISON: As much as I don’t like you guys, I … I … I can respect that.
Because some … some of you all do your jobs … some of you
all, can’t say all of them.
BAXTER: Okay. And I’ll … and … and that’s fine. When … when we …
did … what do you know about police work? Have you had any
education in any of that kind of stuff?
ALLISON: Well other than speeding tickets and like I watch TV shows
about it.
BAXTER: Let’s forget about TV, cause there’s so much of that is wrong.
ALLISON: Well First 48, that’s like … that’s live ??????????
BAXTER: Somewhat … somewhat. Well anyway, when we investigate
things we take complaints, okay? Somebody rings up the phone
and they make a complaint and we investigate it, okay? And a
lot of what we do is we ask people questions about what
happened, where were they, who were you with, where did you
go, where did you stop, what did you touch, you know all this
kind of stuff and … and evidence, we collect evidence. We try
to corroborate, if you know what that word means.
ALLISON: Uh huh.
BAXTER: Verify.
ALLISON: Uh huh.
BAXTER: Um what people say. But more than, just more than that, being
truthful, one of the things that I have to do when I investigate
things, I put everything on paper and then I present it to
13
somebody else and they are gonna want to know what kind of
person you are, okay? Well I not only...
ALLISON: That’s why I wanted you to get it off of me.
Interview Tr. pp. 5-24.
Moore went on to make incriminating statements related to the Jackson robbery and
the Hershman homicide. On January 7, 2013, the State charged Moore with felony murder,
Class B felony burglary, and Class B felony conspiracy to commit burglary. On October 1,
2013, the State filed a request for a sentence of life without parole. On October 22, 2013, the
State added a charge of intentional murder.
On March 26, 2014, Moore filed a motion to suppress her statement to police. On
March 31, 2014, following a hearing, the trial court granted Moore’s motion to suppress.
The trial court certified the matter for interlocutory appeal, and, on June 3, 2014, this court
accepted jurisdiction.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Whether the Trial Court Abused its Discretion in
Granting Moore’s Motion to Suppress
We review a trial court’s decision to grant a motion to suppress as a matter of
sufficiency. State v. Moriarity, 832 N.E.2d 555, 557-58 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). When
conducting such a review, we will not reweigh evidence or judge witness credibility.
Moriarity, 832 N.E.2d at 558. In such cases, the State appeals from a negative judgment and
must show that the trial court’s ruling on the suppression motion was contrary to law. State
v. Estep, 753 N.E.2d 22, 24-25 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). This court will reverse a negative
14
judgment only when the evidence is without conflict and all reasonable inferences lead to a
conclusion opposite that of the trial court. Id. at 25.
When one who is subject to custodial interrogation requests the
assistance of counsel, all questioning must immediately cease and interrogation
can be resumed only when the accused initiates a communication with police,
and when it is apparent that he knowingly and intelligently waived his right to
counsel. Moore v. State, 498 N.E.2d 1, 8 (Ind. 1986) (citing Oregon v.
Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1044, 103 S. Ct. 2830, 77 L. Ed. 2d 405 (1983)).
Things are different, however, when the suspect does not request counsel but
instead only invokes his right to remain silent. See United States ex rel. Riley
v. Franzen, 653 F.2d 1153, 1158 (7th Cir. 1981) (noting the difference
between a suspect invoking the right to counsel and a suspect invoking the
right to silence).
In [Miranda], the United States Supreme Court wrote that “[o]nce
warnings have been given the subsequent procedure is clear. If the individual
indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he
wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease.” [384 U.S. at 473]
(emphasis added). Although this provision could be read as prohibiting all
further questioning of an individual who has indicated that he wishes to remain
silent, the Court later clarified that this is not what was intended, stating:
Clearly, therefore, neither this passage nor any other passage in the
Miranda opinion can sensibly be read to create a per se proscription of
indefinite duration upon any further questioning by any police officer
on any subject, once the person in custody has indicated a desire to
remain silent.
Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 96 S. Ct. 321, 46 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1975).
Instead, when a suspect has only invoked his right to remain silent:
there is not a per se rule prohibiting the authorities from ever initiating
a discussion or further questioning the individual on the subject.
Rather, it must be shown on a case by case basis that the authorities
“scrupulously honored” the defendant’s right to cut off questioning at
any time, and that he knew and understood these rights and voluntarily
waived them.
Id. at 9; see also Berghuis v. Thompkins, — U.S. —, 130 S. Ct. 2250, 2273-74,
176 L. Ed. 2d 1098 (2010) (stating “the admissibility of statements obtained
after the person in custody has decided to remain silent depends under
15
Miranda on whether his ‘right to cut off questioning’ was ‘scrupulously
honored’ “).
It is the State’s burden to prove that the suspect’s right to remain silent
was scrupulously honored. Jenkins v. State, 627 N.E.2d 789, 796 (Ind. 1993);
Moore, 498 N.E.2d at 10. There are several non-exclusive factors used to
determine whether interrogation was properly resumed, including: the amount
of time that lapsed between interrogations; the scope of the second
interrogation; whether new Miranda warnings were given; and the degree to
which police officers pursued further interrogation once the suspect has
invoked his right to silence. United States v. Gillaum, 372 F.3d 848, 856 (7th
Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Schwensow, 151 F.3d 650, 658 (7th Cir.
1998); Mosley, 423 U.S. at 104-05, 96 S. Ct. 321).
Mendoza-Vargas v. State, 974 N.E.2d 590, 594-95 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).
The State argues that the trial court erred in granting Moore’s motion to suppress
because (1) Moore was properly Mirandized and the interview stopped immediately when
she invoked her right to silence, (2) additional questions put to Moore by Sergeant Scott were
unrelated to the criminal investigation, and (3) Moore reinitiated the interrogation and
impliedly waived her previously-invoked right to silence. Moore counters that (1) the State is
requesting that we reweigh the evidence and revisit the trial court’s findings; (2) the State’s
questioning of Moore did not, in fact, immediately cease; (3) Sergeant Scott’s questioning of
Moore led to the reintroduction of Detective Baxter; and (4) the police coerced Moore into
making incriminating statements by their harassing questioning involving the children she
was babysitting.
A. Whether Questioning Immediately Stopped
The State argues that questioning immediately stopped once Moore invoked her right
to silence, while Moore argues that the trial court found that it did not and that the State’s
16
argument is therefore an invitation to reweigh the evidence. The relevant portion of the
interview is as follows:
ALLISON: My thing is, like I told you, I don’t have no reason to go to
Indiana. I don’t know nobody in Indiana. I can have my sister
tell you I was with her. If there’s no evidence against me, I
can’t really say nothing because I wasn’t in Indiana, so, with that
being said, I’m done.
BAXTER: So you don’t wanna talk to me anymore?
ALLISON: No, because this is just gonna go down the way that you guys
are trying to make it go down. Like I said, I don’t know nobody
in Indiana. I was with my family last weekend. And they can
tell you that.
PATTON: Who … who were you with Allison?
ALLISON: I was with my sister.
PATTON: What’s her name?
ALLISON: Neesha. She’s down in Georgia right now.
PATTON: She was in … were you in Georgia when you were ...
ALLISON: No, she just went down to Georgia on Wednesday.
PATTON: Is she a Moore?
ALLISON: No, she’s a Robinson. Her real name is Sharon but Neesha is
her family name.
BAXTER: Okay, so are you telling me that we’re not gonna talk?
ALLISON: That’s what I’m saying.
BAXTER: Okay, well I guess I’ll conclude this interview. It was my hope
that you would cooperate today.
ALLISON: I’ve … I’ve … I’ve told you what I know. That’s … I’m
cooperating.
BAXTER: No, I don’t think you’re cooperating right now so I think I’m
just gonna have to conclude this interview and we will rely on
the others and we’ll just have to see how this investigation goes.
So you’re telling me that you don’t want to talk to me right
now?
ALLISON Uh huh.
BAXTER: Okay. Well I’m just gonna leave you sitting in here for a few
minutes okay?
ALLISON: Okay.
BAXTER: If you change your mind I will be out here.
ALLISON: ???????????? Thank you.
17
Interview Tr. pp. 7-9.
Detective Patton did not immediately stop his questioning of Moore, as he asked her
who she was with the previous weekend and what her sister’s name was after she
unequivocally indicated she did not want to talk. Even though the questioning did not
immediately result in incriminating statements, we conclude that the State did not
scrupulously honor Moore’s right to silence by immediately ceasing the questioning, as
required by Mosley. This is particularly so because the questions related to a possible false
alibi, which would have been incriminating. To the extent that the State argues that the
interrogation immediately ceased upon Moore’s invocation of her right to silence, this
argument is an invitation to reweigh the evidence, which this court will not do.
B. Sergeant Scott’s Questioning
The State contends that Sergeant Scott’s questioning about the children Moore was
babysitting did not amount to interrogation and was therefore not improper. Moore counters
that Sergeant Scott’s questioning, although ostensibly about the children in Moore’s care at
the time of her arrest, was “harassing[,]” causing her to seek out Detective Baxter for relief,
which led to resumption of the conversation regarding the criminal investigation.
1. Community-Caretaking Function
First, the State contends that Sergeant Scott’s questions regarding the children were
proper pursuant to the police’s community-caretaking function. Moore argues that there is no
indication that the children were in imminent danger, rendering the community-caretaking
function inapplicable. Regarding the community-caretaking function, the Indiana Supreme
18
Court has stated,
The police are expected not only to enforce the criminal laws but also to
aid those in distress, abate hazards, prevent potential hazards from
materializing, and perform an infinite variety of other tasks calculated to
enhance and maintain the safety of communities. The Supreme Court has
recognized this multifaceted nature of policing and, in Cady v. Dombrowski,
413 U.S. 433, 441, 93 S. Ct. 2523, 2528, 37 L. Ed. 2d 706 (1973) labeled it the
“community caretaking function[].” This rubric is “a catchall for the wide
range of responsibilities that police officers must discharge aside from their
criminal enforcement activities.” [U.S. v. Rodriguez-Morales, 929 F.2d 780,
785 (1st Cir. 1991)].
Fair v. State, 627 N.E.2d 427, 431 (Ind. 1993).
The State notes that Moore had four children in her care, ranging from the ages of two
months to six years, and police had no idea who the children’s parents were, whether any had
special needs, or whether Moore’s mother was a viable care option. Moore notes that there is
no indication in the record that the children were in imminent danger and that Moore’s
neighbor had taken over Moore’s child care responsibilities until Moore’s mother arrived.
Moreover, Moore noted at oral argument that although she was arrested while caring for the
children in her Ohio residence, both Sergeant Scott and Detective Baxter serve with the
Indiana State Police.
There does not appear to be any Indiana authority on point.3 However, given that the
State has the burden to show that it scrupulously honored Moore’s right to silence, the State
has failed to show that the police’s community-caretaking function justified continued
questioning of Moore. While the State is correct that police had limited information
19
regarding the children in Moore’s care, there is also no indication of any imminent peril.
Moreover, it is unclear what Indiana police officers would be able to do about children in
Ohio. The record in this case supports a conclusion that the State has failed to carry its
burden to show that Sergeant Scott’s questions were justified pursuant to the community-
caretaking function.
2. Whether Sergeant Scott’s Questioning Constituted Interrogation
The State also argues that because Sergeant Scott only asked questions related to the
children in Moore’s care, his questioning did not amount to “interrogation.” Moore argues
that Sergeant Scott’s questioning of her was harassment that ultimately led her to seek out
Detective Baxter, to whom she ultimately confessed. “Under Miranda, ‘interrogation’
includes express questioning and words or actions on the part of the police that the police
know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.” White v.
State, 772 N.E.2d 408, 412 (Ind. 2002) (citing Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301
(1980); Loving v. State, 647 N.E.2d 1123, 1126 (Ind. 1995)). “[C]ustodial interrogation for
purposes of Miranda includes both express questioning and words or actions that, given the
officer’s knowledge of any special susceptibilities of the suspect, the officer knows or
reasonably should know are likely to ‘have … the force of a question on the accused,’
Harryman v. Estelle, 616 F.2d 870, 874 ([5th Cir.] 1980), and therefore be reasonably likely
to elicit an incriminating response.” Penn. v. Muniz, 110 S. Ct. 2638, 2650 (1990).
3
Moore’s Brief of Appellee, filed August 11, 2014, contains a citation to this court’s opinion in
McIlquham v. State, 992 N.E.2d 904 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), which was vacated by order of the Indiana Supreme
Court nearly seven months previously, on January 16, 2014.
20
Examination of the record reveals that neither Sergeant Scott nor Detective Baxter
asked Moore anything about the crimes being investigated until after she expressed some
interest in the criminal investigation. The question, then, is whether Sergeant Scott and/or
Detective Baxter knew or reasonably should have known that questioning Moore about the
children was reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response. Moore argues that
Sergeant Scott’s questioning was intentionally antagonistic such that Moore was coerced into
asking for Detective Baxter, who had been “nice” to her, whereupon she confessed.
The trial court found that Sergeant Scott’s questioning of Moore amounted to
continued interrogation, and, because the questioning did not overtly concern the criminal
investigation, can only mean that the trial court found that Sergeant Scott’s and Detective
Baxter’s ostensibly unrelated questioning was intended to ultimately elicit an incriminating
response. Under the circumstances, we cannot conclude that this finding is clearly erroneous.
As can be seen from the transcript of the interview, Sergeant Scott’s conversation with
Moore became increasingly contentious, until, at last, she called for Detective Baxter’s
return. Soon after Detective Baxter returned, Moore indicated that he was the only police
officer who had been “nice” to her and soon thereafter indicated that she wished to know
what others were saying about her. Especially when one considers that neither Sergeant
Scott nor Detective Baxter had any apparent authority to actually do anything about the
children who had been in Moore’s care, it seems likely that their continued questioning of
Moore was intended to eventually induce her to make incriminating statements. We
conclude that Sergeant Scott’s and Detective Baxter’s questioning of Moore amounted to
21
interrogation, which was pursued despite Moore’s clear invocation of her right to silence.
Because the State did not scrupulously honor Moore’s right to silence in this case, the trial
court did not err in granting her motion to suppress her incriminating statements.4
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
RILEY, J., and ROBB, J., concur.
4
Because we conclude that the State’s questioning regarding the children amounted to interrogation,
we reject the State’s argument that Moore reinitiated the interrogation.
22