In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-14-00044-CR
ERIC L. HILL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th District Court
Gregg County, Texas
Trial Court No. 43089-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter,* JJ.
Opinion by Justice Moseley
________________________
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
OPINION
Eric L. Hill was convicted by a jury of continuous family violence, based on allegations
that he had done violence to his girlfriend, Raven Thomas, on three occasions within twelve
continuous months. The charge alleged that he had committed such violence once on
February 22, 2013, and that there were two such acts of violence committed by him June 29,
2013 (one of these was alleged to have occurred at a club and another one on the same day in the
apartment they shared). After the jury finding of guilt, Hill entered a “true” plea to two
enhancement allegations and tried the issue of punishment to the jury. He was sentenced to
serve twenty-seven years in prison.
Although Hill does not dispute that Thomas falls within the class of people designated as
“family” pursuant to the statute under which he was charged, he contends on appeal (1) that there
is insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction and (2) that the jury charge failed to require the
jurors to return a unanimous verdict. To explain his position a bit more, although Hill admitted
that he attacked Thomas at the club, he maintains that there is insufficient evidence that he did
violence to her during either of the other two incidents that were alleged to have occurred.
In addition to Hill’s claim that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to have found
the existence of the other two alleged incidents, he argues that the trial court erred in its refusal
to instruct the jury that in order to convict, it was necessary for the jury to agree on the existence
of the same offenses.
2
A person commits the offense of continuous violence against the family, a third degree
felony, if the person, within a twelve-month period, assaults a family member two or more times.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.11 (West 2011). Its pertinent provisions state as follows:
(a) A person commits an offense if, during a period that is 12 months
or less in duration, the person two or more times engages in conduct that
constitutes an [assault] under Section 22.01(a)(1) against another person or
persons whose relationship to or association with the defendant is described by
Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code.
(b) If the jury is the trier of fact, members of the jury are not required
to agree unanimously on the specific conduct in which the defendant engaged that
constituted an offense under Section 22.01(a)(1) against the person or persons
described by Subsection (a) or the exact date when that conduct occurred. The
jury must agree unanimously that the defendant, during a period that is 12 months
or less in duration, two or more times engaged in conduct that constituted an
offense under Section 22.01(a)(1) against the person or persons described by
Subsection (a).
Id.
I. Claim of Insufficiency of the Evidence
In evaluating legal sufficiency in this case, we must review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found,
beyond a reasonable doubt, that Hill committed the offense. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979));
Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing
Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). We examine legal sufficiency
under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury
“to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
3
inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,
does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was
tried.” Id.; see Allen v. State, 436 S.W.3d 815 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d).
Hill’s indictment alleges that he committed an offense under Section 25.11 by
committing three acts of violence—one in February 2013 and two others on the same day in June
2013—causing injury to a member of his “family”—Raven, his girlfriend.
Thomas told different versions at different times of her encounters with Hill. In each of
the circumstances, she told people one story at or near the time of each incident, but radically
changed her rendition of the facts at the time of trial. 1 The police officer who responded to the
February complaint testified that Thomas had told him, and had told the dispatcher, that Hill
assaulted her by throwing a rolling desk chair at her, that she broke her finger blocking it, and
that Hill then jumped on her and punched and kicked her. The officer testified that Thomas had
bruising on her back, shoulder, and ribs, and that her right middle finger was in a splint. At trial,
although Thomas admitted that she had made those statements at the time, she said she had lied
when she previously related that story. At trial, she said instead that her finger had been broken
1
There is no indication that the State plans to pursue perjury charges against the alleged victim.
4
when she slammed it in a car door and that she had lied to the police and hospital staff about the
injuries having been the result of Hill’s assault because she was then angry at him. Her anger,
she maintained, originated because Hill would not come home. At trial, she testified that she had
warned him that she would call the police and tell them a story to get him in trouble if he did not
return home.
Regarding the June incident, the testimony is more widely sourced. Antoinette Morgan,
Thomas’ friend, told police that at about the time the incident took place, she and Thomas were
in Thomas’ bedroom talking when Hill came in and struck both of them. 2 At the trial, Morgan’s
story of the incident changed. Under the newer version, Morgan testified that Hill had struck
her, causing her to leave the bedroom; she maintained that after she departed, she did not know
what later transpired. Thomas’ father was also in the apartment. He testified that he telephoned
9-1-1 when he saw Hill enter and go upstairs to Thomas’ bedroom; he said that he subsequently
heard noises like “someone’s getting beat up.” The investigating officer testified that he saw
Thomas as she came out of the apartment, that her face was “real red and puffy, swollen, still
quite red,” and that her apparent injuries were fresh. However, it is also apparent that she was
beaten and injured only thirteen hours previously in the club incident.
All of this evidence (both the stories that were given at the time of the incidents and the
changed stories provided by the women at the time of trial) was presented to the jury. In other
words, there is evidence that could have been understood to support either the State’s case or
Hill’s version of events. Sorting out and weighing the strength of the evidence is the jury’s role
2
As an aside, at the time this report was originally given, Morgan provided the police a false name, and she was, at
the time of trial, incarcerated, charged with forgery.
5
in a trial, and there was evidence to support its decision. In the circumstances of this case, there
was sufficient evidence for the jury to have found that Hill committed family violence during
each of the three events mentioned in the charge. That being the case, there was sufficient
evidence to support a finding by the jury that Hill committed continuous family violence.
II. Claim of Jury Charge Error
The next issue raised by Hill concerns the appropriateness of the jury charge. Before
submission, Hill requested that an instruction be included informing the jury that it was required
to come to a unanimous decision on two offenses, rather than some jurors finding the evidence
sufficient as to one, and some sufficient as to the other. The trial court considered the matter
overnight, but then refused the request. Hill argues that this was error of sufficient gravity to
dictate reversal, because it is axiomatic that Texas law requires a unanimous verdict in a felony
case. See Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Unanimity means that “each and every juror agrees that the defendant committed the
same, single, specific criminal act.” Id. at 745. Jurors must unanimously agree on all elements
of a crime in order to convict, but they need not agree on all underlying facts that compose a
particular element. See Jefferson v. State, 189 S.W.3d 305, 311 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing
State v. Johnson, 627 N.W.2d 455, 459–60 (Wis. 2001)); Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 747. Thus, as will
be addressed below, courts have tended to lock in on the question of exactly what constitutes the
elements of the statutory crime.
Understandably (because the statute under which Hill was charged is a relatively new
law), no opinion of an appellate court in Texas is directly on point. As raised on appeal, the
6
question is whether the trial court erred by failing to properly submit the charge as requested, as
a violation of Hill’s Sixth Amendment rights. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI.
The pertinent part of the submitted charge reads as follows:
To find the Defendant “guilty” of Continuous Violence Against the Family you
must all agree that the State has proven elements 1, 2, and 3 listed above beyond a
reasonable doubt, but you do not have to agree on which two Assaults listed in
elements 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) above.
As set out at trial and now on appeal, the question is whether it was proper to tell the jury that if
each juror believed Hill assaulted Thomas twice (out of any number of possibilities) during a
year, then it should convict, or, alternatively, if the Constitution requires the jurors to
unanimously conclude that two particular assaults occurred before it can properly convict.
The State suggests that we should import the reasoning utilized in connection with the
continuous sexual abuse statute, 3 which contains similar language to the continuous family
violence statute applied in this case. In a case involving the continuous sexual abuse statute, the
Austin Court of Appeals concluded that the right to a unanimous jury verdict was not violated
when the jury was not required to unanimously agree on which of the various offenses had
occurred so long as the jury was required to unanimously decide that the defendant had
committed at least two of the alleged sexual acts. Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 872 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d), cert. denied, 133 S.Ct. 645 (2012).
In that case, the State alleged eleven different “acts” and, similar to this case, the charge
simply required the jury to find, as a group, that Martin had committed two of the sex abuse acts.
Id. The jury was not required to make findings showing that each juror concurred as to which of
3
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02 (West Supp. 2014).
7
the acts had been committed. Clearly, if we assume the jury in the Martin case followed its
instructions, the jurors could have found an enormous number of combinations that did not
involve any degree of unanimity. Although there is a lesser number of possibilities to add in the
mix here, the argument raised in the Martin case basically raised the same kind of constitutional
issues implicated by this appeal. Here, the State urges that we should adopt the reasoning in
Martin to decide that the unanimity constitutionally required is not as to the specifically claimed
wrongful acts, but is instead to a generic finding beyond a reasonable doubt that Hill had
committed (at least) any two of the alleged actions.
In Pollock v. State, 405 S.W.3d 396, 405–06 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.), our
sister court affirmed a conviction under the continuous sexual abuse law with only the briefest
discussion of the issue of unanimity as to which of several incidents had occurred, concluding
that the element of the offense was two prohibited acts. The Fort Worth Court held that all that
was required for conviction was proof beyond a reasonable doubt that two such acts had
occurred, but that it was not necessary to prove each act upon which the State relied. The San
Antonio court in Fulmer v. State, 401 S.W.3d 305, 312–13 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet.
ref’d), cert. denied, 134 S.Ct. 436 (2013), provided a much more detailed examination of the
issue. As did the Austin court in Martin, the San Antonio court concluded in Fulmer that the
individual acts of sexual abuse were not the elements of the offense, but instead were only
evidentiary facts of the charged offense, “‘the manner and means by which the actus reus
element is committed.’” Id. at 312 (quoting Jacobsen v. State, 325 S.W.3d 733, 737 (Tex.
8
App.—Austin 2010, no pet.)); see Casey v. State, 349 S.W.3d 825, 829–30 (Tex. App.—El Paso
2011, pet. ref’d); Render v. State, 316 S.W.3d 846, 857–58 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. ref’d).
In a case analyzing the family violence statute which was the basis of the conviction in
this case, one Texas appellate court does suggest some discomfort with this reasoning. See
Ex parte Morales, 416 S.W.3d 546, 548–49 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d).
In that case, although the court worked its way through this logic in connection with the family
violence statute, it then concluded (without agreeing that it was correct) that it did not need to
reach that question because only two allegations were made, and a facial pretrial challenge to the
constitutionality of the statute was thus not adequately shown.
Except for Morales, none of these cases analyze the statute at issue in this case, and the
Morales case is easily distinguishable because the jury was presented with only two incidents of
family violence. However, the reasoning utilized in those decisions is directly applicable to the
continuous family violence statute. Although the relevant parts of the continuous sexual abuse
statute and the continuous family violence statute are not precisely identical, they are sufficiently
close to be compared. We adopt the reasoning in the continuous sexual abuse cases and apply it
in continuous family violence cases. In the circumstances of construing the statute under
examination here, it is sufficient to allow a jury to select from a menu of possible bad acts and
agree that a defendant committed two of them without the concomitant requirement that the
jurors be shown to all concur as to which of the acts did occur. In other words, we acquiesce in
the analysis employed by our sister courts in their analysis of the perceived problem with the
continuous sexual abuse statute; that is to say that the elements of the offense are not the
9
individual bad acts, but are the sufficiency of the evidence to prove the commission of any
combination of any two of those acts during the requisite time period.
We have previously concluded that there was sufficient evidence to prove all three of the
allegations.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: December 29, 2014
Date Decided: January 9, 2015
Publish
10