Brown v. State

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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR-14-472

MARLIN BROWN Opinion Delivered January 22, 2015
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
V. COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
SEVENTH DIVISION
[NO. CR-11-3070]
STATE OF ARKANSAS
APPELLEE HONORABLE BARRY SIMS, JUDGE

AFFIRMED.

ROBIN F. WYNNE, Associate Justice

Marlin Brown appeals his convictions for three counts of rape, three counts of

aggravated robbery, and one count of Class B felony kidnapping. On appeal, he argues that

“the abolition by statute of the statute of limitations defense for defendants whose DNA

profile is included in a DNA database violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment” to the United States Constitution, as well as ex post facto principles as applied

to him. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 1-2(b)(3) (2014),

as the appeal involves an issue of federal constitutional interpretation. We affirm.

Appellant’s convictions arose from incidents that took place on January 2, January 25,

and January 30, 2001. The victims in all three were approached inside or immediately

outside their homes by a man with a gun who raped them in their homes and took cash or

debit and credit cards. The victims were unable to give detailed descriptions of the attacker

because he threatened to kill them if they looked at him, he had his face partially covered in
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at least the first two attacks, and he covered the victims’ faces with a comforter or blanket

during the rapes. On August 31, 2011, the State filed a felony information charging appellant

with five counts of rape, three counts of aggravated robbery, and two counts of kidnapping.

The State also charged appellant under Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-90-120 with

having employed a firearm while committing a felony, under Arkansas Code Annotated

section 5-4-501(b) with having been previously been convicted of four or more felonies, and

under Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-4-501(c) with having been previously convicted

of one or more enumerated serious felonies involving violence.

On August 17, 2012, appellant filed a motion to declare Arkansas Code Annotated

section 5-1-109(b)(1)(B) and (j) unconstitutional. Those subsections provide:

(b) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a prosecution for another offense
shall be commenced within the following periods of limitation after the offense’s
commission:

(1)(A) Class Y felony or Class A felony, six (6) years.

(B) However, for rape, § 5-14-103, the period of limitation is eliminated if
biological evidence of the alleged perpetrator is identified that is capable of
producing a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profile;
....

(j) When deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing implicates a person previously
identified through a search of the State DNA Data Base or National DNA Index
System, a statute of limitation shall not preclude prosecution of the offense.

Ark. Code Ann. § 5-1-109 (Repl. 2013). In his motion, appellant noted the dates of the

alleged offenses and that biological samples had been collected from each of the alleged

offenses by the Little Rock Police Department for testing at the Arkansas State Crime

Laboratory. Appellant argued, among other things, that section 5-1-109(b)(1)(B) violated

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his right to equal protection. Appellant also filed a motion to dismiss for violation of the

statute of limitations, due process, and equal protection, raising arguments similar to those

raised in his motion to declare the statute unconstitutional. The State responded to both

motions. The trial court held an omnibus hearing on August 23, 2012, at which time it

heard testimony pertinent to appellant’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the

collection of his DNA on November 1, 2011, and testimony of an Arkansas State Crime Lab

employee, Mary Robnett, pertinent to appellant’s motion to dismiss. Robnett testified that

she was a forensic biologist at the state crime lab in 2001, and in 2005 she took over as the

Combined DNA Index System Administrator, overseeing the entire DNA database. She

testified that the DNA profile from evidence obtained during the investigation of this case

was entered into the database on February 21, 2001, and that it was automatically tested

weekly against the national and state databases at least since 2005. The national database

matched that profile to appellant’s DNA profile in August 2010. The court denied both the

motion to dismiss and the motion to declare section 5-1-109 unconstitutional.

The State filed an amended felony information on September 25, 2013, but the

substantive charges remained the same. Appellant’s jury trial took place on October 8–10,

2013. On the morning of the first day, the State nolle prossed counts two (rape), three

(rape), and four (kidnapping). Appellant’s counsel asked the circuit court to reconsider his

previously filed motions and declare section 5-1-109(b)(1)(B) and (j) unconstitutional in light

of the amendments to the felony information. The court again denied the motion. The trial

proceeded, and the jury found appellant guilty of all charges and sentenced him as a habitual

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offender under Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-4-501(c) to eighty years on each of the

three counts of rape and the three counts of aggravated robbery, forty years for one count

of Class B felony kidnapping,1 and fifteen years under Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-

90-120 for employing a firearm in the commission of the offense of rape. All sentences were

to be served consecutively with the exception of the sentence for kidnapping, for a total term

of imprisonment of 495 years. Appellant timely appealed.

On appeal, appellant makes two arguments. First, appellant argues that his

prosecution on the aggravated-robbery and kidnapping charges violated ex post facto

principles, citing Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003). Specifically, he argues that the

six-year statute of limitations for Class Y felonies expired in January 2007, and the 2005

amendment to the statute set forth in section 5-1-109(j)2 for a person previously identified

through a DNA search did not extend the statute of limitations because he was not “a person

previously identified through a search of the State DNA Data Base or National DNA Index

1
Regarding his kidnapping conviction, appellant was convicted of a Class B felony
because the jury found that he had proved by a preponderance of the evidence that he
released the victim alive and in a safe place prior to trial. See Ark. Code Ann. § 5-11-
102(b)(2).
2
Act 2250 of 2005 provided in relevant part:

(j) In a case in which deoxyribonucleic acid testing implicates a person previously
identified through a search of the State DNA Data Base or National DNA Index
System, no statute of limitation that would otherwise preclude prosecution of the
offense shall preclude the prosecution until a period of time following the implication
of the person by deoxyribonucleic acid testing has elapsed that is equal to the
otherwise applicable limitation period.

Act of Apr. 13, 2005, No. 2250, § 1, 2205 Ark. Acts 9609, 9609.

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System” until September 2010. Appellant acknowledges, however, that he failed to raise this

argument to the trial court. He further acknowledges that a contemporaneous objection is

required in order to preserve an issue for appellate review, e.g., Ussery v. State, 308 Ark. 67,

822 S.W.2d 848 (1992), and that no recognized exception to that rule is applicable in the

present case. Indeed, this court has written:

[A] contemporaneous objection is generally required to preserve an issue for appeal,
even a constitutional issue. Bader v. State, 344 Ark. 241, 40 S.W.3d 738 (2001);
Christopher v. State, 340 Ark. 404, 10 S.W.3d 852 (2000). However, we have
recognized four exceptions to the contemporaneous-objection rule, commonly
referred to as the Wicks exceptions. Wicks v. State, 270 Ark. 781, 606 S.W.2d 366
(1980). The four Wicks exceptions are (1) when the trial court fails to bring to the
jury’s attention a matter essential to its consideration of the death penalty itself; (2)
when defense counsel has no knowledge of the error and hence no opportunity to
object; (3) when the error is so flagrant and so highly prejudicial in character as to
make it the duty of the court on its own motion to have instructed the jury correctly;
and (4) Ark. R. Evid. 103(d) provides that the appellate court is not precluded from
taking notice of errors affecting substantial rights, although they were not brought to
the attention of the trial court. Buckley v. State, 349 Ark. 53, 76 S.W.3d 825 (2002)
(citing Wicks v. State, supra ).

Anderson v. State, 353 Ark. 384, 395, 108 S.W.3d 592, 599 (2003). Our case law is clear that

Wicks presents only narrow exceptions that are to be rarely applied. Id. at 398, 108 S.W.3d

at 600. In the present case, appellant argues that this court should create a fifth exception to

the contemporaneous-objection rule for arguments that (1) allege ex post facto error in that

the appellant should never have been brought to trial on the criminal charges at issue; (2) are

based on a United States Supreme Court case that is directly on point; and (3) are

“irrefutable.” This court has repeatedly declined to expand the narrow exceptions to the

contemporaneous-objection requirement set forth in Wicks. E.g., Buckley v. State, 349 Ark.

53, 76 S.W.3d 825 (2002). We are not persuaded by appellant’s argument that this court

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should create a fifth exception to the contemporaneous-objection rule specifically for these

circumstances. Accordingly, we do not address appellant’s ex post facto argument because

it is not preserved for appellate review.

Appellant’s other argument on appeal is a challenge to the constitutionality of Arkansas

Code Annotated section 5-1-109(b)(1)(B) and (j)3 under the Equal Protection Clause of the

United States Constitution. This court reviews both the circuit court’s interpretation of the

constitution as well as issues of statutory interpretation de novo, because it is for this court

to determine the meaning of a statute. Arnold v. State, 2011 Ark. 395, at 4, 384 S.W.3d 488,

493. In considering the constitutionality of a statute, this court recognizes the existence of

a strong presumption that every statute is constitutional. Id. The burden of rebutting a

statute’s constitutionality is on the party challenging the legislation. Id. An act should be

struck down only when there is a clear incompatibility between the act and the constitution.

Id. We acknowledge that it is the duty of the courts to sustain a statute unless it appears to

be clearly outside the scope of reasonable and legitimate regulation. Id.

The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution provides that no state shall “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal

protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. The Equal Protection Clause

generally requires the government to treat similarly situated people alike. Klinger v. Dep’t of

Corr., 31 F.3d 727, 731 (8th Cir. 1994). The first step in an equal-protection case is to

3
Appellant’s argument is directed to the current version of section 5-1-109(b)(1)(B)
and (j), which was most recently amended by Act 1444 of 2009.

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determine whether the plaintiff has demonstrated that he or she was treated differently than

others who were similarly situated to him or her. See id. Here, the State disputes that DNA-

implicated defendants and non-DNA-implicated defendants are similarly situated such that

appellant can mount an equal-protection claim. “The issue of equal protection involves

‘whether people in the same situation are being treated differently . . . .’” McDole v. State, 339

Ark. 391, 401, 6 S.W.3d 74, 81 (1999). We hold that criminal defendants facing the same

or similar felony charges are similarly situated for equal-protection purposes when it comes

to challenging the applicable statute of limitations. Cf. McDole, 339 Ark. at 401, 6 S.W.3d

at 81 (criminal and civil defendants not similarly situated for equal protection purposes).

The next step in our analysis is to determine whether the classification meets the

appropriate standard, which appellant concedes in this case is rational basis. Under the

rational-basis test, legislation is presumed constitutional and rationally related to achieving any

legitimate governmental objective under any reasonably conceivable fact situation. Archer

v. Sigma Tau Gamma Alpha Epsilon, Inc., 2010 Ark. 8, at 12, 362 S.W.3d 303, 309–10. It is

not our role to discover the actual basis for the legislation. Id. We merely consider whether

there is any rational basis which demonstrates the possibility of a deliberate nexus with state

objectives so that the legislation is not the product of arbitrary and capricious government

purposes. Id. Here, appellant argues that there is no rational basis for the General Assembly’s

abolition of the statute of limitations for DNA-identified defendants but leaving the statute

of limitations in place for defendants identified by other means. He states that the only

difference between the two groups is the type of evidence placing the two types of

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defendants at a crime scene, and he asserts that there is no reason to “assume” that DNA-

identified defendants are more dangerous to society, are more deserving of retributive

punishment, or “are guilty beyond any doubt whatsoever and, therefore, have no need of

a trial, fair or unfair.” He further argues that the General Assembly’s finding that “the

mission of the criminal justice system is to punish the guilty and exonerate the innocent,”4

does not provide a rational basis for eliminating the statute of limitations for DNA-identified

defendants because the placement of the defendant at the crime scene is not the equivalent

of proof of the defendant’s guilt. He points to the possibility of mistake in the preparation

of a DNA profile and the fact that a DNA profile match only places a defendant at the crime

scene at some point in time and does not eliminate many possible defenses. The State

counters that the General Assembly could rationally have concluded that, “due to the

enhanced or high reliability of DNA evidence to identify perpetrators and the fact that it

does not lose its probative value over time, the elimination of the statute of limitations in

cases in which DNA evidence implicates a defendant is warranted.” The State contends that

the facts of the present case, in which DNA evidence revealed a wholly unsuspected rapist

and robber, demonstrate why section 5-1-109 survives an equal-protection challenge.

We agree with the State. DNA evidence, unlike witnesses’ memories or other types

of evidence, does not degrade over time. Because DNA is different than other types of

evidence, the General Assembly had a rational basis for treating it differently and eliminating

the statute of limitations when DNA can provide the identity of an alleged perpetrator—even

4
Act of Apr. 19, 2001, No. 1780, § 1, 2001 Ark. Acts 7736, 7737.

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long after the crime has been committed. Of course the State has a legitimate interest in

identifying people who commit crimes and bringing them to justice. Equal protection does

not require that persons be dealt with identically; it requires only that classification rest on

real and not feigned differences, that the distinctions have some relevance to the purpose for

which the classification is made, and that their treatment be not so disparate as to be arbitrary.

Smith v. State, 354 Ark. 226, 235–36, 118 S.W.3d 542, 547 (2003). The statutory provisions

eliminating the statutes of limitation for DNA-identified defendants meet this very deferential

standard.

Appellant has failed to demonstrate that Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-1-

509(b)(1)(B) and (j) violates his right to equal protection. Therefore, we affirm.

Affirmed.

Dan Hancock, Deputy Public Defender, by: Clint Miller, Deputy Public Defender, for

appellant.

Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: Vada Berger, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

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