FILED
FEB. 19, 2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
In re the Marriage of: ) No. 32074-0-111
)
BARBARA J. DANNENBRING, )
t
1 )
Appellant, )
)
and ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
SCOTT D. DANNENBRING, )
)
Respondent. )
BROWN, J. - Barbara Dannenbring appeals the superior court's order modifying
upwardly her maintenance award against Scott Dannenbring. She contends the court
erred in not granting more maintenance, failing to grant lifetime maintenance and
attorney fees, and barring her from bringing future modification petitions. Mr.
Dannenbring cross appeals. He contends the court erred in its substantial change of
circumstance ruling and in increasing maintenance. He correctly concedes Ms.
Dannenbring should be able to bring further modification petitions. Finding no legal
error or abuse of discretion on the remaining contentions, we affirm and remand for the
superior court to strike the language barring future maintenance modification petitions.
I
I
1 No. 32074-0-111
I
f
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
FACTS
I
J
i
In January 2011, the court dissolved the Dannenbring's 29-year marriage. The
court awarded about 50 percent of the community property to each party, assigned
1 most community debt to Mr. Dannenbring, and ordered a $96,035 cash equalization
I payment to Ms. Dannenbring. The court ordered maintenance for Ms. Dannenbring
payable $3,500 per month for the first 30 months, through April 2013, then $1,000 per
month for the next 30 months, through November 2015. The court considered Mr.
1
Dannenbring's earnings and earning capacity and the RCW 26.09.090 maintenance
1 factors including Ms. Dannenbring's age, her financial resources, the time needed for
I
I
I
her to finish getting her master's degree and find teaching employment, the duration of
marriage, and her physical condition. The court decided the first amount was just as it
allowed Ms. Dannenbring to finish her master's degree and the next lower amount
would assist her in her transition from displaced homemaker to working professional.
On May 16, 2013, Ms. Dannenbring petitioned to modify the maintenance award
to continue the $3,500 payments for an additional two years and to reserve her right to
request lifetime maintenance. She explained her unsuccessful efforts to find full-time
employment despite having earned her master's degree about a year earlier. Mr.
Dannenbring objected, arguing Ms. Dannenbring had neither used best efforts to find
employment nor shown a substantial change in circumstances.
The court found while Ms. Dannenbring had increased her salary, this amount
was "not as much as [the court] had anticipated that she would be able to increase it."
2
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 172. The court recognized Mr. Oannenbring had worked hard to
increase his monthly earnings by $2,000 to $3,000 in the wake of the dissolution. The
court increased Ms. Oannenbring's maintenance for the remaining 29 months from
$1,000 to $2,500 per month but did not reserve the lifetime maintenance issue and
denied both parties' request for attorney fees.
ANALYSIS
A. Modification
The issue is whether the trial court erred in modifying Ms. Oannenbring's
maintenance by increasing it from $1,000 to $2,500 per month. She contends the court
abused its discretion in not increasing her maintenance to $3,500 per month. She
argues her failure to find full-time employment and Mr. Oannenbring's increased income
justified a higher modification amount. In Mr. Oannenbring's cross appeal, he contends
the court abused its discretion in increasing Ms. Oannenbring's maintenance, mainly
because she failed to show a substantial change in circumstances. He argues Ms.
Oannenbring's circumstances were not unforeseen, her failure to find employment was
not in good faith, and his current income is not relevant.
We review modification orders for substantial supporting evidence and for legal
error. Spreen v. Spreen, 107 Wn. App. 341,346,28 P.3d 769 (2001). "Substantial
evidence supports a factual determination if the record contains sufficient evidence to
persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the truth of that determination." Id.
3
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
Maintenance awards can only be modified upon a showing of a substantial
change in circumstances not within the parties' contemplation at the time of the
dissolution decree. Id. at 347; see also RCW 26.09.170(1). "The phrase 'change in
circumstances' refers to the financial ability of the obligor spouse to pay vis-a-vis the
necessities of the other spouse." In re Marriage of Ochsner, 47 Wn. App. 520, 524, 736
P.2d 292 (1987). Regarding the financial ability of the obligor spouse, "a former wife
may not obtain additional alimony on the theory that such is in keeping with her former
husband's present station in life." Gordon v. Gordon, 44 Wn.2d 222, 228, 266 P.2d 786
(1954). We review a trial court's change in circumstances determination in a
maintenance modification for an abuse of discretion. Ochsner, 47 Wn. App. at 524-25.
A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is entered on manifestly
unreasonable grounds or for untenable reasons. Id. at 525.
In Bowman v. Bowman, 77 Wn.2d 174,459 P.2d 787 (1969), the court upheld a
substantial change in circumstances determination. The trial court believed the wife
would eventually become self-supporting and awarded her maintenance for two years.
Id. at 175. During these two years, the wife received the equivalent of a high school
diploma and enrolled in vocational school. Id. However, the wife was not in good
health and was limited to part-time work. Id. Before the two-year period ended, the wife
petitioned to modify her maintenance. Id. The trial court granted the wife's petition,
finding "the anticipated situation of [the wife] being fully self-supporting had not
materialized, through no substantial fault of [the wife]." Id. The Bowman court upheld
4
1
1
No. 32074-0-111
1 In re Marriage of Dannenbring
! the modification because U[t]he primary purpose of the payment of support ... for a
period of 2 years was to enable [the wife] to become self-supporting by the end of that
1 period through additional training and work experience." Id. at 176.
~
II Once a court finds modification is needed, the nonexclusive list of factors seen in
RCW 26.09.090 must be considered in determining the amount of maintenance. These
I
I
factors include the financial resources of the spouse seeking maintenance, the standard
of living established during the marriage, the length of the marriage, the physical
condition of the spouse seeking maintenance, the time needed for the spouse seeking
maintenance to find employment, and the ability of the spouse from whom maintenance
is sought to meet the needs of both spouses. RCW 26.09.090. U[T]he only limitation
placed upon the trial court's ability to award maintenance is that the amount and
duration, considering all relevant factors, be jUst." In re Marriage of Washburn, 101
Wn.2d 168,178,677 P.2d 152 (1984); see also RCW 26.09.090. Calculation of what is
reasonable in terms of amount and length of time before maintenance terminates
depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case. See Spreen, 107 Wn.
App. at 348. But a maintenance award "that does not evidence a fair consideration of
the statutory factors results from an abuse of discretion." Id. at 349-50.
Substantial evidence supports the trial court concluding Ms. Dannenbring's
circumstances have changed sufficiently to warrant modification of her maintenance. At
the time of the dissolution, the court found Ms. Dannenbring could be self-supporting
because she had skills and education which could be brought up-to-date. The court
5
I
1
I
f
.1
1 No. 32074-0-111
!
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
I
i approved of Ms. Dannenbring's choice to return to school to get her master's degree in
English as a second language, an area with available jobs. By creating a two-tiered
maintenance award, the court fashioned the award in such a way so as to allow Ms.
Dannenbring to "continue in the directiEm she is going" so she could "re-enter the job
market in fairly short order." CP at 46. The $1,000 payments were designed to assist
Ms. Dannenbring with her transition. A lower amount was awarded because it was the
court's "belief and hope that [Ms. Dannenbring would be] working at that point." CP at
29. Thus, Ms. Dannenbring's unemployment when the $1,000 monthly payments
began was not contemplated by the trial court.
Moreover, evidence supports the trial court's determining Ms. Dannenbring was
not acting in bad faith. She graduated from her master's program early and has applied
to numerous jobs in the Seattle area. She sought work in an area where she had made
contacts through networking while at school. The trial court reasoned this situation is
analogous to that seen in Bowman: through no appreciable fault of Ms. Dannenbring,
the court's expectation she would be employed and well on her way to being self-
supporting did not come into fruition.
While Mr. Dannenbring is correct in noting his increased income could not
constitute the sole basis for increasing maintenance, because Ms. Dannenbring
demonstrated her need for increased maintenance, his income is a factor in determining
his ability to pay. See Gordon, 44 Wn.2d at 227 (noting where wife made no showing
she could not find employment to augment her income, husband's increase in earning
6
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
power, while pertinent to the question of financial ability to pay increased maintenance,
had nothing to do with wife's need). In increasing maintenance to $2,500 per month,
the trial court looked to several statutory factors including Ms. Dannenbring's financial
resources, Mr. Dannenbring's ability to pay, and the time needed for Ms. Dannenbring
to find employment.
Ms. Dannenbring's contention the court relied on a non-statutory factor-what Ms.
Dannenbring "deserved"-in setting the amount at $2,500 instead of $3,500 is not
supported in the record. This is not like what was seen in Spreen, where the trial court
explicitly stated the wife was only "entitled to" maintenance for a set number of years.
Spreen, 107 Wn. App. at 348. Rather, Ms. Dannenbring's circumstances are different
now than they were at dissolution. Ms. Dannenbring has completed her education. She
has increased her salary. She has other resources available to her, including the cash
equalization payment 'from Mr. Dannenbring for the family home and over $200,000 on
deposit in banks. The court was mindful of both parties' incomes in setting the amount.
Given all, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in modifying its
maintenance award. Substantial evidence supports the court's finding of an
uncontemplated substantial change in circumstances. The court fairly considered the
RCW 26.09.090 factors in determining the amount of the modified maintenance. We
now turn to whether the trial court erred in failing to reserve lifetime maintenance issue.
Ms. Dannenbring argues a good chance exists she will not become self-supporting
given her age and lack of work history.
7
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
"The purpose of spousal maintenance is to support a spouse ... until she is able
to earn her own living or otherwise become self-supporting." In re Marriage of Irwin, 64
Wn. App. 38, 55, 822 P.2d 797 (1992). Thus, an award of maintenance is not a matter
of right. Id. Even where maintenance is awarded, "one spouse should not be given a
perpetual lien on the other spouse's future income." In re Marriage of Sheffer, 60 Wn.
App. 51, 54, 802 P.2d 817 (1990). In light of this, lifetime maintenance awards are
generally disfavored. In re Marriage of Coyle, 61 Wn. App. 653,657,811 P.2d 244
(1991). But see In re Marriage of Morrow, 53 Wn. App. 579, 584, 587-88, 770 P.2d 197
(1989) (upholding lifetime maintenance where wife had limited ability to earn what
husband earned because of health problems and husband had converted community
property for his own use); In re Marriage of Matthews, 70 Wn. App. 116, 124,853 P.2d
462 (1993) (upholding lifetime maintenance "when it is clear the party seeking
maintenance will not be able to contribute significantly to ... her own livelihood").
The trial court continued to reason Ms. Dannenbring can work and support
herself independently in the modification proceeding. While Ms. Dannenbring is in her
mid-50s and has limited work experience, she now has a master's degree in English as
a second language. She was awarded 50 percent of the community assets in the
dissolution and virtually no liabilities. The court modified her maintenance to suit Ms.
Dannenbring's current needs while giving her additional time to become self-supporting.
If Ms. Dannenbring finds she still needs maintenance after the fixed term ends, she can
petition for further modification. See Ovens v. Ovens, 61 Wn.2d 6, 9, 376 P.2d 839
8
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
(1962) (stating continuance of maintenance can be reviewed at the end of the fixed
period if there is a showing of need and "the evidentiary expectation upon which the trial
judge premised his finding on has not, in fact, materialized"). Given all, we conclude the
trial court did not err in failing to reserve the issue of lifetime maintenance.
B. Attorney Fees
Ms. Dannenbring contends the court erred in failing to award her attorney fees
below. She argues the court improperly failed to consider her need and Mr.
Dannenbring's ability to pay.
The decision to award attorney fees in a dissolution action is a matter of trial
court discretion. In re Marriage of Mattson, 95 Wn. App. 592,604,976 P.2d 157 (1999).
The party challenging the decision to deny attorney fees must establish "the court used
its discretion in an untenable or manifestly unreasonable manner." Id. Under RCW
26.09.140, a court can award attorney fees in connection with a modification
proceeding. But before doing so, RCW 26.09.140 requires the trial court to "'balance
the needs of the spouse requesting them with the ability of the other spouse to pay.'"
Mansourv. Mansour, 126Wn. App. 1, 16-17, 106 P.3d 768 (2004) (quoting In re
Marriage of Stenshoel, 72 Wn. App. 800, 812,866 P.2d 635 1993)). Lack of findings as
to either a party's need or ability to pay requires reversal. In re Marriage of Steadman,
63 Wn. App. 523, 529, 821 P.2d 59 (1991). Without formal findings as to the parties'
financial resources, an appellate court may look to the trial court's oral opinion for
informal findings. Id.
9
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
While the trial court made no specific formal findings as to Ms. Oannenbring's
financial need or Mr. Oannenbring's ability to pay, the court did make its ruling while
being "mindful of both partie[s'] respective incomes." CP at 177. Furthermore, the oral
opinion shows the court properly considered both Ms. Oannenbring's financial need and
Mr. Oannenbring's ability to pay. By stating, "I believe, as I read the materials, she has
increased it some over [the $12,000 per year determined at the dissolution proceeding],
but not as much as I had anticipated that she would be able to increase it," the court
demonstrated its consideration of Ms. Oannenbring's financial need. CP at 172. The
court evinced contemplation of Mr. Oannenbring's ability to pay when it stated he
"proved to be every bit as energetic and successful in the job market as he had been"
prior to the dissolution. CP at 173. Thus, the trial court balanced the parties' financial
situations and did not abuse its discretion in denying Ms. Oannenbring's request for
attorney fees.
Both parties request attorney fees under RCW 26.09.140 for this appeal. This
provision gives the court discretion to award attorney fees to either party based on the
parties' financial resources, balancing the financial need of the requesting party against
the other party's ability to pay. In re Marriage of Pennamen, 135 Wn. App. 790, 807-08,
146 P.3d 466 (2006). In light of Ms. Oannenbring's increased maintenance, increased
income, other resources available to her, and the allocation of community debt, she has
the ability to pay her attorney fees for this appeal. Similarly, given Mr. Oannenbring's
I
I
10
~
No. 32074-0-111
In re Marriage of Dannenbring
increase in monthly income, he also has the ability to pay his attorney fees for this
appeal. Accordingly, we decline to award fees to either party.
Affirmed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be 'filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Brown, J.
WE CONCUR:
~ J.
Fearin~} Lawrence-Berrey, J.
11