MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2015 ME 30
Docket: Yor-13-578
Argued: November 5, 2014
Decided: March 17, 2015
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, and HJELM, JJ.*
STATE OF MAINE
v.
JERRY LEE ADAMS
HJELM, J.
[¶1] Jerry Lee Adams appeals from a judgment convicting him of
aggravated trafficking of scheduled drugs (Class A), 17-A M.R.S. § 1105-A(1)(B)
(2014), and refusal to submit to arrest or detention (Class E), 17-A M.R.S.
§ 751-B(1)(A) (2014), entered in the Superior Court (York County, O’Neil, J.)
after a jury trial. Adams argues that the court erred by sustaining the State’s
objection to questions about the nature of the locale where the crime allegedly
occurred. He also argues that the court erred when it denied his motion for a
judgment of acquittal. We affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The record, when viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s
verdict, supports the following facts. See State v. Cruthirds, 2014 ME 86, ¶ 2,
*
Silver, J., sat at oral argument and participated in the initial conference but retired before this
opinion was adopted.
2
96 A.3d 80. On the night of January 2, 2013, Saco Police Officer Heath Mains
stopped a vehicle on Jeannette Avenue in Old Orchard Beach and informed the
driver that he would be searching her and the vehicle. Adams was a passenger in
the backseat of the car. When Mains returned to his car to call for backup for the
search, he saw Adams and a second passenger exit the vehicle. He ordered them
back into the car, but Adams fled behind a nearby condominium building. Mains
observed that Adams was wearing a large black down jacket, but did not see him
holding anything when he fled. Mains stayed with the car until additional officers
arrived and then showed them the direction in which Adams ran.
[¶3] One of those officers, Matthew Corbin, went to look for Adams behind
the condominium complex and found him crouched against the building. As
Corbin approached, Adams ran away from him in the direction of Mains and the
stopped vehicle. When Mains saw Adams running with Corbin in pursuit, he
tackled Adams, and both officers were able to handcuff Adams after a struggle. At
that point, Officer Scott Sicard arrived to help Mains and Corbin. He asked Adams
why he ran, and Adams replied that it was because the driver of the vehicle had
bail conditions. Corbin also later asked Adams why he ran, and “he said
something to the effect it’s because I’m black.”
[¶4] Another officer, Daniel Beaulieu, conducted a pat-down search of
Adams and found a leather pouch, which Beaulieu recognized as the type
3
commonly used to hold a digital scale. Beaulieu then went back to search behind
the condominium building because Mains believed that Adams may have dropped
or hidden something there. Beaulieu noticed footprints in a snow bank along a
nearby fence and then saw a nylon strap hanging on the fence. The strap was part
of a small backpack, which Beaulieu seized. It had snowed several days earlier
and remained very cold, but, Beaulieu testified, the footprints leading to the
backpack “looked fresh.” The backpack did not have any snow or frost on it, but
Beaulieu could not remember whether it was cold to the touch. When Beaulieu
returned with the backpack, Mains asked Adams, who was being treated for
injuries he had sustained in his struggle with the police, what he wanted them to do
with his backpack. Adams responded, “What backpack?”
[¶5] Upon searching the backpack, the officers found twenty-eight small
bags containing a white substance, a scale, a box of plastic sandwich bags, a
magazine addressed to someone other than Adams, DVDs, and a cell phone. The
scale had a plastic cover, but it also fit inside the pouch that Beaulieu found in
Adams’s pocket. Laboratory tests later confirmed that the bags contained
29.8 grams of cocaine base, also known as crack cocaine. No other forensic testing
was performed on any of the items in the backpack.
[¶6] Several days later, a resident of one of the condominiums called the
police and reported that she had found a black down jacket hidden in her backyard.
4
Upon searching the jacket, which matched the description of the one worn by
Adams, the police found two cell phones. There was no investigation into the
ownership of the cell phones or search of the cell phones’ contents.
[¶7] Adams was charged by indictment with two counts of aggravated
trafficking of scheduled drugs (Class A), 17-A M.R.S. §§ 1105-A(1)(B), (D), and
by complaint with one count of refusal to submit to arrest or detention (Class E),
17-A M.R.S. § 751-B(1)(A). The State dismissed one of the drug charges, and the
two remaining charges were tried together in a two-day jury trial in August 2013.
[¶8] At trial, Adams elicited testimony from Maine Drug Enforcement
Agent Kyle Moody that he was “very familiar” with the neighborhood, known as
the Halfway area, where Adams was arrested. Moody testified that it is a busy area
with hundreds of residents and that at least some of them live there year round.
Adams then started to examine Moody about prior investigations he had conducted
in that area, but the State objected. At a sidebar conference, Adams’s attorney
explained that he wanted to prove that this was “a high crime area” in order to cast
doubt on Adams’s ownership of the backpack, noting that there had been “over
fifty” indictments for drug offenses in Old Orchard Beach in the past year. The
court denied his request to continue that line of questioning, concluding that the
testimony would be impermissibly speculative alternative suspect evidence
pursuant to State v. Dechaine, 572 A.2d 130, 133-34 (Me. 1990).
5
[¶9] The jury found Adams guilty of both charges. Adams had stipulated
that he was previously convicted of drug trafficking in Massachusetts, so he was
convicted of aggravated trafficking of scheduled drugs. See 17-A M.R.S.
§1105-A(1)(B). The court imposed a sentence on the drug trafficking charge of
twelve years in prison with all but six years suspended and four years of probation,
and on the charge of refusal to submit to arrest or detention, it imposed a
concurrent six-month prison sentence.1 Adams appeals from the judgment of
conviction for aggravated trafficking.2
II. DISCUSSION
[¶10] Adams argues that the court erred when it sustained the State’s
objection to his cross-examination of Moody about the “high crime” character of
the Halfway neighborhood. He also contends that the evidence is insufficient to
support the jury’s guilty verdict and that therefore the court erred in denying his
motion for a judgment of acquittal.
A. Cross-Examination of Moody
[¶11] We first consider Adams’s argument that the court erroneously ruled
that he could not develop testimony through Moody that the area where the
backpack was found was a high-crime area where drug trafficking was common.
1
We denied Adams’s petition for review of sentence. See 15 M.R.S. § 2151 (2014); M.R. App. P. 20.
2
Adams’s arguments on appeal do not apply to the conviction for refusal to submit to arrest or
detention.
6
We review the trial court’s decision to exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion,
and its “determination of relevance for clear error.” State v. Mooney, 2012 ME 69,
¶¶ 9, 11, 43 A.3d 972.
[¶12] During Adams’s cross-examination of Moody, he asked Moody
whether he had conducted investigations in the Halfway neighborhood, an area
with which Moody stated he was familiar. After the State objected to the question,
the court conferred with counsel at sidebar. There, Adams said, “I’m saying this is
a high crime area. . . . There ha[ve] been over 50 indictments in Old Orchard
Beach alone on drug charges within the past year.” That was the extent of
Adams’s offer of proof on the testimony he hoped to elicit from Moody. The court
then drew on case law addressing the admissibility of alternative suspect evidence,
referring specifically to Dechaine, 572 A.2d 130 (Me. 1990), and concluded,
[T]here needs to be much more than just a generic assumption that
this was a high crime area or that there were other drug dealers in the
area. I mean, you have got to specifically identify somebody. . . . But
to suggest that it is somebody else, it needs to be much more than just
it’s a high crime area and there [are] other potential suspects in the
area. We need to come up with somebody specific.
[¶13] The court’s ruling was predicated on two different considerations.
First, it referred to precedent governing the admissibility of alternative suspect
evidence. We have held that a defendant may present “evidence that someone else
may have committed the crime if that evidence has probative value sufficient to
7
raise a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s culpability.” State v. Mitchell,
2010 ME 73, ¶ 26, 4 A.3d 478. In invoking the analysis applicable to alternative
suspect evidence, the court misapprehended the purpose of Adams’s proposed
examination. Even from his brief offer of proof, it is clear that Adams did not seek
to present the evidence to show that some other particular person left the backpack
containing cocaine on the fence. Rather, the apparent purpose of the evidence was
to demonstrate more generally that, because this was a “high crime” area, a
backpack containing crack cocaine was not out of place and was possibly left there
by someone in the neighborhood, thereby providing the jury with an explanation
for the backpack aside from Adams’s alleged conduct. It was therefore incorrect
for the court to state that Adams must “specifically identify somebody” in order for
the evidence to be admissible.
[¶14] The second basis for the court’s ruling, however, was relevance. In
considering Adams’s offer of proof, the court noted the speculative nature of the
prospective evidence, stating that “it needs to be much more than just it’s a high
crime area and there [are] other potential suspects in the area.” Although our
opinion in Dechaine, which the court cited, examines the admissibility of
alternative suspect evidence, it ultimately focuses on the basic principle of
relevance. 572 A.2d at 134. The principle that alternative suspect evidence must
have “sufficient probative value to raise a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s
8
culpability,” id. at 134, is merely an application of M.R. Evid. 402, which provides
that “[e]vidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” See id. (citing
M.R. Evid. 402). Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” M.R. Evid. 401.3
[¶15] Here, as in Dechaine, the proffered evidence was too speculative to
meet the test of Rule 401, and the court did not commit clear error when it
concluded, based on Adams’s limited offer of proof, that the evidence of drug
crimes in Old Orchard Beach was not relevant. See State v. Mills, 2006 ME 134,
¶ 15, 910 A.2d 1053. Adams initially stated that the prospective evidence would
show that the Halfway neighborhood was a “high crime area,” but when the State
expressed uncertainty about whether Moody would say that, Adams offered that
within the previous year, there had been fifty indictments for drug-related crimes in
Old Orchard Beach. Even if Adams had been able to develop that testimony from
Moody,4 the court did not err in concluding that the evidence did not have
3
The restyled Maine Rules of Evidence, now in effect, contain amended but similar language that
does not affect the meaning of the rules. See M.R. Evid. 401-402 (restyled Rules).
4
Adams’s offer of proof did not demonstrate that Moody would have been able to present this
testimony. The offer of proof was not framed in terms of Moody’s prospective testimony, and Adams did
not request an opportunity to conduct a voir dire examination of Moody to establish whether he would
have been able to testify as Adams described at sidebar. Even when a trial court curtails
cross-examination, the cross-examining party must demonstrate that the prospective evidence would be
admissible, which includes a showing that the witness is competent to testify about the matter. See
State v. Mahaney, 437 A.2d 613, 615-16 (Me. 1981). Here, Adams’s offer of proof does not indicate that
9
sufficient probative value to support its admission for at least two reasons. First,
indictments are not proof that crimes were committed. See State v. Calor,
585 A.2d 1385, 1388 (Me. 1991). Adams’s theory of relevance was that
drug-related crimes were frequently committed in the Halfway area, but he did not
offer any evidence that such crimes were actually committed, only that people
were charged with them. Second, the charges in the indictments were based on
allegations of crimes committed in the entire municipality of Old Orchard Beach,
not merely in the Halfway area, and thus are not probative of the level of crime
where the backpack was found.
[¶16] Because of these weaknesses in the probative value of the evidence
described by Adams in his offer of proof, the court did not err when it concluded
that this evidence was too attenuated to warrant its consideration by the jury and
that it did not have sufficient probative value to raise a reasonable doubt about
Adams’s guilt. See M.R. Evid. 401-402.
[¶17] Adams also contends that the court’s exclusion of the “high crime
area” evidence deprived him of a meaningful opportunity to present a defense, as
Moody would have been able to testify based on personal knowledge about the number of indictments for
drug-related offenses in Old Orchard Beach over the previous year. Rather, the only relevant point shown
or described to be within his personal knowledge was his familiarity with the Halfway area—a point
developed during an earlier part of Moody’s testimony. Although the court did not address the issue,
Adams’s failure to articulate the evidentiary foundation for the prospective evidence is an independent
reason why the court did not err in sustaining the State’s objection during cross-examination. See
Deutsche Bank Nat. Trust Co. v. Wilk, 2013 ME 79, ¶ 19, 76 A.3d 363 (stating that “we may affirm a trial
court’s judgment on a ground not relied upon by the trial court” (quotation marks omitted)).
10
guaranteed in the Constitution. See Cruthirds, 2014 ME 86, ¶ 21, 96 A.3d 80;
Mitchell, 2010 ME 73, ¶ 31, 4 A.3d 478 (“Whether rooted directly in the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or in the Compulsory Process or
Confrontation Clauses of the Sixth Amendment, the Constitution guarantees
criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.”
(Quotation marks omitted.)).
[¶18] We have recognized that the constitutional right to present a complete
defense may, in some instances, be broader than what is allowed by the applicable
rules of evidence. See Mitchell, 2010 ME 73, ¶ 32, 4 A.3d 478 (citing Holmes v.
South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324-26 (2006)). Nonetheless, the meaningful
opportunity afforded to a defendant to present a complete defense is not offended
when the trial court reasonably excludes marginally relevant evidence that the
defendant contends is exculpatory. See id. ¶ 33. In those instances, the trial
court’s decision constitutes reasonable and constitutionally permissible regulation
of the evidence in order to “focus[] the trial on the central issues by excluding
evidence that has only a weak logical connection to the central issues.” Id. (citing
Holmes, 547 U.S. at 330). Here, the court’s evidentiary ruling embodied the
reasonable judgments permitted by Mitchell and Holmes and did not violate
Adams’s constitutional rights.
11
B. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
[¶19] Adams next argues that the court erred when it denied his motion for
a judgment of acquittal. “We review the denial of a motion for judgment of
acquittal by viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to
determine whether a jury could rationally have found each element of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Waterman, 2010 ME 45, ¶ 29,
995 A.2d 243. Adams contends that the evidence is not sufficient to support the
jury’s guilty verdict on the charge of aggravated trafficking in scheduled drugs,
because, he asserts, the evidence does not connect him to the backpack that
contained cocaine base. See 17-A M.R.S. § 1103(3)(B) (2014) (describing the
permissible inference of trafficking that arises pursuant to M.R. Evid. 303 when
there is proof that a person “intentionally or knowingly possesses” more than four
grams of crack cocaine).
[¶20] Although there is no direct evidence that Adams possessed the drugs,
“[c]ircumstantial evidence is no less conclusive than direct evidence in supporting
a criminal conviction.” State v. Woo, 2007 ME 151, ¶ 5, 938 A.2d 13 (alterations
omitted) (quotation marks omitted). Here, circumstantial evidence that Adams
possessed the backpack entitled the jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt
that he was guilty of drug trafficking.
12
[¶21] First, Adams fled from the vehicle upon learning that it was going to
be searched. See State v. Hassan, 2013 ME 98, ¶ 21, 82 A.3d 86 (stating that
“evidence of a defendant’s effort to avoid arrest can demonstrate a consciousness
of guilt”). There was no warrant for Adams’s arrest, and he did not give any other
credible explanation for why he feared being searched. Moreover, the officer said
that he would be searching the vehicle and the driver, not the passengers, so the
jury could have inferred that Adams feared that the officer would find something
that was not concealed on his person, but rather in a container like the backpack in
the car. While no one saw Adams carrying anything when he fled, the officers’
testimony established that his jacket was large enough to conceal the small
backpack, and the jury could have reasonably believed that he was holding the
backpack under his jacket when he ran.
[¶22] Second, there was evidence that the backpack had been placed on the
fence recently. Officer Beaulieu testified that the footprints by the fence looked
“fresh” and that the backpack did not have any snow or frost on it. Since it was a
cold winter night in Old Orchard Beach, it was reasonable for a jury to conclude
that no one else would have recently placed the backpack there.
[¶23] Finally, there was evidence connecting Adams with the backpack. He
had a pouch in his pocket of the type usually used to hold digital scales, and the
13
digital scale in the backpack fit inside it. He was also found hiding near where the
backpack was found.
[¶24] This evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, is
sufficient to support a jury finding beyond a reasonable doubt that Adams was the
owner of the backpack, and that he was therefore guilty of trafficking the crack
cocaine found in the backpack pursuant to the inference in 17-A M.R.S.
§ 1103(3)(B). See State v. Lambert, 363 A.2d 707, 710-11 (Me. 1976).
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
On the briefs:
Jamesa J. Drake, Esq., Drake Law, LLC, Auburn, for appellant
Jerry Lee Adams
Janet T. Mills, Attorney General, and Jamie R. Guerrette, Asst.
Atty. Gen., Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, for
appellee State of Maine
At oral argument:
Jamesa J. Drake, Esq., for appellant Jerry Lee Adams
Jamie R. Guerrette, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee State of
Maine
York County Superior Court docket numbers CR-13-48, 13-935
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY