J-A01017-15
2015 PA Super 81
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
SAMANTHA FLEET, :
:
Appellant : No. 29 WDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 15, 2013,
Court of Common Pleas, Allegheny County,
Criminal Division at No. CP-02-CR-0008782-2013
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., DONOHUE and ALLEN, JJ.
OPINION BY DONOHUE, J.: FILED APRIL 16, 2015
Samantha Fleet (“Fleet”) appeals from the November 15, 2013
judgment of sentence entered by the Allegheny County Court of Common
Pleas following her conviction of possession of a controlled substance.1
Specifically, Fleet challenges the trial court’s denial of her motion to
suppress, as the fruit of an unlawful search, the heroin and needle found
during the execution by police of a warrant for emergency mental health
treatment (“302 warrant”). Upon review, we conclude that because the
Commonwealth failed to satisfy its burden of proof regarding the propriety of
the issuance of the 302 warrant, the trial court erred by denying
suppression. As Fleet’s conviction was based solely upon the evidence
1
35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16).
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obtained during the execution of the 302 warrant, we vacate the judgment
of sentence.
The trial court aptly summarized the facts and procedural history of
this case as follows:
On December 14, 2012, Crafton Borough Police
Officer Stephanie Newcomer was on duty between
3:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. (T.T.) at 4. On that day,
Jennifer Fleet, [Fleet]’s mother, entered the Crafton
Borough Police station regarding text messages
[Fleet] sent stating that [Fleet] wanted to kill herself.
(T.T.) at 5. Jennifer Fleet showed the text messages
to Officer Newcomer. (T.T.) at 5. Jennifer Fleet also
told Officer Newcomer that she had conversations
with [Fleet] wherein [Fleet] stated that she was
depressed and wanted to end things. (T.T.) at 5-6.
Upon hearing this information, Officer Newcomer
telephoned Rita Agostinelli at the Allegheny County
Mental Health Department (the “ACMHD”) and
advised her of the situation. (T.T.) at 6, 11.
Telephoning the ACMHD is an established
procedure in the Crafton Borough Police Department
and one with which Officer Newcomer was familiar.
(T.T.) at 18. Officer Newcomer had encountered
warrants and involuntary commitments under the
Mental Health Procedures Act (“MHPA”), 50 P.S. §
7302[,] before this incident. (T.T.) at 18. Jennifer
Fleet stated that she would sign a [302] warrant to
commit [Fleet]. (T.T.) at 6. Jennifer Fleet read the
text messages to Ms. Agostinelli and went into more
detail on the telephone. (T.T.) at 16. Ms. Agostinelli
instructed Officer Newcomer to tell Jennifer Fleet to
follow [Fleet] to the hospital to conclude the
paperwork. (T.T.) at 17. At this point, Ms. Agostinelli
gave Officer Newcomer verbal authorization over the
phone that the [302] warrant would be filed. (T.T.)
at 6. Ms. Agostinelli advised Officer Newcomer that
as long as Jennifer Fleet followed the ambulance that
would be taking [Fleet] to the hospital, she would
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sign the paperwork that would complete the warrant
and commitment. (T.T.) at 7. It is not the Crafton
Police Department’s policy to require a paper
warrant; a verbal warrant such as the one in this
matter is sufficient. (T.T.) at 10-11. Officer
Newcomer understood that the ACMHD would fax the
[302] warrant to the hospital, and that the hospital
filled out and finalized the requisite paperwork.
(T.T.) at 11-12.
Jennifer Fleet followed Officer Newcomer and the
ambulance to [Fleet]’s brother’s house wherein
[Fleet] was located. (T.T.) at 7-8, 17. [Fleet] was
asked to come outside of her brother’s home, and
was advised of the [302] warrant. (T.T.) at 8, 19.
Officer Newcomer asked [Fleet] if she wanted to step
inside, because a search was required prior to
transportation pursuant to a warrant. (T.T.) at 8, 19.
Per Officer Newcomer, a search of the person is
required pursuant to a warrant in such a situation for
the safety of the police and the ambulance crew.
(T.T.) at 9. They went inside and Officer Newcomer
asked [Fleet] if she had anything on her. (T.T.) at 8,
19. [Fleet] informed Officer Newcomer that she had
heroin on her, and handed the officer a capped
syringe and five “stamp bags.” (T.T.) at 9. A stamp
bag is a small square white bag with suspected
heroin in it. (T.T.) at 9. [Fleet] had four empty stamp
bags and one stamp bag had 0.1 grams of heroin in
it. (T.T.) at 17-18. Laboratory results confirmed that
the substance inside the stamp bag was heroin.
(T.T.) at 40.
On November 14, 2013, this [c]ourt held a
suppression hearing on two issues prior to [Fleet]’s
non-jury trial, also before this [c]ourt. [Fleet] argued
that the search was illegal; that the search, if legal,
exceeded the scope of permissible searches; and
that the Commonwealth has a burden to show that
they’ve complied with all the procedural safeguards
pertaining to searches. (T.T.) at 25. This [c]ourt
denied [Fleet]’s suppression motion. (T.T.) at 35.
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Following that denial, this [c]ourt proceeded to a
stipulated non-jury trial incorporating the testimony
from the suppression hearing. (T.T.) at 37. The
parties stipulated to the laboratory results and that
Officer Newcomer would testify that, based on her
training and experience, she perceived the needle to
be drug paraphernalia used for the ingestion of
heroin. (T.T.) at 40. In consideration of the
testimony and stipulated evidence, this [c]ourt found
[Fleet] guilty of the possession charge at [c]ount
[o]ne and not guilty of the paraphernalia charge at
[c]ount [t]wo. At [c]ount [o]ne, this [c]ourt
sentenced [Fleet] to six months of non-reporting
probation and a [d]rug and [a]lcohol [e]valuation.
(T.T.) at 45.
Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/14, at 4-6.
On November 25, 2013, Fleet filed a timely post-sentence motion
seeking reconsideration of the trial court’s denial of her suppression motion.
The trial court denied this request on December 4, 2013. On January 2,
2014, Fleet filed her notice of appeal and now presents the following
arguments before this Court:
I. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in failing to grant
Ms. Fleet’s Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion to Suppress
Evidence when the Commonwealth failed to establish
that the procedural safeguards and requirements of
involuntary civil commitment were satisfied?
II. Assuming, arguendo, the Commonwealth established
that the procedural safeguards and requirements of
involuntary civil commitment were satisfied, whether
the [t]rial [c]ourt nonetheless erred in failing to
grant Ms. Fleet’s Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion to
Suppress Evidence when the search of Ms. Fleet’s
person was not supported by a search warrant, and
no specifically established, well-delineated exception
to the warrant requirement existed?
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III. Assuming, arguendo, the police may conduct a
warrantless search of a person incident to a lawful
involuntary civil commitment, whether the [t]rial
[c]ourt still erred in failing to grant Ms. Fleet’s
Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion to Suppress Evidence when
the police exceeded the permissible scope of such a
search?
Fleet’s Brief at 4.2
We review the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress to determine
whether the record supports the trial court’s factual findings and whether it
reached its legal conclusions in error. Commonwealth v. Enick, 70 A.3d
843, 845 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 85 A.3d 482 (Pa. 2014). “If the
record supports the trial court’s findings of fact, we will reverse only if the
trial court’s legal conclusions are incorrect.” Id. (citation omitted).
Both the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions protect citizens
from unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S. CONST. amend. IV; PA.
CONST. art. I, § 8. The trial court states, however, that because police
obtained the contraband while executing a 302 warrant, “the proper inquiry
is not under the criminal standards of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution and Article [I], Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.”
Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/14, at 7. Rather, according to the trial court, the
Commonwealth need only “establish that the procedural safeguards and
2
Since we conclude that the Commonwealth failed to satisfy its burden of
proof with regard to the propriety of the issuance of the 302 warrant, we do
not address the remaining issues Fleet raises on appeal.
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requirements of involuntary civil commitment were satisfied” under the
MHPA. Id. at 7, 11. As the trial court found that the Commonwealth
satisfied its burden of proving that the issuance of the 302 warrant was
proper pursuant to the MHPA, it found that the evidence was not subject to
suppression. Id. at 8-10.
Fleet asserts that the trial court’s conclusions in both respects are
erroneous. First, Fleet disagrees with the trial court’s conclusion that
involuntary civil commitments are not subject to the protections of the
Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 8. Fleet’s Brief at 14-18. Fleet
further argues that the Commonwealth did not present sufficient evidence to
support a finding that the issuance of a 302 warrant was proper, as it failed
to present evidence to show that Fleet was a “clear and present danger”
under the MHPA or demonstrate compliance with the MHPA’s warrant
requirement. Id. at 21-23.
At the outset, we find no support for the trial court’s notion that
persons subjected to involuntary civil commitments are not entitled to the
constitutional protections provided by the Fourth Amendment and Article I,
Section 8. The trial court is correct that civil commitment proceedings are
not “to be based on criminal standards and procedures.” In re J.M., 726
A.2d 1041, 1046 (Pa. 1999); see Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/14, at 7. This
relates solely to the burden of proof required at an involuntary civil
commitment proceeding, and does not mean that simply because the person
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is subject to a 302 warrant he or she therefore is not afforded constitutional
protection against unreasonable searches and seizures by police. These
protections apply to all citizens, regardless of their status, when police or
other government entities are involved. See U.S. CONST. amend. IV (“The
right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.”); PA. CONST. art. I, § 8 (“The people shall
be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions from
unreasonable searches and seizures, and no warrant to search any place or
to seize any person or things shall issue without describing them as nearly
as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation
subscribed to by the affiant.”) (emphasis added); see also Soldal v. Cook
Cnty., Ill., 506 U.S. 56, 67 (1992) (“the [Fourth] Amendment’s protection
applies in the civil context as well [as the criminal context]”).
It is an intrusion by the government, not the status of the citizen, that
triggers protection and inquiry into the reasonableness of the intrusion.
“The Fourth Amendment and Article I, § 8 have long been interpreted to
protect the people from unreasonable government intrusions into their
privacy. The reasonableness of a governmental intrusion varies with the
degree of privacy legitimately expected and the nature of the governmental
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intrusion.” Commonwealth. v. McCree, 924 A.2d 621, 626 (Pa. 2007)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
Once a defendant files a motion to suppress, the Commonwealth has
the burden of proving that the evidence in question was lawfully obtained
without violating the defendant’s rights. Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H). Pursuant to
Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, there are three categories of interactions
between police and a citizen:
The first of these is a “mere encounter” (or
request for information) which need not be
supported by any level of suspicion, but carries no
official compulsion to stop or to respond. The
second, an “investigative detention” must be
supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a
suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does
not involve such coercive conditions as to constitute
the functional equivalent of an arrest. Finally, an
arrest or “custodial detention” must be supported by
probable cause.
Commonwealth v. Downey, 39 A.3d 401, 405 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal
denied, 50 A.3d 124 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted). To find an interaction
with police elevated above a mere encounter, we must determine whether
the individual was “seized” by police. Commonwealth v. Au, 42 A.3d
1002, 1004 (Pa. 2012).
To guide the crucial inquiry as to whether or not a
seizure has been effected, the United States
Supreme Court has devised an objective test
entailing a determination of whether, in view of all
surrounding circumstances, a reasonable person
would have believed that he was free to leave. In
evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed
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toward whether, by means of physical force or show
of authority, the citizen-subject’s movement has in
some way been restrained. In making this
determination, courts must apply the totality-of-the-
circumstances approach, with no single factor
dictating the ultimate conclusion as to whether a
seizure has occurred.
Downey, 39 A.3d at 405 (citation omitted).
The record in the case at bar reflects that Officer Newcomer obtained
the evidence from Fleet after the officer “advised [Fleet] of the situation with
the 302 warrant.” N.T., 11/15/13, at 8. Officer Newcomer informed Fleet
that she was going to be searched and “asked her if she had anything on
her,” at which point Fleet handed the officer the heroin and syringe. Id. at
8-9. It is clear that no reasonable person would have felt free to leave, and
that Fleet was therefore “seized” as defined above.3 See Downey, 39 A.3d
at 405.
Fleet’s seizure occurred as a result of Officer Newcomer’s execution of
a 302 warrant and Fleet challenged the propriety of the issuance of the 302
warrant. Therefore, the determination of whether that seizure was lawful
depends on whether the Commonwealth satisfied its burden of proving at
the suppression hearing that the procedural requirements for the issuance of
a 302 warrant pursuant to the MHPA were met. See Commonwealth v.
3
Our conclusion that Fleet was seized prior to Officer Newcomer obtaining
the contraband in question is important because if this had been a mere
encounter, Fleet would not be entitled to any redress, as she voluntarily
provided the contraband to Officer Newcomer upon being asked “if she had
anything on her.”
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Jackson, 62 A.3d 433, 438 (Pa. Super. 2013) (indicating that where
evidence is obtained during the execution of a 302 warrant and the
defendant challenges the factual basis for the issuance of the 302 warrant, it
is the Commonwealth’s burden to prove that the 302 warrant was properly
issued); see also Trial Court Opinion, 5/12/14, at 7 (recognizing that it
“must determine if the Commonwealth complied with the requirements of a
civil involuntary confinement”).
[T]he standard for evaluating the validity of [302]
warrants is whether reasonable grounds exist to
believe that a person is severely mentally disabled
and in need of immediate treatment. … Whether
evidence is sufficient to constitute reasonable
grounds for purposes of a [302] warrant can only be
determined on a case by case basis. … [T]he guiding
inquiry must be whether, when viewing the
surrounding facts and circumstances, a reasonable
person in the position of the applicant for a [302]
warrant could have concluded that an individual was
severely mentally disabled and in need of immediate
treatment.
In re J.M., 726 A.2d at 1049; see also Jackson, 62 A.3d at 439.
Section 7301(a) of the MHPA, governing who may be subject to
involuntary emergency examination and treatment, provides:
Whenever a person is severely mentally disabled
and in need of immediate treatment, he may be
made subject to involuntary emergency examination
and treatment. A person is severely mentally
disabled when, as a result of mental illness, his
capacity to exercise self-control, judgment and
discretion in the conduct of his affairs and
social relations or to care for his own personal
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needs is so lessened that he poses a clear and
present danger of harm to others or to himself.
50 P.S. § 7301(a) (emphasis added). Clear and present danger of harm to
oneself requires proof that “within the past 30 days,” one of the following
occurred:
(i) the person has acted in such manner as to
evidence that he would be unable, without care,
supervision and the continued assistance of others,
to satisfy his need for nourishment, personal or
medical care, shelter, or self-protection and safety,
and that there is a reasonable probability that death,
serious bodily injury or serious physical debilitation
would ensue within 30 days unless adequate
treatment were afforded under this act; or
(ii) the person has attempted suicide and that
there is the reasonable probability of suicide
unless adequate treatment is afforded under
this act. For the purposes of this subsection, a
clear and present danger may be demonstrated
by the proof that the person has made threats
to commit suicide and has committed acts
which are in furtherance of the threat to
commit suicide; or
(iii) the person has substantially mutilated himself or
attempted to mutilate himself substantially and that
there is the reasonable probability of mutilation
unless adequate treatment is afforded under this act.
For the purposes of this subsection, a clear and
present danger shall be established by proof that the
person has made threats to commit mutilation and
has committed acts which are in furtherance of the
threat to commit mutilation.
50 P.S. § 7301(b)(2) (emphasis added).
Only a “severely mentally disabled” person, as defined above, may be
emergently examined by a physician “upon the certification of a physician
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stating the need for such examination; or upon a warrant issued by the
county administrator authorizing such examination; or without a warrant
upon application by a physician or other authorized person who has
personally observed conduct showing the need for such examination.”
50 P.S. § 7302(a).
The record reflects that Officer Newcomer was the only witness to
testify at the suppression hearing. Although she stated that Fleet’s mother
came to the police station and indicated that Fleet had threatened to kill
herself, the officer provided no indication of when the threats of suicide
allegedly occurred. See generally N.T., 11/15/13, at 5-7. There was also
no testimony that Fleet had previously attempted suicide or testimony that
in addition to threatening suicide, Fleet took any actions in furtherance of
her suicidal ideations. To the contrary, the record reveals no evidence that
in the thirty days prior to Fleet’s mother coming to the police station, Fleet
engaged in any of the behaviors set forth in section 7301(b)(2) such that
she would meet the definition of a person posing a clear and present danger
to herself and thus, “severely mentally disabled.” See 50 P.S. § 7301(b)(2).
As stated above, “severely mentally disabled” is a defined term of art
in section 7301(a) of the MHPA. The only evidence of Fleet’s mental state
presented by the Commonwealth was that at some unknown time, Fleet
allegedly sent text messages to her mother indicating that she was
contemplating suicide and that she had a conversation with her mother,
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again at a time unknown, “about being depressed and wanting to end
things.” N.T., 11/15/13, at 5-6, 14. The Commonwealth presented no
evidence to support a finding that there were reasonable grounds to believe
that Fleet was a clear and present danger to herself, and thus “severely
mentally disabled,” as defined by the MHPA. See J.M., 726 A.2d at 1049;
50 P.S. §§ 7301(a), 7302(a). As such, the Commonwealth failed to satisfy
its burden of proving that the 302 warrant was properly issued.
Contrary to the statement by the learned Dissent, the evidence
presented in the case at bar in support of the propriety of the issuance of
the 302 warrant was not “more compelling” than the testimony in Jackson,
wherein this Court decided the same issue as is presented in the case at bar
and found the 302 warrant was properly issued. Diss. at 5. In Jackson,
police executed a written 302 warrant issued for Jackson at his house.
Jackson, 62 A.3d at 435. While there, the police observed drug
paraphernalia and “an active marijuana growing operation.” Id. Thereafter,
police obtained a warrant to further search the residence and seize the
contraband found. Id.
Jackson filed a motion to suppress, asserting, inter alia, that the
seizure “was derivative of an invalid mental health warrant which the police
used to gain entry to his home.” Id. The trial court held a suppression
hearing, at which the following relevant testimony was provided:
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Tracy Semow, a mental health supervisor for
Westmoreland Case Management and Supports,
testified that in addition to her caseload supervision
responsibilities, she assists individuals who have a
family member or friend who is a threat to himself or
others. On April 5, 2011, she met with [Jackson’s
father] and his wife and Ms. Bates[, Jackson’s
paramour], and all three expressed concerns about
[Jackson]’s and Ms. Bates’[] safety. Since Ms. Bates
was the primary witness to [Jackson]’s conduct and
felt personally threatened, she was the designated
applicant. Ms. Semow assisted Ms. Bates in
completing an application for the warrant that
subjected [Jackson] to an involuntary emergency
examination and treatment.
Ms. Bates averred in the application that she
believed [Jackson] to be severely mentally disabled
and a clear and present danger to others. She
checked the box on the form providing:
Clear and present danger to others shall be
shown by establishing that within the past 30
days the person has inflicted or attempted to
inflict serious bodily harm on another and that
there is reasonable probability that such
conduct will be repeated. A clear and present
danger of harm to others may be
demonstrated by proof that the person has
made threats of harm and has committed acts
in furtherance of the threat to commit
harm[.][4]
Application for Involuntary Emergency Examination
and Treatment, Commonwealth Exhibit 1, at 2.
Ms. Bates handwrote the behavior exhibited by
[Jackson] within the past thirty days that supported
her belief. Ms. Bates recounted that on March 21,
2011, she and [Jackson] had an explosive argument
over trash bags that culminated in [Jackson]
4
See 50 P.S. § 7301(b)(1) (defining clear and present danger to others).
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threatening “to smash [her] face in with those f–––in
keys.” Ms. Bates also described an incident that
occurred on April 4, 2011, the day before the
warrant issued. Ms. Bates insisted on driving home
from the dentist after [Jackson] had received
novocaine. Their two children were in the rear seat
of the vehicle. [Jackson] repeatedly yelled at her
about her driving and started kicking the dashboard
and punching the window to convince her that he
should drive. When Ms. Bates declined to relinquish
control of the car, [Jackson] told her “No you are
going to f–––ing pull over now and let me drive!”
When Ms. Bates refused, [Jackson] pushed his feet
against the dashboard, which had the effect of
pushing his seat into the infant seat located behind
him. When Ms. Bates pointed out that the child could
be hurt, [Jackson] put his hand on the keys in the
ignition, threatening to remove them.
When Ms. Bates continued to refuse to allow
[Jackson] to drive, he began punching the window
on the passenger side of the vehicle. He again
insisted that she turn over the wheel, and when she
declined, he threatened, “I will beat your face in with
a baton until there is a big gaping hole in your
head!”
At that point, Ms. Bates directed the car away
from their home, intending to go directly to the
police station. [Jackson] noticed and became more
violent. As Ms. Bates was entering a turn, [Jackson]
grabbed the keys in the ignition and turned off the
car, blocking traffic in all directions. He then jumped
from the car and ordered her to exit the car. Ms.
Bates restarted the car and attempted to drive it.
[Jackson] stood in front of the car, took his baton,
and smashed it against the passenger side window.
At that point, Ms. Bates proceeded to the local police
department where she filed a report of the incident.
Ms. Semow read the application in its entirety
over the phone to Dawn Hixon, a Westmoreland
County mental health delegate. Based on Ms. Bates’
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account, Ms. Hixon approved the warrant that
permitted the police to apprehend [Jackson] and
take him to the nearest emergency room for
evaluation. Ms. Semow then signed the warrant. At
the suppression hearing, Ms. Semow verified her
signature on the 302 warrant and confirmed that the
information contained therein was the information
Ms. Bates transcribed in Ms. Semow’s presence.
Id. at 435-37 (footnote added; some record citations omitted). The trial
court denied suppression.
Following his convictions of drug-related charges, Jackson appealed to
this Court. On appeal, this Court evaluated the evidence presented by the
Commonwealth at the suppression hearing and determined that it supported
the trial court’s finding that Jackson was “severely mentally disabled,” as he
was a clear and present danger to others as defined by section 7301, and
that the 302 warrant was properly issued. Id. at 440. We thus concluded
that the police were lawfully present in Jackson’s home by virtue of the
properly procured 302 warrant; police viewed the contraband in plain view;
and the resulting issuance of a search warrant and the seizure of the drugs
and paraphernalia by police were permissible. Id.
In Jackson, the Commonwealth provided testimony to establish that
Jackson was engaging in behaviors during the preceding thirty days that
made him a clear and present danger to others, and therefore “severely
mentally disabled” as defined by the MHPA. In the case before us, on the
other hand, the Commonwealth did not present any evidence to support a
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finding that the 302 warrant was properly procured. Although the Dissent
states, “Officer Newcomer viewed text messages from [Fleet] in which she
articulated a clear and immediate intent to kill herself,” Diss. at 5
(emphasis added), there is no support in the record for such a conclusion.
As stated hereinabove, the Commonwealth presented no evidence regarding
when Fleet allegedly sent the text messages or any specificity as to the
content of the messages. Officer Newcomer only testified that Fleet’s
mother came to the police station and showed her text messages, allegedly
sent by Fleet at some unknown time, indicating that Fleet was contemplating
suicide and that Fleet’s mother had a conversation with Fleet, again at a
time unknown, “about being depressed and wanting to end things.” N.T.,
11/15/13, at 5-6, 14.
The Dissent’s alternative argument – that Officer Newcomer’s seizure
of Fleet was “reasonable” “even if the warrant was technically defective
pursuant to the procedural prerequisites of the MHPA” – is also erroneous.
See Diss. at 6-11. This was not a mere technical defect in the 302 warrant
as the Dissent suggests; this was a wholesale failure to establish that Fleet
was the proper subject of an emergency examination under the MHPA. See
50 P.S. § 7302(a) (permitting transportation of a person to a treatment
facility for emergency examination only if there are “reasonable grounds to
believe a person is severely mentally disabled and in need of immediate
treatment,” either as provided in a warrant for emergency examination or
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upon personal observation of the person’s conduct) (emphasis added). As
stated above, Officer Newman’s testimony did not establish that Fleet was
“severely mentally disabled” as defined by the MHPA or in need of immediate
treatment. As such, the Dissent’s conclusion that the Commonwealth
established “that probable cause existed for the belief that [Fleet] was
severely mentally disabled” is unsupportable under the law.5 Diss. at 10-11.
We agree with the Dissent that the Commonwealth need not prove
that Fleet was, in fact, “severely mentally disabled” to establish that the 302
warrant was properly issued. See Diss. at 3-4. Rather, as stated supra, the
Commonwealth had the burden of proving that there were reasonable
grounds to believe that Fleet was “severely mentally disabled” as defined by
the MHPA and in need of immediate treatment. See J.M., 726 A.2d at
1049; 50 P.S. §§ 7301(a), 7302(a). In finding that the Commonwealth
satisfied its burden in this regard, the Dissent wholly ignores the definition
under the MHPA of who is subject to a 302 warrant and the paucity of
evidence produced by the Commonwealth at the suppression hearing. The
Commonwealth failed to produce the text messages Fleet allegedly sent;
5
We note that it is entirely possible that Fleet was the proper subject of a
302 warrant and lawfully committed pursuant thereto. Our decision here
does not address that question. Rather, our inquiry is simply whether the
Commonwealth satisfied its burden of proving that it lawfully obtained the
contraband in question. As the Commonwealth obtained the contraband
during the execution of a 302 warrant, and Fleet challenged the validity of
the 302 warrant in a suppression motion, pursuant to Jackson, the
Commonwealth in the case at bar had the burden of proving that the 302
warrant was properly issued. See Jackson, 62 A.3d at 438.
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failed to call any witnesses to testify regarding the content of those
messages or the information contained in the application for the 302
warrant; and failed to produce any evidence pertaining to when Fleet
allegedly sent the messages or when the conversation with her mother
“about being depressed and wanting to end things” occurred. Stated
otherwise, the Commonwealth failed to establish that the requirements for
obtaining a 302 warrant were met. As such, the Commonwealth failed to
satisfy its burden of proof on this predicate issue and we have no basis from
the record to conclude that Fleet was lawfully detained prior to the search.
Where a court finds that a person was illegally
seized before he allegedly consented to a search,
any evidence obtained as a result of the search must
be excluded from the evidence against the accused
as fruit of the poisonous tree, i.e., the unlawful
seizure, unless the prosecution can establish that the
alleged consent was not a result of the illegal
seizure.
Commonwealth v. Reid, 811 A.2d 530, 544-45 (Pa. 2002) (citation
omitted).
We therefore conclude that the trial court erred by denying Fleet’s
motion to suppress the heroin and syringe recovered from her person by
Officer Newcomer and reverse that decision. As Fleet’s conviction of
possession of a controlled substance was based entirely upon the now-
suppressed evidence, we vacate the judgment of sentence.
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J-A01017-15
Order denying suppression reversed. Judgment of sentence vacated.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Ford Elliott, P.J.E. joins the Opinion.
Allen, J. files a Dissenting Opinion.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/16/2015
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