In re S.M. CA4/2

Filed 4/28/15 In re S.M. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re S.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,
E061464
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super.Ct.No. J253927)
v.
OPINION
S.M.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Lynn M. Poncin,

Judge. Affirmed.

Theresa Osterman Stevenson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for

Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton, and Christopher P.

Beesley, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

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 The trial court sustained a juvenile wardship petition (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 602)

after finding true the allegation that defendant and appellant S.M. (minor) possessed

marijuana for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11359). The court deemed the offense a felony

and ordered minor to be placed in the custody of her grandmother, subject to certain

probation terms.1

On appeal, minor argues the trial court erred in denying her motion to suppress

evidence. While she makes no challenge to the finding that she possessed marijuana,

minor also contends insufficient evidence supports the allegation that she possessed it for

sale. We discern no error and affirm the adjudication order.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 19, 2014, David Wibert, an officer with the Fontana school police

department was on duty in a marked patrol car. While near a high school at

approximately 1:15 p.m., he saw a pickup truck with an object hanging from the rearview

mirror. Through the truck’s tinted rear window, Officer Wibert could see the object

hanging about 13 inches below the mirror near the center of the windshield. It “was

swaying back and forth, black in color.” Officer Wibert “could tell that it was a string,”

but he could not recall “what the details entailed.”

When he saw the truck, Officer Wibert was 15 to 20 feet behind it. He was

concerned that the object could distract the driver or obstruct the driver’s view of

1 Minor does not challenge the trial court’s dispositional orders on appeal.

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pedestrians. His concern was heightened because school was letting out, the nearby

crosswalk had no signals, and “kids do cross back and forth.” Officer Wibert testified

that he had personally seen that “even . . . the smallest object” can obstruct a driver’s

view. The fact that this particular object was swinging caused him additional concern

regarding visibility. He could not estimate what percentage of the windshield might be

impeded by the object. Instead, he explained that, “swaying back and forth it could

obstruct any amount of length back and forth.”

Because he concluded the object hanging from the mirror might cause a violation

of Vehicle Code section 26708, subdivision (a)(2)2 (Vehicle Code section 26708(a)(2)),

Officer Wibert activated his lights and initiated a traffic stop. As he approached the

vehicle, he saw a male driver3 and a female passenger. At the jurisdictional hearing,

Officer Wibert identified the passenger as minor. After the driver indicated he did not

have a driver’s license, Officer Wibert asked him to step outside the truck. As the driver

exited the vehicle, he handed Officer Wibert a “small Ziploc baggie” of marijuana. The

baggie had been on the driver’s lap when Officer Wibert approached the truck.

Officer Wibert called for assistance. Other police officers, including Amanda

2 This provision reads: “A person shall not drive any motor vehicle with any
object or material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied in or upon the vehicle
that obstructs or reduces the driver’s clear view through the windshield or side windows.”

3 The driver was declared a ward of the court on April 8, 2014. He is not a party
to this appeal.

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Liabeuf and Andres Garcia, arrived at the scene within five minutes. Officer Wibert

asked minor to remain in the vehicle while he interacted with the driver.

The driver was exiting the truck when Officer Liabeuf arrived. Officer Wibert

told Officer Liabeuf the driver had handed him a bag of marijuana. Officer Liabeuf

performed a patdown search of minor “[f]or safety reasons.”4 During this interaction,

Officer Liabeuf asked minor “if she had anything on her,” and she answered in the

negative. However, as the patdown search continued minor said “she was going for some

marijuana or some drugs” and pulled something out of her waistband. The item minor

retrieved was “[o]ne big baggie” with a pipe and four smaller bags inside. Officer

Liabeuf concluded that each of the small bags contained “a useable quantity” of

marijuana. Minor told Officer Liabeuf that she hid the marijuana in her waistband

because she “got scared” when Officer Wibert initiated the traffic stop.

To obtain help with searching the vehicle for marijuana or other drugs, Officer

Liabeuf requested assistance from a canine officer. The dog provided a positive alert

near the front of the vehicle. Officer Liabeuf conducted a search and found another

baggie of marijuana in the center console of the truck. She was advised that another

4 It appears minor had not been Mirandized (Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S.
436) before the patdown search. After a voir dire examination of Officer Liabeuf, the
trial court concluded that minor had not yet been taken into custody, such that no
Miranda warnings were required.

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officer found yet another bag of marijuana above the visor.5 Someone sitting in the front

passenger seat would have had access to both of these bags of marijuana.

Another investigating officer, Andres Garcia, helped search the vehicle. He

located another bag of marijuana “up top” in the sunglasses compartment in the center of

the vehicle. Officer Garcia did not find any drugs or money on the passenger side of the

truck. However, he found five $1 bills in the visor on the driver’s side. He also found

$254 in the driver’s wallet.

Officers took minor and the driver into custody and had the vehicle towed. Minor

and the driver indicated they had recently smoked marijuana, so Officer Liabeuf

transported them to the hospital for medical clearance.

On May 7, 2014, the trial court conducted a jurisdictional hearing and also heard a

motion to suppress evidence by minor. Officers Wibert, Liabeuf, and Garcia testified to

the facts recited ante.

In addition, Officer Liabeuf opined that minor possessed marijuana with an intent

to sell it. She acknowledged that minor had no money, empty baggies or sheets showing

balances owed. Minor also had no phone, purse or backpack with her. Unlike the driver,

5 Officer Liabeuf emphasized that she did not find this bag of marijuana. She
“was told” the bag was found “above the visor,” but it appears this is the bag of
marijuana that Officer Garcia found in the sunglasses compartment, which he described
as being in the center of the vehicle. An item in the middle of the vehicle would be closer
to the passenger seat than one on the driver’s side. Therefore, Officer Liabeuf’s slight
error in describing where Officer Garcia located another bag of marijuana does not
weaken her conclusion that the bag of marijuana that Officer Garcia found was within
minor’s reach.

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minor said nothing about intending to sell marijuana. However, the following factors

nevertheless indicated to Officer Liabeuf that minor had the intent to sell marijuana:

first, the driver told investigating officers that he planned to sell each baggie of marijuana

for $5. Also, the driver and minor were dating each other. According to the training

Officer Liabeuf had received, the marijuana minor gave her was in “the type of

packaging . . . commonly used for the sales of controlled substances.” Officer Liabeuf

also emphasized that each of the bags held the same amount of marijuana. She also noted

that money was found in the vehicle, although she could not recall specifics about how

much or in what denominations.

For his part, Officer Garcia concluded that a sale had occurred shortly before the

traffic stop. This was in part because the driver had a bag of marijuana on his lap when

Officer Wibert stopped the truck. Also, it appeared the driver had not moved the money

from the visor to his wallet yet. Like Officer Liabeuf, Officer Garcia noted that there

were multiple packages of marijuana in the vehicle. Finally, Officer Garcia testified that

sellers of marijuana often use marijuana, and that they often resort to selling drugs to be

able to afford the drugs they personally use.

A criminalist, Darci Fullner, gave additional testifimony at the jurisdictional

hearing. In connection with the investigation in this case, she received two envelopes,

one of which held four baggies containing “dried green plant material” and the other of

which held three baggies of a similar material. Fullner tested the material and concluded

that it was marijuana.

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 After the presentation of testimony summarized ante, the trial court took up

minor’s motion to suppress evidence. It found the traffic stop and patdown search were

constitutional. Consequently, the court denied the motion to suppress.

Minor was the final witness at the jurisdictional hearing. She testified to the

following facts:

Minor and the driver were dating at the time of the incident. The driver picked

minor up from school on that day at approximately 1:00 p.m. After he retrieved minor,

the driver sat in the vehicle with her “[r]ight in front of the school.” They smoked two to

four bowls of marijuana there. Minor did not have a pipe or any marijuana on her when

she was at school that day. Rather, the driver had provided both to her after school.

Even after school, minor did not buy any marijuana from the driver; instead, he shared

some with her because they were dating.

The driver did not have a bag of marijuana on his lap when the officer first

approached the vehicle. Instead, he had a knife in his lap, which he handed to Officer

Wibert. The driver had already removed “the whole baggie that had the little ones inside

of it” from his pocket and handed it to minor. Minor also had the “piece” (i.e. the pipe).

She became scared so she put the marijuana and the pipe in her pants.

At the time, minor thought the driver had given her “all of the marijuana.” There

were four little bags inside one bigger bag, but this was how the driver always acquired

marijuana when he bought it. Minor had never seen the driver get money for marijuana

or accompanied him when he bought marijuana. As far as she knew, “he just had it and

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he was sharing it.” Minor did not think the baggies the driver gave her were for sale.

Once the driver handed over the marijuana, minor thought it belonged to her. She

intended to smoke it, but not to sell it.

On the day of the incident, minor did not know that the driver was selling

marijuana. In fact, she continued to think he was not selling marijuana at the time of the

jurisdictional hearing. The reason the driver had money was because he did construction

work for his father. Also, the driver told minor he had no marijuana on him other than

what they were smoking.

At the close of evidence, the trial court found minor’s explanation regarding what

happened was not credible. The court noted minor claimed to have been smoking

marijuana in the truck immediately before the traffic stop, but no officer mentioned

seeing or smelling smoke. In addition, no officer mentioned a knife, and the number of

bags of marijuana submitted to the criminalist for testing only matched the facts

presented if the driver had a bag of marijuana rather than a knife on his lap. The trial

court found minor had possessed marijuana for sale and sustained the wardship petition.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, minor argues first that the trial court erred in denying her motion to

suppress evidence because there was no evidence showing that Officer Wibert had a

reasonable suspicion that the item hanging from the rearview mirror amounted to a

Vehicle Code violation. We disagree and find Officer Wibert’s testimony contained

specific, articulable facts establishing that the driver was engaging in criminal activity.

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Minor also attacks the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the finding that she

intended to sell marijuana. We again disagree, this time because substantial, if

circumstantial, evidence supports the jurisdictional finding.

1. The trial court properly denied minor’s suppression motion

Penal Code section 1538.5, subdivision (a)(1)(A), allows a defendant to move for

suppression of evidence on grounds including that a warrantless search or seizure was

unreasonable. “If the initial stop of [an] automobile was unlawful, then all subsequent

observations of the officers and contraband secured in a search following an arrest which

flows from those observations must be suppressed as more pieces of forbidden fruit from

that familiar grove of poisonous trees. (Wong Sun v. United States (1963) 371 U.S.

471.)” (People v. Leyba (1981) 29 Cal.3d 591, 598, fn. 4 (Leyba).) In the first portion of

this opinion, we therefore consider the constitutionality of Officer Wibert’s stopping the

truck on the suspicion that the item hanging from the rearview mirror violated the

Vehicle Code.

“A detention is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment when the detaining

officer can point to specific articulable facts that, considered in light of the totality of the

circumstances, provide some objective manifestation that the person detained may be

involved in criminal activity.” (People v. Souza (1994) 9 Cal.4th 224, 231; see In re

Raymond C. (2008) 45 Cal.4th 303, 307.) A traffic violation need not have actually

occurred before a traffic stop can be lawful; rather, the test is whether the detaining

officer had “a reasonable suspicion that any traffic violation has occurred, even if it is

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ultimately determined that no violation did occur.” (Brierton v. Department of Motor

Vehicles (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 499, 510, italics in original.) In fact, the purpose of a

warrantless traffic stop when the detaining officer suspects a driver or passenger is

engaged in criminal activity is to investigate and determine whether a violation of the law

has in fact occurred. (Leyba, supra, 29 Cal.3d at p. 599.)

“In reviewing the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we view

the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, deferring to those express

or implied findings of fact supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.] We

independently review the trial court's application of the law to the facts. [Citation.]”

(People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 969.)

In this case, Officer Wibert decided to stop the truck in which minor was a

passenger because he saw an object hanging from the rearview mirror and thought it

might disrupt the driver’s view enough to cause a violation of Vehicle Code section

26708(a)(2). The object was long enough to extend more than a foot below the rearview

mirror, and it was substantial enough that Officer Wibert could see it through a tinted rear

window from 15 to 20 feet away. In addition, the object was in motion, which means it

could have obstructed a large portion of the windshield as it moved from side to side.

Officer Wibert testified that he had personally experienced how even very small items

may obstruct a driver’s view. Given this experience, he was especially concerned about

the ability of the truck’s driver to see clearly because school had just let out. Officer

Wibert, who was employed by a school district, knew that students tended to “walk out in

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the roadway.” Even when they used the crosswalk, there was a risk that a driver would

not see them because the crosswalk was not controlled by any traffic signals. Because

the object was moving, Officer Wibert feared it might “obstruct the view of a kid maybe

riding a bicycle, not paying attention to what they are doing.”

Officer Wibert’s testimony to the facts described above constitutes substantial

evidence supporting the finding that he reasonably thought the object might “obstruct[] or

reduce[] the driver’s clear view through the windshield.” (Veh. Code, § 26708(a)(2).) At

the very least, his suspicion was reasonable enough that he was justified in stopping the

truck to investigate.

Minor argues this case is on point with People v. White (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th

636 (White). That opinion reversed a trial court order denying suppression motions by

defendants charged with marijuana-related offenses. (Id. at p. 639.) The defendants were

arrested after an officer with the California Highway Patrol noticed a tree-shaped air

freshener hanging from the rearview mirror of the car one of the defendants was driving.

(Id. at pp. 640-641.) “The air freshener remained in a stationary position while the

officer followed the . . . vehicle.” (Id. at p. 641.) The officer never testified that he

thought the air freshener actually obstructed the driver’s view. (Id. at p. 642.) He also

“never testified to other specific and articulable facts, like hesitant or erratic driving, that

might suggest the driver’s clear view was impeded.” (Ibid.) In contrast, the defense

presented expert testimony that the air freshener covered less than .05 percent of the

windshield, and that it would not obstruct the view of a six-foot-tall driver. (Ibid.)

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Furthermore, the vehicle’s driver testified that the air freshener did not in fact obstruct his

view. (Ibid.)

White is distinguishable on multiple grounds. First, the object hanging from the

rearview mirror in this case swayed back and forth, while the air freshener in White was

stationary. Minor makes no attempt to explain why an object that moved would not

increase the extent to which the driver’s visual field was obstructed. Second, Officer

Wibert explicitly testified that he thought the object could impair the driver’s view, while

the officer in White made no such statement. Officer Wibert even gave several reasons,

including his personal experiences with the visual disruption caused by even small item,

why he thought the object hanging from the rearview mirror violated Vehicle Code

section 26708(a)(2). Finally, minor in this case, unlike the defendants in White,

presented no evidence that the object did not actually impede the driver’s view.

Minor complains Officer Wibert, like the officer in White, never testified to facts

showing that the driver’s view was actually affected by the hanging object, such as

hesitant or erratic driving. While the White court indicated testimony to this effect would

have been helpful, nothing in the opinion suggests that such a showing is necessary

before a traffic stop can be found lawful when the stop was made on the ground that the

driver’s view through the windshield is impaired. Also, in White the other evidence the

People presented failed to show that the officer had a reasonable suspicion that the air

freshener obstructed the driver’s view. Here, for the reasons set forth ante the evidence

does support such a finding.

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 Minor makes much of Officer Wibert’s testimony that the object he saw was “a

string.” Because strings are likely to be extremely thin, minor reasons the evidence

cannot support a reasonable suspicion that the string sufficiently obstructed the driver’s

view. As a threshold matter, we question whether Officer Wibert really meant that he

saw a string and only a string. After indicating he “could tell that it was a string,” Officer

Wibert continued by saying, “I can’t remember exactly what . . . the details entailed.”

We have some difficulty imaging what other “details” might be inherent in a string, and

we wonder how a string with nothing suspended from it would have sufficient mass to

sway back and forth as the car moved. However, even if Officer Wibert meant that all he

saw was a string, this would not foreclose a finding that the object could have obstructed

the driver’s vision. After all, the “string” was thick enough that it was visible at a

distance and through a tinted rear window.

More significant is that even something as thin as a crack in a windshield may

provide reasonable cause to stop a vehicle on the ground that a Vehicle Code violation

was occurring. (See Veh. Code, § 26710 [“It is unlawful to operate any motor vehicle

upon a highway when the windshield or rear window is in such a defective condition as

to impair the driver’s vision either to the front or rear.”]; see also People v. Vibanco

(2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 1, 8 [cracked windshield justified investigatory traffic stop];

People v. Miller (1972) 24 Cal.App.3d 221, 224 [traffic stop was reasonable because

cracked windshield was “unlawful”]; and People v. Superior Court (1968) 266

Cal.App.2d 685, 689-690 [cracked windshield may impair visibility].)

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 For each of these reasons, substantial evidence supports the finding that Officer

Wibert had specific, articulable reasons for suspecting that the driver of the truck was

violating Vehicle Code section 26708(a)(2). The trial court therefore properly denied

minor’s motion to suppress evidence.

2. Substantial evidence supports the judgment

In reviewing minor’s claim that proof of an essential element was lacking, “we

must determine ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463, 509.)

In the course of this inquiry, we “ ‘ “presume in support of the judgment the existence of

every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.” ’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)

We remain mindful that, “A reviewing court neither reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a

witness’s credibility.” (People v. Lindberg (2008) 45 Cal.4th 1, 27.)

Even when the People rely primarily on circumstantial evidence, the standard of

review is the same. (People v. Thomas (1992) 2 Cal.4th 489, 514.) “ ‘ “If the

circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings, the opinion of the reviewing

court that the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding

does not warrant a reversal of the judgment.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v. Bean (1988) 46

Cal.3d 919, 933.)

To prove that minor possessed marijuana for sale, the People must show that “the

defendant possessed the contraband with the intent of selling it and with knowledge of

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both its presence and illegal character.” (People v. Meza (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1741,

1745-1746.) Intent to sell marijuana may be established by circumstantial evidence.

(People v. Harris (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 371, 374.) “ ‘In cases involving possession of

marijuana and heroin, it is settled that an officer with experience in the narcotics field

may give his opinion that the narcotics are held for purposes of sale based upon matters

such as quantity, packaging, and the normal use of an individual.’ ” (People v. Dowl

(2013) 57 Cal.4th 1079, 1084 (Dowl).)

Minor in this case handed Officer Liabeuf a bag containing four smaller bags of

marijuana. Each of the four bags held approximately the same quantity, and the

packaging of each quantity was similar. In fact, Officer Liabeuf testified that the

marijuana that had been in minor’s pants was in “the type of packaging . . . commonly

used for the sales of controlled substances.” In addition, Officer Liabeuf located another

bag of marijuana in the center console, which was in minor’s reach when she was in the

passenger seat. From this location, minor could have reached even the bag of marijuana

that was in the sunglasses compartment in the center of the truck. Also, although minor

did not admit intending to sell the bags of marijuana, the driver did. Because the driver

was minor’s boyfriend, they were in the same vehicle, and they both possessed

marijuana, the trial court could have reasonably inferred that the driver and minor

intended to sell marijuana together. In short, substantial evidence supports the finding

that minor intended to sell at least some of the marijuana she possessed.

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 Minor insists this conclusion cannot follow, in part because she had no money or

balance sheets in her possession. However, her boyfriend had $254 in his wallet, and an

additional $5 in singles was found in the driver’s-side visor. If minor and her boyfriend

were jointly selling marijuana, we see no reason why they would not have decided that

only one of them would hold the proceeds of their sales. Since minor indicated the driver

was the only member of the couple who bought marijuana, he would be the logical one to

choose to hold their funds. As for pay-owe sheets, these are unnecessary if the driver and

minor only accepted cash as payment for marijuana. (See Dowl, supra, 57 Cal.4th at

p. 1261 [expert testimony that balance sheets are unnecessary if all marijuana sales are in

cash].) The presence of cash in the visor and the driver’s wallet indicates that at least

some of the customers did, in fact, pay in cash.

Minor also makes much of her own testimony that she did not intend to sell

marijuana, did not think the driver was selling marijuana, and did not know the truck

contained any marijuana other than what she and the driver had been smoking.

Moreover, minor’s emphasis on her testimony that she and the driver had been smoking

marijuana implies that the marijuana the police seized was for personal use rather than for

sale. We note, however, that the trial court explicitly found minor’s story to be not

credible. We will not undermine this determination on appeal. In particular, we, like the

trial court, wonder why none of the three officers who testified mentioned the smell of

marijuana smoke emanating from the truck. If minor had been smoking marijuana in the

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15 minutes in between getting picked up from school and the traffic stop, it is difficult to

see how no odor would have been present.

“To be sure, [minor] offered explanations for some of the[] circumstances

[surrounding the offense], but the [court] did not have to believe them.” (Dowl, supra, 57

Cal.4th at p. 1092.) It did not and instead made an explicit finding that minor was not

credible. We affirm the jurisdictional order because substantial evidence from witnesses

other than minor supports the judgment.

DISPOSITION

The trial court’s jurisdictional order is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RAMIREZ
P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
J.

KING
J.

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