UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
LYNN M. JOHNSON,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 11-cv-02172 (RLW)
BAE SYSTEMS, INC., et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment, Defendants’ Motion for Sanctions, and the associated oppositions and replies.
Defendants argue that no reasonable jury could find in favor of Plaintiff on any of her claims.
The Court agrees with respect to Plaintiff’s claims for negligence, battery, and defamation, and
grants summary judgment to the Defendants on those claims. Plaintiff’s claim for intentional
infliction of emotional distress survives.
Defendants also allege that Plaintiff has repeatedly abused the litigation process, and ask
that this Court impose the sanction of dismissal pursuant to its inherent power. After hearing
argument from both parties, as well as testimony from the Plaintiff and other witnesses, the
Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the Plaintiff destroyed, attempted to destroy,
or caused to be destroyed potentially relevant evidence for the second time during the course of
this litigation. Although Plaintiff’s actions are inexcusable and demonstrate a severe lack of
respect for this Court and for the litigation process generally, the Court does not believe that the
ultimate sanction of dismissal is warranted. The Court will instead impose lesser, but
nonetheless severe, sanctions.
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I. BACKGROUND
The basic facts of this case are by now well-known to the Court. Between December
2010 and June 2011, Defense Intelligence Agency employee Lynn Johnson was deployed to Iraq
and assigned to the Analysis & Production Unit in the Joint Intelligence Operations Threat
Center on the Al Qaeda in Iraq team (“AQI Team”). See Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s
Amended Statement of Material Facts in Dispute (“Def.’s Resp.”) ¶ 1.2 (Dkt. No. 85). 1 The AQI
Team was under military command and tasked with supplying operational intelligence to aid in
military operations. Id. at ¶ 1.9-11.With her on the team was Thomas Schiller, a BAE Systems
employee working on a BAE contract with the DIA. Id. at ¶ 1.14. Mr. Schiller was tasked with
training Ms. Johnson; this task included reviewing and editing her work. Id. at ¶ 1.19-20.
During the months they worked together, Mr. Schiller made several comments of a
sexual nature to Ms. Johnson. These included comparing her physical attributes to those of his
wife, telling her he was “so horny [he] could screw the crack of dawn,” and suggesting that Mr.
Schiller and Ms. Johnson should pretend to be a couple. Id. at ¶ 2.10. On one occasion, he
smacked or grabbed her buttocks while exiting the dining hall. Id. at ¶ 1.31-33. Ms. Johnson
reported Mr. Schiller’s behavior to senior military personnel during a conversation on February
13, 2011. Id. at ¶ 1.73. She filed formal charges with the Department of the Army shortly
thereafter; the Army investigated and determined that Mr. Schiller had engaged in wrongful
sexual conduct in violation of the U.S. Military Justice Act. Plaintiff’s Opposition to
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“SJ Opp.”) Exh. 60 (Dkt. No. 72). Other than in
the context of litigation, Mr. Schiller and Ms. Johnson have had no contact since February 13,
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Plaintiff’s Amended Statement of Material Facts is divided into two sections; the first responds to
BAE’s assertions, the second presents a narrative. Paragraph 1.2 refers to the second paragraph of the
first section; ¶ 2.3 would refer to the third paragraph of the second section. Defendant’s Response follows
the same format.
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2011. Plaintiff’s Amended Statement of Material Facts in Dispute (“Pl.’s SOF”) ¶ 1.111 (Dkt.
No. 83).
On November 11, 2011, Ms. Johnson brought suit against BAE Systems, Inc., BAE
Systems Information Solutions, Inc. (collectively “BAE” or “Defendants”), and Mr. Schiller in
the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, asserting that Mr. Schiller’s actions had caused
her “severe physical and emotional health problems” and that she had been denied a promised
promotion as a result of Mr. Schiller’s efforts to retaliate against her for refusing his advances.
Complaint at 8. Defendants removed to this Court and filed Motions to Dismiss. The Court
dismissed the suit against Mr. Schiller for lack of personal jurisdiction and dismissed several of
the claims against BAE. Four tort claims survived: (1) negligent supervision, (2) sexual battery,
(3) intentional infliction of emotional distress, and (4) defamation. The case proceeded to
discovery.
During discovery, BAE arranged for an expert witness to conduct a medical examination
of Ms. Johnson in order to respond to her claims concerning her health problems. BAE
requested medical records in preparation for this examination. Ms. Johnson provided BAE with
falsified medical records which she had edited in an effort to eliminate references to health issues
that predated her deployment to Iraq. This episode was the basis of a sanctions motion filed by
BAE, seeking dismissal. This Court granted in part and denied in part BAE’s motion, and
sanctioned Ms. Johnson and her counsel with fees and an adverse inference instruction.
The events which precipitated the current sanctions motion occurred during the pendency
of the previous sanctions motion. Over the summer and fall of 2013, BAE sought information
about emails and other files on the computer Ms. Johnson used during her deployment. On
September 25, 2013, BAE requested a forensic examination of Ms. Johnson’s computer.
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Defendants’ Second Motion for Sanctions (“Sanctions Mot.”) Exh. J (Dkt. No. 63). That
evening, Ms. Johnson contracted with a local computer technician who performed various
maintenance functions, which included running a program called CCleaner that is capable of
permanently deleting files. Id. at Exh. K; Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ Second Motion
for Sanctions (“Sanctions Opp.”) Exh. T (Dkt. No. 65). Subsequent forensic analysis showed
that several Microsoft Outlook .pst email storage files were placed into the recycling bin and
deleted on September 27. Sanctions Mot. Exh. K.
BAE filed this second sanctions motion and again seeks dismissal, citing the alleged
deletion of computer files as well as other examples of what it portrays as a general pattern of
dishonesty on Ms. Johnson’s behalf during the discovery process as justification for the most
severe sanctions available.
Shortly after filing the second sanctions motion, BAE filed a motion for summary
judgment with an attached statement of material facts to which there is no genuine dispute.
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“SJ Mot.”) (Dkt. No. 68). Ms. Johnson responded
in opposition with a “statement of material facts in dispute” that contravened the requirements of
Local Rule 7(h)(1); rather than providing a “concise statement of genuine issues setting forth all
material facts as to which it is contended there exists a genuine issue necessary to be litigated,”
Ms. Johnson’s document was a lengthy recitation with apparently no effort made to distinguish
between material and immaterial facts or between facts in dispute and facts as to which there was
no dispute. The Court ordered Ms. Johnson to provide an amended statement of material facts
with strict limitations regarding content and form. Order on Motion for Summary Judgment
(Dkt. No. 82).
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After Ms. Johnson produced an amended statement of facts in dispute and BAE was
given a chance to respond, the Court held a hearing to discuss outstanding motions, including
those considered herein. The Court received testimony from Ms. Johnson, her computer
forensics expert, and the technician with whom she contracted to work on her computer in
September 2013. Having considered the testimony given at the hearing, as well as the parties’
various filings, the Court is now prepared to decide Defendants’ motions for sanctions and
summary judgment.
II. LEGAL ANALYSIS
A. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
As a threshold matter, the Court must determine whether Ms. Johnson’s tort claims are
preempted by the doctrine announced in Saleh v. Titan Corp., 580 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In
Saleh, the Court of Appeals held that “[d]uring wartime, where a private service contractor is
integrated into combatant activities over which the military retains command authority, a tort
claim arising out of the contractor’s engagement in such activities shall be preempted.” 580 F.3d
at 9. Although the holding is broadly stated, Saleh acknowledged that “a service contractor
might be supplying services in such a discrete manner—perhaps even in a battlefield context—
that those services could be judged separate and apart from combat activities of the U.S.
military.” 580 F.3d at 9. The example provided by the Court is a situation in which the contract
contains a “performance-based statement of work.” Id. at 10. Therefore, analysis of whether the
Saleh preemption applies requires consideration of the contract under which the services were
rendered. BAE has refused to produce its contract with the DIA. Alerted to the possibility that
this Court would not consider Saleh preemption in the absence of the contract, BAE determined
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that it would rather accept the Court’s rejection of its Saleh argument than produce the contract.
Transcript of Motions Hearing (“Transcript”) at 197-98 (Dkt. No. 90). The Court thus considers
the Saleh issue waived.
Ms. Johnson’s remaining claims assert: (1) negligent supervision; (2) sexual battery; (3)
intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (4) defamation. Summary judgment is
appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “The evidence of
the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in h[er] favor.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). “[W]here the nonmoving party will
bear the burden of proof at trial on a dispositive issue, the nonmoving party bears the burden of
production under Rule 56 to designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for
trial.” Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 586 (2009) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 324 (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under the standard as applied to this case,
summary judgment is appropriate where Ms. Johnson has failed to produce evidence allowing a
reasonable jury to find in her favor. The Court grants summary judgment to BAE on the claims
for negligence, battery, and defamation, and denies summary judgment on the claim for
intentional infliction of emotional distress.
(1) Negligent Supervision
In order to sustain a claim for negligent supervision, Ms. Johnson must show (1) that
BAE knew or should have known that Mr. Schiller would act inappropriately and, armed with
this knowledge, (2) failed to adequately supervise him, (3) resulting in harm to Ms. Johnson. See
Phelan v. City of Mount Rainier, 805 A.2d 930, 937-38 (D.C. 2002). Ms. Johnson produces no
evidence allowing a jury to reach this conclusion.
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Mr. Schiller obtained a top-secret clearance and underwent a criminal background check
as part of the BAE hiring process, and his hiring was approved by the DIA. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 1.51,
1.55-56. BAE maintains an anti-harassment policy and requires its employees to take anti-
harassment training and acknowledge that harassment was grounds for termination; Mr. Schiller
completed this training. Id. at 1.52-54, 57-59. Ms. Johnson makes a number of unsubstantiated
comments in an attempt to demonstrate that BAE should have gone further: for example, she
claims that “BAE knew before it hired Mr. Schiller that his work record was sketchy, raising
questions of instability, and where there is instability, there must be a reason.” SJ Opp. at 9.
This assertion is based on tenuous logic that no reasonable jury could credit. The apparent fact
that “from 2005-2009 Mr. Schiller never worked at any one place for much beyond two years,
and then generally was a lecturer, or some other relatively low-level position, given his
educational background and experience in the security field,” id., is not sufficient to trigger a
duty to investigate; the proposition that Mr. Schiller merited additional scrutiny simply because
he taught courses as a lecturer at Johns Hopkins and Georgetown borders on the absurd. Ms.
Johnson furthermore produces no evidence that additional investigation would have revealed any
history of sexual harassment on Mr. Schiller’s part. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 1.67-69. This part of Ms.
Johnson’s claim is therefore premised on the inference that BAE through a more thorough
investigation might have discovered something that is not in the record regarding Mr. Schiller’s
history—something that was missed by both a criminal background check and a top secret
clearance investigation. A reasonable jury could not make such an inference.
Ms. Johnson also fails to present evidence that BAE was aware of Mr. Schiller’s
inappropriate behavior and failed to take action. Ms. Johnson admits that Mr. Schiller, Mr.
Garboczi, and Ms. Allen were the only BAE employees assigned to the AQI team. Def.’s Resp.
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¶ 1.70. Although Ms. Johnson asserts that she complained about Mr. Schiller’s conduct to DIA
and military personnel, there is no evidence that any DIA or military personnel relayed these
complaints to BAE. Id. at 73-74. To the extent that these government personnel should have
alerted BAE, that is their failure and not BAE’s. Ms. Johnson produces no evidence that she
complained to anyone at BAE other than Rachel Allen. The unrebutted evidence shows that Ms.
Allen was not a managerial employee and that no additional harassment occurred after Ms.
Johnson confided in Ms. Allen.
Ms. Johnson devotes a substantial portion of her brief in opposition to summary judgment
to discussing BAE’s response after Ms. Johnson reported Mr. Schiller’s behavior to the
appropriate authorities in February 2011. That response is irrelevant for purposes of a
negligence claim, because Ms. Johnson does not allege that Mr. Schiller interacted with her in
any way after she officially reported his behavior, and she produces no evidence that she was
harmed by Mr. Schiller after his conduct was brought to BAE’s attention.
In the absence of any evidence establishing that BAE knew or should have known that
Mr. Schiller would behave inappropriately and failed to provide adequate supervision, no
reasonable jury could decide in Ms. Johnson’s favor on this claim.
(2) Sexual Battery
As this Court recognized in rejecting BAE’s motion to dismiss Ms. Johnson’s tort claims,
there is no dispute concerning whether Mr. Schiller’s hand made contact with Ms. Johnson’s
buttocks shortly after the two of them exited the dining hall after dinner one night in January
2011. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 1.38-46. Regardless of Mr. Schiller’s intent, this was “an intentional act
that cause[d] . . . offensive bodily contact.” Smith v. District of Columbia, 882 A.2d 778, 787
(D.C. 2005). Mr. Schiller, however, has been dismissed from the case. The question before the
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Court is not whether a battery occurred; it is whether BAE can be held liable for Mr. Schiller’s
actions.
An employer is only liable for torts committed by employees if those torts are within the
scope of the employment. See Boykin v. District of Columbia, 484 A.2d 560, 561-62 (D.C.
1984). In the case of intentional torts, the question is whether the conduct “was motivated to any
extent by [a] desire to serve [the] employer.” Brown v. Argenbright Sec., Inc., 782 A.2d 752,
758 (D.C. 2001); see also District of Columbia v. Bamidele, 103 A.3d 516, 525 (D.C. 2014) (“At
least where intentional torts are concerned, it is not enough that an employee’s tortious activity
occurs while he is on duty, or even that those duties bear some causal relationship to the tort.”).
The D.C. Court of Appeals has rejected the argument that “sexual assaults are, as a matter of
law, solely for the employee’s benefit,” but has nonetheless acknowledged that “it is probable
that the vast majority of sexual assaults arise from purely personal motives.” Brown, 782 A.2d at
758.
The Court previously recognized that “Ms. Johnson’s claim against BAE Systems is
rather weak because Mr. Schiller’s alleged sexual assault of Ms. Johnson on the facts alleged
appears to be far afield from the duties of his employment,” but concluded that “this is a factual
question that cannot be resolved at [the motion to dismiss] stage.” Memorandum & Opinion on
Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 12). After extensive discovery, Ms. Johnson has failed to produce
any evidence that would allow a reasonable factfinder to determine that Mr. Schiller’s actions
were “actuated, at least in part, by a desire to serve his principal’s interest.” Brown, 782 A.2d at
758 (quoting Weinberg v. Johnson, 518 A.2d 985, 988 (D.C. 1986)) (internal quotation mark
omitted). The incident took place outside the dining hall, while neither Mr. Schiller nor Ms.
Johnson was engaged in work activities. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 1.38. It did not occur as the result of any
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work place argument or disagreement. Id. at ¶ 1.29. Mr. Schiller denies that he was motivated
by serving BAE’s interests. SJ Mot. Exh. E at 80. Ms. Johnson’s theory of liability is that
“Schiller was an employee of BAE; he was assigned to Iraq by BAE; the events occurred while
he was working for BAE under contract with DIA; BAE benefited financially from Schiller’s
activities while deployed to Iraq; the sexual assault would not have occurred but for Schiller
being assigned to Iraq.” Pl.’s SOF ¶ 1.26. The D.C. Court of Appeals has specifically rejected
the argument that this type of but-for causation is sufficient to establish employer liability. See
Bamidele, 103 A.3d at 525. In the absence of any evidence that the underlying contact occurred
during work activities, served BAE’s interests, or was intended to serve BAE’s interests, no
reasonable factfinder could determine that Mr. Schiller’s physical contact with Ms. Johnson
occurred within the scope of his employment.
(3) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
There are three prongs to a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress: “(1)
extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the defendant which (2) intentionally or recklessly
(3) causes the plaintiff severe emotional distress.” Purcell v. Thomas, 928 A.2d 699, 711 (D.C.
2007) (quoting Howard University v. Best, 484 A.2d 958, 985 (D.C. 1984)) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
“To be actionable, conduct must be ‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree,
as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency.’” Howard University, 484 A.2d at 986 (quoting
Jackson v. District of Columbia, 412 A.2d 948, 957 (D.C. 1980)). It is undisputed that, in
addition to touching her buttocks, Mr. Schiller commented on Ms. Johnson’s physical attributes
or made other sexual remarks to her on several occasions. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 2.10. A reasonable
jury could conclude that Mr. Schiller’s comments, taken as a whole, passed beyond the bounds
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of decency. See Howard University, 484 A.2d at 986 (“Recognizing that women suffer sexual
harassment in the workplace, based on outmoded sexual sterotypes (sic) and male domination of
subordinate female employees, we reject that view . . . that, as a matter of law, the degrading and
humiliating behavior herein detailed was at worse a ‘social impropriety’ which did not amount to
intentional infliction of emotional distress.”); id. (“Repeated harassment . . . may compound the
outrageousness of incidents which, taken individually, might not be sufficiently extreme to
warrant liability.”) (quoting Boyle v. Wenk, 392 N.E.2d 1053, 1056 (Mass. 1979)) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original). Ms. Johnson’s claim also survives the second
prong, as “[i]ntent or recklessness can be inferred from the outrageousness of the acts.” Id. at
985.
That leaves the third prong. Ms. Johnson has produced medical records reflecting that
she has struggled with depression and other health issues since returning from Iraq and that she
attributes these issues to “being sexually harassed when deployed to Iraq.” SJ Opp. Exh. 62.
Her medical records also indicate, however, that she has a long history of severe depression
dating back to childhood. Ms. Johnson has attempted to hide this history by lying on
government forms and in depositions and going so far as to alter medical records produced as
part of this litigation, conduct for which she has been sanctioned. As a result of this conduct, the
Court has previously determined that the jury will receive an adverse inference instruction
regarding Ms. Johnson’s medical and mental health history. While this adverse instruction will
undoubtedly make it more difficult for Ms. Johnson to demonstrate that she suffered harm as a
result of Mr. Schiller’s behavior, a reasonable jury could still conclude that Mr. Schiller’s actions
caused Ms. Johnson to experience severe emotional distress.
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As with Ms. Johnson’s claim for battery, the inquiry does not conclude with the Court’s
determination that Ms. Johnson’s tort claim against Mr. Schiller could survive summary
judgment. BAE’s liability is premised on the same respondeat superior theories discussed in the
context of the sexual battery claim. Unlike with the sexual battery claim, however, there is
evidence that some of Mr. Schiller’s inappropriate comments occurred while Ms. Johnson and
Mr. Schiller were engaged in work activities. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 1.79-103. A reasonable jury
therefore could conclude that Mr. Schiller’s actions “arose out of and in the course of
employment,” which would subject BAE to liability for those actions. Howard University, 484
A.2d at 987 (noting that “many of the incidents of alleged sexual harassment occurred during . . .
professional meetings attended by [the perpetrator and the victim] in their professional
capacities”). Summary judgment is therefore inappropriate for this claim.
(4) Defamation
In order to prevail on the defamation claim, Ms. Johnson must show “(1) that the
defendant made a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff; (2) that the defendant
published the statement without privilege to a third party; (3) that the defendant's fault in
publishing the statement amounted to at least negligence; and (4) either that the statement was
actionable as a matter of law irrespective of special harm or that its publication caused the
plaintiff special harm.” Klayman v. Segal, 783 A.2d 607, 613 n.4 (D.C. 2001) (quoting Beeton v.
District of Columbia, 779 A.2d 918, 923 (D.C. 2001)) (internal quotation mark omitted).
Ms. Johnson has failed to provide evidence of any false and defamatory statements made
by Mr. Schiller or anyone else associated with BAE. Def.’s Resp. ¶ 1.76-77. Ms. Johnson
claims that “she learned that [Schiller] had trashed her work product, calling it faulty, inaccurate,
poorly written, [and] below the standard acceptable for publication.” SJ Opp. at 25. She
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declines, however, to provide any citations to the record in support of this claim. See Def.’s
Resp. ¶ 1.76. Nor has Ms. Johnson produced any evidence that Mr. Schiller discussed her work
performance with anyone outside the AQI team. See id. at ¶ 1.77. As our Court of Appeals has
observed, “a party alleging defamation cannot possibly prevail at trial unless one or more
persons could be found to testify to having received the alleged defamations.” Benic v. Reuters
America, Inc., 357 F. Supp. 2d 216, 224 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Hilton Hotels Corp. v. Banov,
899 F.2d 40, 43 (D.C. Cir. 1990)) (internal quotation marks omitted). In the absence of
admissible evidence supporting her claim, no reasonable jury could decide in Ms. Johnson’s
favor.
B. Defendants’ Motion for Sanctions
This Court has previously discussed at length the rules governing discovery sanctions.
Sanctions may be ordered under either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b) or the court's
inherent power. A production order is required to trigger Rule 37(b), see Shepherd v. American
Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 62 F.3d 1469, 1475 (D.C. Cir. 1995), and there was no order in
place regarding Ms. Johnson’s computer files. In the absence of such an order, this Court may
use its inherent powers to order sanctions, including dismissal. “[R]eview proceeds in much the
same manner whether the district court took its authority from Rule 37(b)(2) or from its inherent
power.” Webb v. District of Columbia, 146 F.3d 964, 972 n. 16 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
In this Circuit, dismissal or default judgment under the inherent power requires clear and
convincing evidence of litigation misconduct. Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1477-78. The district court
also “must provide a specific, reasoned explanation for rejecting lesser sanctions.” Id. at 1478.
Dismissal is generally appropriate only “where the destroyed document is dispositive of the case,
so that an issue-related sanction effectively disposes of the merits anyway” or “where the guilty
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party has engaged in such wholesale destruction of primary evidence regarding a number of
issues that the district court cannot fashion an effective issue-related sanction.” Id. at 1479.
Courts contemplating dismissal are directed to consider the factors outlined in Shea v.
Donohoe Construction Company, 795 F.2d 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1986): (1) whether the party's
behavior has hampered the other party's ability to present their case; (2) "the prejudice caused to
the judicial system when the party's misconduct has put an intolerable burden on a district court
by requiring the court to modify its own docket and operations in order to accommodate the
delay"; and (3) "the need to sanction conduct that is disrespectful to the court and to deter similar
misconduct in the future." Webb, 146 F.3d at 971. The third rationale requires a finding of
flagrant or egregious misconduct in order to justify dismissal in the absence of other factors. Id.
at 975.
(1) Plaintiff engaged in discovery misconduct
The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that Ms. Johnson destroyed, attempted
to destroy, or caused to be destroyed files on her computer with potential relevance to this case.
Shortly after BAE’s counsel informed Ms. Johnson’s counsel that BAE would seek a forensic
examination of Ms. Johnson’s computer, Ms. Johnson arranged for James Ferrell, a computer
technician, to run maintenance programs on her laptop. At least one of these maintenance
programs can be used to permanently delete files. See Sanctions Mot. Exh. K. Although the
Court credits Mr. Ferrell’s testimony that he did not selectively delete files, Mr. Ferrell also
testified that Ms. Johnson did not inform him that she was involved in litigation or ask him not to
delete anything from her computer. It is therefore possible that the clean-up processes resulted in
files being irretrievably deleted. See Sanctions Mot. Exh. K. The Court’s understanding is that
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there is no way to conclusively determine the extent to which files may have removed from the
laptop.
The Court does have information about some files, however. On the day Mr. Ferrell
completed his work, between two and four Outlook .pst files containing thousands of emails
were placed into the recycling bin and deleted from Ms. Johnson’s computer. Sanctions Mot.
Exh. K; Transcript at 35. Ms. Johnson acknowledges that only she and Mr. Ferrell had access to
the laptop on that day. Transcript at 79. Mr. Ferrell testified that he did not place the files in the
recycling bin. Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Second Motion for Sanctions (“Pl.’s
Sanctions Resp.”) Exh. T (Dkt. No. 72); Transcript at 92. The Court credits his testimony and
therefore concludes that Ms. Johnson placed the files in the recycling bin and subsequently
deleted them.
According to BAE’s expert, the .pst files were unrecoverable. Sanctions Mot. Exh. K.
Ms. Johnson’s expert testified that some but possibly not all of the emails were recoverable.
Pl.’s Sanctions Resp. Exh. T; Transcript at 38. The Court must note that Ms. Johnson and her
counsel were evasive and unclear when questioned as to whether their forensic expert had
actually recovered the emails or merely concluded that they were recoverable and produced
metadata indicating the subject of the emails, the sender and recipient, and the time of
transmission. For present purposes, it is irrelevant: the Court has already determined that Ms.
Johnson deleted the .pst files, and, even if her expert eventually was able to recover the emails
contained within, Ms. Johnson has not produced any of those emails. The potential for future
compliance with discovery requirements is not an excuse for attempting to destroy computer
files. Moreover, under no circumstances should Ms. Johnson have contracted with a computer
technician to “clean up” a computer sought for forensic imaging, particularly without making a
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disk image or even informing the technician of ongoing litigation. That she chose to do so is
very troubling.
The Court is similarly troubled by Plaintiff’s failure to produce Facebook messages from
earlier than February 2013. Plaintiff requested an “archive” from Facebook on February 25,
2013. Sanctions Mot. Exh. H. She claims to have never downloaded the requested files, for
reasons that have not been adequately explained and are in any case unsatisfactory. 2 When
another archive was requested and downloaded in June 2013, it contained no messages that
occurred prior to February 2013. Although the Court has been provided with no evidence
detailing the Facebook archiving system, it seems highly suspect that Johnson requested an
archive in February 2013, which she has never produced, and that it just so happens that a
subsequently produced archive contained no messages before that same month. Moreover, it is
undisputed that Johnson participated in at least one relevant exchange of Facebook messages
prior to February 2013, a July 2011 conversation with Army Capt. Joshua Micko. Sanction Mot.
Exh. E. This conversation was not found in the Facebook archive produced by Ms. Johnson, but
an excerpt was produced separately. Ms. Johnson has offered varied and conflicting testimony
regarding how she preserved this excerpt. Shockingly, when questioned at the motions hearing
as to where the rest of the July 2011 conversation was, Ms. Johnson produced a more complete
version—a version that she had thus far failed to produce to BAE and that she indeed had not
even revealed to her counsel. The Court struggles to understand how a litigant could bring
responsive and unproduced evidence to a hearing to investigate whether she had fully complied
2
Ms. Johnson offered the following explanation for why the files were not downloaded in February: “Well, I, at the
time, tried to download it, but I was not, I guess, over a – I don’t know, I guess the file was too big. Anyway, it just
– it wouldn’t download. The download wouldn’t finish. And I don’t remember if I was at work on my lunch hour,
if I was at home, but it just – it never downloaded.” Transcript at 65. At the hearing, the Court asked Ms. Johnson
to complete a Facebook archive download in order to see how the process worked. The process was simple and
easily completed. The Court can discern no reason why Ms. Johnson could not have completed the archive
download in February 2013, and her failure to do so effectively resulted in the loss or destruction of Facebook
messages prior to that time.
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with her discovery obligations. The complete Facebook transcript and surrounding
circumstances provide clear and convincing evidence that Ms. Johnson failed to comply with her
discovery obligations with regards to the requested Facebook messages.
(2) Plaintiff’s conduct does not warrant dismissal
Upon consideration of the factors discussed in Shepherd and Shea, however, the Court
does not believe that the sanction of dismissal is warranted. BAE does not argue that its defense
has been meaningfully hampered by the deletion of files from Ms. Johnson’s computer or her
failure to produce Facebook messages; indeed, BAE’s merits defense is largely based on the
alleged inapplicability of respondeat superior liability, an issue upon which Ms. Johnson’s emails
and Facebook messages could shed little light; what little prejudice exists can be adequately
mitigated by disallowing Ms. Johnson from attempting to prove facts regarding Mr. Schiller’s
behavior other than those to which he admits. Furthermore, although the Court is not pleased
that it has had to deal with this issue, it cannot fairly be said that Ms. Johnson’s conduct has
placed an intolerable burden on the Court. That leaves the final Shea factor: the need to protect
the court as an institution by punishing and deterring a litigant’s disrespectful behavior. Over the
course of this suit, Ms. Johnson has repeatedly obfuscated the truth. She has altered medical
records, contradicted herself in depositions and testimony before the Court, and failed to
preserve and produce relevant documents during discovery. At the Court’s most recent
hearing—a hearing concerning BAE’s contentions that the plaintiff failed to comply with her
discovery obligations—Ms. Johnson produced for the first time a responsive document that not
even her counsel was aware was in her possession. After the hearing, Ms. Johnson sought leave
to file a declaration claiming that the files from her laptop had been transferred to a new
computer in 2011, information that she had never previously mentioned despite its relevance to
17
the sanctions motion under review and even though she had ample opportunity provide such
evidence at the hearing. She has demonstrated both a lack of veracity and a lack of judgment,
and sanctions are certainly appropriate.
The Court cannot, however, find by clear and convincing evidence that Ms. Johnson’s
behavior is egregious or flagrant enough to justify the ultimate sanction of dismissal.
“Particularly in the context of litigation-ending sanctions, [the Court of Appeals has] insisted that
. . . our system favors the disposition of cases on the merits, [and that] dismissal is a sanction of
last resort to be applied only after less dire alternatives have been explored without success or
would obviously prove futile.” Bonds v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 801, 808 (D.C. Cir. 1996)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Although it is an exceedingly close question, the Court
concludes that Ms. Johnson’s conduct does not merit this most serious of remedies. See Webb,
146 F.3d at 975-76. The Court does not find that Plaintiff destroyed documents that are
dispositive of the case, see Shepherd, 146 F.3d at 1479, and the prejudice to BAE can be
mitigated substantially by limiting Plaintiff’s case to the undisputed facts relating to Schiller’s
conduct. Accordingly, the Court can and will issue both punitive and remedial sanctions.
(3) Appropriate sanctions and orders
(i) The Court admonishes Plaintiff and her counsel that any further
irregularities, evasions, or untruths will result in dismissal of her remaining claim and referral to
disciplinary authorities.
(ii) The Court HEREBY ORDERS that BAE is entitled to an adverse
inference instruction. A sample instruction is attached to this Memorandum Opinion and Order.
This instruction supplements the adverse inference instruction attached to this Court’s previous
sanctions order.
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(iii) IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff is precluded from seeking to
prove Mr. Schiller’s conduct went beyond that acknowledged in Mr. Schiller’s deposition and set
forth at Def.’s Resp. ¶ 2.10.
(iv) IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s counsel is to turn over,
within two weeks of the issuance of this Order, any and all responsive documents that are
recoverable from the deleted Outlook .pst files.
(v) IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants are entitled to recoup their
computer forensic expert’s fee for all reasonable time spent in the prosecution and hearing of this
sanctions motion. The parties shall meet and confer in an attempt to determine the amount of the
fee attributable to recovering deleted files. If the parties are unable to resolve the issue by no
later than June 8, 2015, BAE shall prepare and file a report detailing the relevant fees, and the
Court will determine the appropriate amount.
(vi) IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff’s claims for negligent
supervision, sexual battery, and defamation are dismissed with prejudice.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, BAE’s Motion for Sanctions (Dkt. No. 63) is GRANTED IN
PART and DENIED IN PART and BAE’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. No. 68) is
GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
SO ORDERED.
Digitally signed by Judge Robert L. Wilkins
DN: cn=Judge Robert L. Wilkins, o=U.S. District
Court, ou=Chambers of Honorable Robert L.
Wilkins, email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov, c=US
Date: 2015.05.27 16:36:30 -04'00'
Date: May 27, 2015
ROBERT L. WILKINS
United States Circuit Judge
(Sitting by designation in the United States
District Court for the District of Columbia)
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Court’s Proposed Adverse Inference Instruction
In assessing Plaintiff’s testimony, you may consider the fact that shortly after learning
that Defendants would seek forensic imaging of her HP laptop, Plaintiff contracted with a
computer technician who installed and ran a variety of maintenance programs on the computer,
including a program called CCleaner which is capable of permanently deleting files. Evidence
has also been presented during the trial indicating that potentially responsive emails were deleted
from Plaintiff’s computer either as this technician was finishing his work or shortly thereafter. In
addition, evidence has been introduced indicating that the Plaintiff failed to complete a download
of her Facebook messages in February 2013, and that it is now impossible to download any of
her Facebook messages from prior to February 2013. As I previously informed you, evidence
has also been presented indicating that the Plaintiff falsified medical records and provided false
or misleading information about those medical records when questioned under oath prior to trial.
To the extent that any of these matters are in dispute, it is your duty to find where the truth lies.
As a result, I instruct you that you may, but are not required to, presume that the deleted
emails or other files previously located on the Plaintiff’s computer would have contained
evidence favorable to the Defendants. Similarly, you may, but are not required to, find that
Facebook messages existed prior to February 2013 that are no longer available and that would
have been favorable to defendants. Furthermore, if you find that the Plaintiff provided false
testimony, while under oath, about any matter, then I instruct you that the Plaintiff’s testimony
during this trial should be considered with caution and scrutinized with care.
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