IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
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TANYA I. STOCK,
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No. 71768-5-1 o
Appellant, I
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HARBORVIEW MEDICAL CENTER; UNPUBLISHED OPINION VD CDt/?
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON/UW
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PHYSICIANS, ET AL; AND THOSE AS FILED: June 8, 2015
LISTED AS 1 THROUGH 11,
Respondents.
Leach, J. — Tanya Stock appeals the trial court's summary dismissal of
her professional negligence claims against Harborview Medical Center,
University of Washington/UW Physicians, and her individual care providers
(collectively Harborview). Stock contends that she provided adequate notice of
her lawsuit against the State and that she did not need to present expert
testimony to oppose Harborview's summary judgment motion. Because Stock
did not provide the presuit notice required by RCW 4.92.100 and because she
did not support her claims with required expert testimony, the trial court did not
err in granting summary judgment to Harborview. We affirm.
Background
Tanya Stock drove her car into a pole at around midnight on February 8,
2012. A witness found her unconscious behind the wheel and called 911.
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Emergency medical technician responders arrived at the scene, intubated her,
and transported her to Harborview Medical Center.
Stock had a small right intraventricular hemorrhage and a blood alcohol
concentration of 0.21. Hospital staff extubated her the same day. Physicians
took CT (computerized tomography) scans of Stock's brain, determined that her
hemorrhage was stable, and did not detect other injuries. The emergency
department then transferred her to the intensive care unit (ICU) where specialists
evaluated her, including psychiatrists in the neurosurgery department. A social
worker attempted to find Stock's next of kin by leaving messages with several of
her contacts on Facebook and her professional web site.
On February 11, 2012, the neurosurgery department cleared Stock, and
the hospital discharged her. The hospital provided her with paperwork instructing
her to follow up with her primary care provider within the week and to obtain a CT
scan before she returned to the Harborview neurosurgery clinic within two weeks
for a follow-up visit. When Harborview did not hear from Stock, it unsuccessfully
attempted to contact her.
In her declaration in support of her response to defendant's motion for
summary judgment, Stock alleged several additional facts that she claimed
deviate from an acceptable standard of care. She claims that one nurse
improperly administered midazolam while Stock was in a coma and gave blood
taken from Stock to a police officer without a warrant or Stock's consent. She
asserts that the doctors that saw her on intake failed to address her treatment
No. 71768-5-1/3
needs and did not attend to her afterward. She recounted that a social worker
required her to sign a power of attorney when she was unstable and not in a
position to make a decision. She asserts that her Harborview primary care
physician discharged her without ever interacting with her or the doctors that did
attend to her. She claims Harborview released her to an unidentified stranger
when she was deteriorating and still wearing medical waste.
On November 13, 2012, Stock sent a letter to Washington State's Office
of Risk Management and to University of Washington Medicine, officially notifying
them that she intended to file a claim for "negligent care by Harborview Medical
Center/UW Physicians." She typed but did not sign her name to the letter.
On February 15, 2013, Stock filed a lawsuit against Harborview and seven
physician defendants, alleging medical negligence and lack of informed consent.
The complaint included allegations that social workers released confidential
medical information to Stock's Facebook and phone contacts in an attempt to
locate Stock's next of kin; that due to overcrowding, physicians transferred her to
the children's ICU, where she did not receive proper care; that her attending
physician never met with her; that physicians who saw her did not treat additional
injuries; that neurophysicians misdiagnosed Stock and prescribed her medication
that contributed to her decline; that they failed to provide her with informed
consent when she signed her release documents; and that they failed to follow
protocol when they released her. In Harborview's answer, it alleged as an
affirmative defense Stock's failure to comply with presuit notice requirements of
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chapter 4.92 RCW. On September 9, 2013, Stock submitted a standard tort
claim form to the Office of Risk Management. By the January 6, 2014, deadline
for parties to identify primary witnesses, Stock listed only the defendant
physicians as her primary witnesses.
On February 27, 2014, Harborview filed a summary judgment motion
based on Stock's failure to provide presuit notice and lack of expert testimony to
support her claims. The trial court granted summary judgment on these grounds.
Stock appeals.
Analysis
Stock argues that the trial court erred when it granted Harborview
summary judgment. We review a trial court's summary judgment order de novo,
looking to see if there are no remaining genuine issues of material fact, thus
entitling the moving party to summary judgment.1 We view all evidence in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party.2
Stock argues that she gave sufficient presuit notice to Harborview.
Harborview responds that chapter 4.92 RCW applies and that Stock failed to
follow the procedures required to sue the State for medical malpractice. RCW
4.92.100 requires a claimant filing suit against the State to file a standard tort
claim form with the Office of Risk Management. A party must do so at least 60
1 Mohr v. Grantham, 172 Wn.2d 844, 859, 262 P.3d 490 (2011) (quoting
CR 56(c)).
2 Young v. Key Pharm.. Inc.. 112 Wn.2d 216, 225-26, 770 P.2d 182
(1989).
No. 71768-5-1/5
days before commencement of a lawsuit.3 Harborview argues that Stock's
November 13, 2012, letter failed to adequately comply with the requirements
listed in the statute and that her September 9, 2013, standard tort form failed to
give proper notice because Stock filed it after she filed her lawsuit.
Requirements for presuit notice for medical malpractice claims against the
State have changed several times. In 2006, the legislature added a provision to
RCW 7.70.100 requiring plaintiffs to give defendants a 90-day notice of their
intent to file a medical malpractice suit.4 In 2009, the legislature amended RCW
4.92.100 to include a medical malpractice exemption, requiring plaintiffs with
medical malpractice cases against the State to give presuit notice under RCW
7.70.100.5 The legislature thus avoided inconsistent presuit notice
requirements.6 But in 2010, Washington's Supreme Court held in Waples v. Yi7
that the 90-day presuit notice required by RCW 7.70.100(1) was a procedural
rule that conflicted with notice requirements in CR 3(a) and was thus
unconstitutional. Before Stock filed suit, the legislature amended RCW 4.92.100
to remove the medical malpractice exemption, effective June 7, 2012.8 This
restored presuit notice requirements in RCW 4.92.100 for medical malpractice
suits against the State.9 Then, in McDevitt v. Harborview Medical Center.10
3 RCW 4.92.110.
4 Laws of 2006, ch. 8 § 314.
5 Laws of 2009, ch. 433 § 2.
6 McDevitt v. Harborview Med. Ctr.. 179 Wn.2d 59, 68, 316 P.3d 469
(2013).
7169Wn.2d 152, 159-61, 234 P.3d 187 (2010).
8 Laws of 2012, ch. 250 §1.
9 McDevitt. 179 Wn.2d at 76.
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decided on November 14, 2013, the court held that for medical malpractice
claims against the State, under article II, section 26 of the Washington
Constitution,11 the 90-day presuit notice under former RCW 7.70.100 (2006) was
constitutional. The court made prospective only the application of its decision,
requiring claimants to follow presuit procedures for medical malpractice claims
against the State under RCW 4.92.100 if filed before its decision and under RCW
7.70.100 if filed after the decision.12
Thus, because Stock's November 13, 2012, letter, February 15, 2013,
lawsuit, and her September 9, 2013, standard tort claim form all occurred
between the legislature's 2012 amendment to RCW 4.92.100 and the court's
decision in McDevitt, Stock had to follow presuit notice procedures of RCW
4.92.100. Claimants must substantially comply with the statute's requirements.13
Stock was required to include in her presuit notice a description of her injury or
damage, when and where it occurred, a list of names and contact information for
all those involved if known, a statement of the amount of damages claimed, and
a statement of the claimant's residence at the time of the claim and the time the
claim arose.14 Also, she had to sign the claim.15 Stock argues that she initially
complied with RCW 7.70.100 and did file and serve a verified standard tort claim
10 179 Wn.2d 59, 68, 316 P.3d 469 (2013).
11 "The legislature shall direct by law, in what manner, and in what courts,
suits may be brought against the state."
12 McDevitt. 179 Wn.2d at 75-76.
13RCW4.92.100(1)(a).
14SeeRCW4.92.100(1)(a).
15 See RCW 4.92.100(1 )(b).
No. 71768-5-1/7
form when Harborview raised the issue of noncompliance. But because Stock's
letter did not substantially comply with RCW 4.92.100 and because she filed the
standard tort claim form after she filed suit, she failed to properly give the State
notice of her lawsuit.
Stock next argues that the trial court erred when it dismissed her claims
because she did not present expert testimony to support her professional
negligence claims. Stock argues that she did not need expert testimony to
establish a medical malpractice claim for patient abandonment and if she did,
she could elicit such testimony through cross-examination of the physician
defendants at trial.
Harborview contends that Stock waived her "abandonment" claim
because she did not raise it in the trial court.16 But Stock's complaint alleges that
she received inadequate and improper care and that Harborview "released
[Stock] prematurely and not according to protocol." Thus, she sufficiently raised
the issue below.
To bring a professional negligence claim against Harborview for her
premature discharge from the hospital, Stock must prove that the hospital or its
health care providers failed to meet an accepted standard of care.17 Normally a
physician's expert testimony is necessary in medical malpractice cases to
establish a standard of care and defeat a defendant's summary judgment
16 See RAP 2.5(a).
17 RCW 7.70.030(1).
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No. 71768-5-1/8
motion.18 Only where "want of skill or lack of care is so apparent as to be within
the comprehension of laymen [requiring] only common knowledge and
experience to understand and judge it" will a court permit a plaintiff to fail to
provide expert testimony on the acceptable standard of care in a medical
malpractice case.19
Stock cites Meiselman v. Crown Heights Hospital20 as authority that she
did not need an expert because her condition could have suggested to a jury that
Harborview had improperly discharged her. In Meiselman. the court found that
because of the increasingly bad condition of a patient's legs after the hospital
discharged him to a doctor without experience, the plaintiff presented sufficient
evidence to establish a prima facie case for willful abandonment without expert
testimony.21 Stock cites a Florida case where the court held a hospital
responsible for wrongful discharge of its patient where evidence showed that the
boy was "violently ill" when the hospital discharged him and obviously injured by
the hospital's tortious conduct.22 Stock fails to assert any injury sufficient to
establish for a layperson or a jury that Harborview deviated from an acceptable
standard of care when it evaluated Stock and discharged her from the hospital.
Stock states in her declaration that at her release she wore medical waste in the
18 Young. 112 Wn.2d at 228.
19 Young. 112 Wn.2d at 228-29 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
Hart v. Steele. 416 S.W.2d 927, 932 (Mo. 1967)).
20 285 N.Y. 389, 396, 34 N.E.2d 367 (1941).
21 Meiselman. 285 N.Y. at 396.
22 Le Juene Rd. Hosp.. Inc. v. Watson. 171 So. 2d 202, 203-04 (Fla. Dist.
Ct. App. 1965).
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No. 71768-5-1/9
form of intravenous inserts and that Harborview released her to "person(s)
unknown and misinformed [as] to the nature of Ms. Stock's injuries and the care
needed and required." But her medical discharge summary indicated that she
was in "good" condition, and Stock's grievances do not amount to apparently
tortious conduct on the part of Harborview. As the trial court stated, Stock's
"contention that [her discharge from the hospital] is something that would not
ordinarily happen in the absence of negligence isn't one I can see in this case."
In the absence of readily apparent evidence showing noncompliance with an
applicable standard of care, Stock's medical malpractice claim required expert
testimony.
Stock argues that instead of providing expert testimony in opposition to
Harborview's motion, she could have established Harborview's deviation from the
standard of care through cross-examination of the physicians who cared for her.
However, as Harborview argues, Stock cannot rely on her ability to cross-
examine physicians at trial where she failed to establish, through competent
evidence, that their testimony raised a genuine issue of material fact.23 When a
party files a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must present
affidavits, depositions, or other evidence to create a genuine issue of material
fact.24 Stock failed to provide the trial court with affidavits or depositions from
23 See Am. Express Centurion Bank v. Stratman. 172 Wn. App. 667, 675-
76, 292 P.3d 128 (2012).
24 CR 56(e); Becker v. Wash. State Univ.. 165 Wn. App. 235, 245-46, 266
P.3d 893 (2011).
No. 71768-5-1/10
any of the physicians she planned to cross-examine. Stock argues that the
parties agreed to forgo discovery until they resolved the issue of notice. But this
does not absolve her of the requirement that as the nonmoving party on
summary judgment, she must come forward with evidence to show that a
genuine issue of material facts exists. And she did not produce any evidence
demonstrating this.
Conclusion
We conclude that because Stock failed to provide proper presuit notice
under RCW 4.92.100 and because on summary judgment she failed to present
expert testimony evidence showing that Harborview deviated from an acceptable
standard of care, she cannot show a genuine issue of material fact existed.
Thus, the trial court did not err when it granted Harborview's summary judgment
motion. We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
Ir^key 3
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