Opinion filed June 18, 2015
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
___________
No. 11-13-00206-CR
___________
RAFAEL REYES, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 259th District Court
Jones County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 010822
OPINION
The jury found Rafael Reyes guilty of the offense of evading arrest or
detention while using a vehicle. The jury assessed punishment at confinement for
three years and a $3,000 fine. The trial court sentenced Appellant accordingly.
Appellant presents four issues on appeal. We affirm.
I. The Charged Offense
The grand jury indicted Appellant for the offense of evading arrest or
detention while using a vehicle. A person commits the offense of evading arrest or
detention if he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer
attempting to lawfully arrest or detain him. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(a) (West
Supp. 2014). This offense becomes a third-degree felony, punishable by
imprisonment for any term between two and ten years and a fine not to exceed
$10,000, if the person uses a vehicle while in flight. Id. § 12.34 (West 2011),
§ 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2014).
II. Evidence at Trial
Randy Guerra, an officer with the Hamlin Police Department, testified he
received a call from dispatch about a stolen vehicle. Officer Guerra went to 153
Northeast Avenue A and met with Dora Franco, Appellant’s girlfriend.
Officer Guerra said that Franco complained that Appellant had taken her car without
her consent. Officer Guerra testified he had previously determined the car was
registered in Franco’s name. Officer Guerra left the residence in his patrol vehicle,
a Tahoe, in pursuit of Franco’s car and Appellant.
Officer Guerra, facing north at the corner of Northeast Third and Avenue E,
saw Appellant in Franco’s car, which was headed west “driving really slow.”
Appellant passed in front of Officer Guerra, and Officer Guerra “got right behind
[Appellant] and . . . activated [his] emergency red and blue lights.” Officer Guerra
testified that Appellant “automatically . . . started gaining speed” and that, when he
saw Appellant speed up, Officer Guerra turned on his siren.
Officer Guerra followed Appellant, who drove faster than the speed limit, and
saw Appellant run a stop sign, turn left, and fishtail around a corner. Appellant drove
one block, turned right, fishtailed again, drove less than a full block, and pulled under
the carport at 153 Northeast Avenue A. When Appellant stopped, he exited the car,
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faced Officer Guerra, put his hands in the air, and walked to the back of the car,
where he turned to face the car and put his hands behind his back; Officer Guerra
told Appellant to “get on the ground” repeatedly during this episode.
Officer Guerra said that the pursuit lasted for four to five blocks, which would
take “pretty close” to a minute to drive if driving the speed limit. Officer Guerra
testified that it was a sunny, bright, clear, cool morning; that little traffic was on the
road; and that there was nothing that would impede Appellant’s ability to see Officer
Guerra’s patrol vehicle driving behind Appellant with the siren and flashing lights
activated. Officer Guerra also testified it is possible for someone to not see or hear
him immediately when he turns on his flashing lights or siren.
Wayne Marshal, a resident of Hamlin, testified he saw Officer Guerra follow
Appellant in a black Tahoe with red and blue flashing lights on but no siren. Marshal
testified that Officer Guerra drove “maybe about half a car length” behind Appellant,
that Appellant did not “act like he was in any hurry to go,” and that Appellant did
not “flick up dirt or fishtail” around any corners. Marshal witnessed this from a
trailer house about a block away from Appellant’s house. Marshal had hidden in the
trailer because he had broken his parole for a sexual assault and “dope case.”
Marshal testified he did not see either vehicle before they drove in front of the trailer
where he hid. Kenneth Link, a resident of Hamlin, testified that Officer Guerra drove
a “black police suburban” and that Officer Guerra “is not truthful at all.”
III. Issues Presented
Appellant raises four issues on appeal. First, Appellant challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. Second, Appellant asserts that
the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to hold a hearing on Appellant’s
motion for new trial. Third, Appellant argues his sentence was unauthorized by law
because Section 38.04 of the Penal Code violates the Texas Constitution. Fourth,
Appellant asserts his sentence was unauthorized by law and the doctrine of lenity.
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IV. Standard of Review
We apply the sufficiency standard outlined in Jackson and its progeny for
Appellant’s sufficiency issue. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318 (1979);
Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Hooper v. State, 214
S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We review all of the evidence introduced by
both the State and Appellant in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict and
decide whether any rational jury could have found each element of the offense
beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.
The trier of fact may believe all, some, or none of a witness’s testimony
because the factfinder is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the witnesses.
Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Isham v. State, 258
S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, pet. ref’d). We defer to the trier of
fact’s resolution of any conflicting inferences that the evidence raises and presume
that the trier of fact resolved such conflicts in favor of the prosecution. Jackson, 443
U.S. at 319; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1999) (citing Turro v. State, 867 S.W.2d 43, 47 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)).
We review a trial court’s denial of a hearing on a motion for new trial for an
abuse of discretion; we only reverse if the decision to deny a hearing was so clearly
wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Smith v. State, 286
S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The purposes of a hearing on a motion
for new trial are (1) to determine whether the case should be retried and (2) to prepare
a record for presenting issues on appeal if the trial court denies the motion. Id. at
338. A hearing on a motion for new trial is not an absolute right. Id. A hearing is
not required when the matters raised in the motion for new trial are subject to being
determined from the record. Id. However, a trial court abuses its discretion by
failing to hold a hearing if the motion and accompanying affidavits (1) raise matters
that are not determinable from the record and (2) establish reasonable grounds
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showing the defendant could potentially be entitled to relief. Hobbs v. State, 298
S.W.3d 193, 199 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
V. Analysis
A. Issue One: Sufficiency
Appellant complains the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
because Officer Guerra’s pursuit lasted less than a minute, because inconsistencies
existed in the testimony, and because Officer Guerra testified it was possible for
someone to not see his flashing lights or hear his siren. Appellant cites to Griego
and Redwine to illustrate that the evidence is insufficient. See Griego v. State, 345
S.W.3d 742, 754 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.); Redwine v. State, 305
S.W.3d 360, 368 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). Both Griego
and Redwine are distinguishable.
In Griego, the court held the evidence was insufficient because the testimony
did not indicate that the appellant saw or should have been able to see the officers
turn around to pursue him, the officers did not approach closer than a couple of car
lengths behind the appellant, and the officers were not directly visible to the
appellant for the entire length of the pursuit, such that the appellant would not have
known the officers were trying to arrest or detain him. Griego, 345 S.W.3d at 751–
54. Inferring the appellant’s mental state from his actions during and after the
incident, the court noted, “[e]vidence that [the] appellant got out of his car and,
instead of running or hiding, began walking toward the residence while carrying a
beer also indicates that he did not know officers were attempting to arrest or detain
him.” Id. at 753. Similarly, in Redwine, the court held the evidence was insufficient
because overwhelming evidence showed that the officer did not turn on the
emergency lights until after the appellant had exited his vehicle, so the appellant
could not have known the officer was attempting to arrest or detain him while he
drove. Redwine, 305 S.W.3d at 364–68.
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Here, Officer Guerra pursued Appellant based on Franco’s complaint. Officer
Guerra followed close behind Appellant for almost five blocks with his flashing
lights and siren activated. Appellant accelerated when Officer Guerra turned on his
flashing lights, and Appellant subsequently ran a stop sign. Officer Guerra testified
that nothing impeded Appellant’s ability to see him following Appellant, and no
evidence existed in the record that Appellant did not see or hear Officer Guerra
following him. Additionally, upon exiting the vehicle, Appellant put his hands up
and subsequently turned around to be handcuffed. Appellant’s actions and the
surrounding circumstances sufficiently proved that Appellant intentionally fled in a
vehicle from Officer Guerra, who he knew was attempting to lawfully arrest or
detain him. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Griego, 345 S.W.3d at 753–54. We
overrule Appellant’s first issue.
B. Issue Two: Motion for New Trial
Appellant asserts that new GPS information from Officer Guerra’s patrol
vehicle entitled him to a hearing on his motion for new trial. Appellant would be
entitled to a new trial if the new evidence was not merely cumulative or impeaching.
See Boyett v. State, 692 S.W.2d 512, 516 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Officer Guerra
testified as to his location when he first saw Appellant in Franco’s car and as to when
and where he followed Appellant. Marshal testified he saw Officer Guerra close
behind Appellant, notably along the same path to which Officer Guerra testified,
about a block before Appellant parked the car. Officer Guerra’s location is
determinable from the record, and the GPS information could not establish
reasonable grounds for potential relief because it was merely cumulative or
impeaching. See Hobbs, 298 S.W.3d at 199; Boyett, 692 S.W.2d at 516. The trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to hold a hearing on Appellant’s
motion for new trial. See Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 339. We overrule Appellant’s second
issue.
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C. Issues Three and Four: Punishment
Appellant complains of his punishment in his third and fourth issues. In his
third issue, Appellant argues that Section 38.04 of the Penal Code was amended in
violation of the “single-subject” requirement of the Texas Constitution and that,
therefore, his sentence was unauthorized by law. In his fourth issue, Appellant
asserts that the rule of lenity and conflicting amendments to Section 38.04 require
that his offense be punished as a state jail felony instead of a third-degree felony.
1. “Single-Subject” Requirement
Appellant argues that 2011 Texas Senate Bill 1416, which amended
Section 38.04, is unconstitutional because it fails to conform to the “single-subject”
requirement of Section 35 of Article III of the Texas Constitution. TEX. CONST.
art. III, § 35. Appellant contends that evading arrest or detention in a vehicle remains
a state jail felony and that his punishment under Senate Bill 1416’s amendment
to Section 38.04 of the Penal Code was unauthorized. The Court of Criminal
Appeals recently ruled on this issue and held that Senate Bill 1416 does not violate
the “single-subject” requirement of the Texas Constitution. See Ex parte Jones, 440
S.W.3d 628, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); see also Wise v. State, No. 11-13-00005-
CR, 2014 WL 2810097, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Eastland June 19, 2014, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (relying on Jones). We overrule
Appellant’s third issue.
2. Conflicting Amendments and Rule of Lenity
Appellant argues that a clear conflict exists between the 2011 amendments to
Section 38.04 of the Texas Penal Code, as set forth in Texas Senate Bill 1416 and
Texas House Bill 3423. Based on this conflict, Appellant contends
that Section 311.031(b) of the Texas Government Code requires the application of
House Bill 3423 in this case. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.031(b) (West 2013).
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As we have recently explained in a similar case, Appellant’s reliance
on Section 311.031(b) is misplaced, and the applicable provision
is Section 311.025(b) of the Government Code because no recent amendment
to Section 38.04 of the Texas Penal Code reduced the punishment for the offense of
evading arrest. See id. §§ 311.031(b), 311.025(b); PENAL § 38.04; Wise, 2014 WL
2810097, at *4–5 (harmonizing Senate Bill 1416 with House Bill 3423 and Senate
Bill 496 under Government Code Section 311.025(b) and holding that the defendant
was properly sentenced for a third-degree felony offense). Appellant was properly
sentenced under Senate Bill 1416’s amendment to Section 38.04 of the Texas Penal
Code.
Criminal statutes within the Penal Code do not require strict construction.
PENAL § 1.05(a) (West 2011); State v. Rhine, 297 S.W.3d 301, 309 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). The rule of lenity ensures fair warning of what activities are criminally
punishable by resolving ambiguity in a criminal statute to apply only to conduct
clearly covered. United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 266 (1997). This rule only
applies where a statute is ambiguous. Cuellar v. State, 70 S.W.3d 815, 819 n.6 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002). Relying on the holding of the Court of Criminal Appeals in Jones
and our analysis in Wise, we conclude that Section 38.04 is not ambiguous. See
Jones, 440 S.W.3d at 637; Wise, 2014 WL 2810097, at *4–5. Therefore, the trial
court did not err when it sentenced Appellant within the range for a third-degree
felony. See Jones, 440 S.W.3d at 637. We note that the Court of Criminal Appeals
held in Jones that a violation identical to Appellant’s is properly punished as a third-
degree felony. See Jones, 440 S.W.3d at 629–30 (holding offense of evading arrest
with a motor vehicle for first-time offenders is punishable as a third-degree felony).
We overrule Appellant’s fourth issue.
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VI. Conclusion
After a review of the record in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold
the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction. See Jackson, 443
U.S. at 319. We also hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it did
not hold a hearing on Appellant’s motion for new trial. See Hobbs, 298 S.W.3d at
199; Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 339. We further hold that Appellant’s sentence was
authorized by law and that the trial court did not err when it sentenced Appellant for
a third-degree felony in accordance with Section 38.04 of the Penal Code. See Jones,
440 S.W.3d at 637.
VII. This Court’s Ruling
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
MIKE WILLSON
JUSTICE
June 18, 2015
Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,
Willson, J., and Bailey, J.
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