FOURTH DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
RAY, and MCMILLIAN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
July 8, 2015
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A0202. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A. v. COOK et al.
A15A0203. COOK et al. v. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.
BARNES, Presiding Judge.
These companion appeals center on the administration of a charitable
remainder annuity trust (“CRAT”) that was formed in 2000. The trustee of the CRAT
was Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,1 and the beneficiaries were Gail L. Cook and Lance A.
Lipman (collectively, the “plaintiffs”). In 2011, after the corpus of the trust was
exhausted, the plaintiffs sued the bank for breach of fiduciary duty and breach of
contract. Following discovery, the plaintiffs moved for partial summary on their
breach of contract claim, and the bank moved for summary judgment on both of the
plaintiffs’ claims. The trial court denied both summary judgment motions but granted
a certificate of immediate review. Following the grant of their applications for
1
Wells Fargo is the successor in interest to Wachovia, the original trustee. For ease
of reference, we refer simply to “Wells Fargo” or the “bank” throughout this opinion.
interlocutory appeal, the bank and the plaintiffs now challenge the trial court’s
summary judgment rulings.
For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that the plaintiffs’ claims for
breach of fiduciary duty that accrued more than two years before the filing of their
lawsuit are barred by the two-year statute of limitation imposed by the Revised
Georgia Trust Code of 2010, OCGA § 53-12-307 (a). We conclude that plaintiffs’
remaining claims for breach of fiduciary duty fail as a matter of law because the
plaintiffs did not come forward with evidence to support all of the essential elements
of those claims. Lastly, we conclude that the plaintiffs claim for breach of contract
is precluded by the plain language of the parties’s trust agreement. Consequently, we
reverse the trial court’s denial of summary judgment to Wells Fargo in Case No.
A15A0202, and we affirm the trial court’s denial of partial summary judgment to the
plaintiffs in Case No. A15A0203.
Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings and evidence “show that there is
no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). On appeal from the trial court’s
denial of summary judgment, our review is de novo, and we construe the evidence in
2
the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Tucker Fed. S & L Assn.v. Balogh,
228 Ga. App. 482 (491 SE2d 915) (1997).
So viewed, the record reflects that the plaintiffs are married. Plaintiff Cook has
her Masters of Business Administration, is a former certified financial planner, and
previously owned a financial services company. Plaintiff Lipman owns his own video
production company. From 1972 to 1999, the plaintiffs obtained, through a series of
gifts from Cook’s uncle, shares of stock in Analog Devices, Inc., a publicly traded
digital and communications technology company.
By 2000, the shares of Analog stock owned by the plaintiffs had a market value
of over $1,900,000. At that time, Plaintiff Cook was 47 years old and Plaintiff
Lipman was 50 years old. Because the plaintiffs were small business owners with no
corporate retirement plan, they decided to use 12,000 shares of the Analog stock to
fund their future retirement. However, the plaintiffs had no tax basis in the stock, and
they faced considerable capital gains taxes if the stock were sold outright because it
had appreciated greatly over the years.
In early 2000, after consulting with their estate-planning attorney, the plaintiffs
decided that the formation of a CRAT, with the plaintiffs designated as the lifetime
beneficiaries of the trust, likely would best serve their retirement goals while also
3
providing tax benefits. By using a CRAT, the plaintiffs could reduce their taxable
income by receiving a charitable tax deduction (valued at the time the trust was
created) and by deferring capital gains taxes. 26 U.S.C. § 664 (b), (c); 26 C.F.R. §
1.664-2 (d).
The Internal Revenue Code and related Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) rules
and regulations govern whether a trust qualifies as a CRAT under federal tax law. See
26 U.S.C. § 664 (d) (1); 26 C.F.R. § 1.664-2. Under a CRAT, donors can transfer
assets into a trust and then provide for, among other options, an annual distribution
to one or more beneficiaries for their lifetime, with the remainder of the trust paid to
a qualified charity upon the beneficiaries’ death. 26 U.S.C. § 664 (d) (1). The annuity
amount paid to beneficiaries must be in a predetermined fixed sum (calculated on the
date that the CRAT is funded), and it must be no less than 5 percent and no greater
than 50 percent of the initial fair market value of the trust. 26 U.S.C. § 664 (d) (1)
(A).
After consulting with their estate planning attorney, the plaintiffs met with their
personal banker at Wells Fargo, who referred them to the bank’s trust department.
The plaintiffs, their estate-planning attorney, and bank officials from the trust
department then met and discussed the feasibility of a CRAT as a retirement vehicle
4
for the plaintiffs. The parties agreed that the 12,000 shares of Analog stock would be
transferred into the trust, after which the stock would be sold at some point and the
proceeds used to diversify the trust’s investment portfolio. The plaintiffs reiterated
that they wished to receive a fixed annual distribution as beneficiaries of the trust that
would last for their lifetimes without depleting the corpus of the trust.
The parties agreed that the plaintiff’s estate-planning attorney would draft a
trust agreement, and Wells Fargo would supply calculations suggesting the
percentage rate for the annual distributions that would be paid to the plaintiffs as the
lifetime beneficiaries. Subsequently, Wells Fargo provided the requested calculations
and suggested an annual fixed distribution to the plaintiffs of 7.5 percent of the initial
fair market value of the trust. The plaintiffs agreed to the annual distribution
percentage recommended by Wells Fargo, and the trust agreement was drafted
accordingly.
On February 18, 2000, the plaintiffs executed the trust agreement under which
Wells Fargo was appointed as trustee of the CRAT into which the 12,000 shares of
Analog stock would be transferred (the “Trust” or “Trust Agreement”). Item 2 (A) of
the Trust Agreement provided in relevant part:
5
The Trustee shall invest and reinvest the trust property and in each
taxable year of this trust shall pay, in equal quarterly installments,
equally to [the plaintiffs], during their lifetimes, and after the death of
the first to die of the two of them, to the survivor of them, for such time
as such survivor lives, the “annuity amount” equal to seven and one-half
percent (7.5%) of the initial net fair market value of the property passing
into this trust as finally determined for federal gift tax purposes. The
annuity amount shall be paid from income and, to the extent income is
not sufficient, from principal. . . .
The Trust Agreement further provided that upon the death of the surviving plaintiff,
the bank would pay “all of the then principal and income of this trust” to certain
designated charitable beneficiaries.
On February 25, 2000, the plaintiffs transferred the 12,000 shares of Analog
stock into the Trust. On the day of the transfer, the 12,000 shares of stock were
valued at $1,904,250. Based upon the stock’s fair market value of $1,904,250 at the
time of the transfer, the 7.5 percent annual distribution to the plaintiffs was fixed at
$142,818.
On February 28, 2000, Wells Fargo sold all of the Analog stock and used the
proceeds to diversify the Trust’s investment portfolio. By that date, the value of the
stock had decreased to $1,678,984, a decline of $225,266 from the day of the transfer.
6
Wells Fargo invested and reinvested the proceeds from the sale of stock in
various investment funds over the next several years and paid the required 7.5 percent
annual distributions of $142,818 to the plaintiffs. However, the annual returns on the
investments in the Trust did not exceed the 7.5 percent annual distribution amount,
and the corpus of the Trust declined in value every year. From March 2000 through
September 2011, Wells Fargo sent the plaintiffs statements on a quarterly and yearly
(and sometimes monthly) basis that reflected the overall declining value of the Trust.
In May 2002, Plaintiff Cook expressed her concern about the declining value
of the Trust to a Wells Fargo investment manager. Because of their continued
concerns over the management of the Trust, the plaintiffs subsequently retained an
attorney to represent them in the matter. In November 2003, the plaintiff’s attorney
sent a letter to the Wells Fargo senior vice president of charitable services expressing
concern as to whether the Trust would be able to pay the plaintiffs $142,818 per year
for their lives and still have a remainder to distribute to the designated charitable
beneficiaries. The attorney also asserted that Wells Fargo had assumed the obligation
of ensuring that there was a sufficient income stream from the Trust to make the
required annual distributions to the plaintiffs for life. In December 2003, the vice
president wrote back to the plaintiffs and their attorney, assuring them that the bank
7
would continue to prudently exercise its fiduciary duties in managing the trust, but
denying that the bank had ever promised to guarantee an annual distribution to the
plaintiffs for their lives even if the corpus of the Trust was exhausted.
The plaintiffs and their attorney met with the Wells Fargo senior vice president
in June 2004 to discuss the depletion of the Trust and their concern over its
management. In July 2004, the senior vice president again wrote to the plaintiffs
reiterating the bank’s position that it had not guaranteed an annual distribution to the
plaintiffs for life irrespective of whether the Trust corpus was depleted, and
suggesting that any decline in the Trust was the result of the fixed annual
distributions and unfavorable market conditions affecting the return on the Trust’s
investments.
By September 2011, the corpus of the Trust was completely depleted. Wells
Fargo made a final distribution that year to the plaintiffs of $75,744, and then closed
the Trust account. From February 2000 through September 2011, the plaintiffs
received $1,625,288 in annual distributions from the Trust. The plaintiffs deferred
$335,796 in federal capital gains taxes and received a charitable deduction of
$203,012 in tax years 2000 and 2001.
8
On April 16, 2012, the plaintiffs sued Wells Fargo for damages, alleging that
the bank in its capacity as trustee had violated its fiduciary duties of prudent
administration and loyalty by failing to adhere to the investment objectives of the
plaintiffs and mismanaging the assets of the Trust, causing the corpus to be exhausted
after 11 years. The plaintiffs also claimed that Wells Fargo had breached a contractual
promise to provide them with an annual distribution of $142,818 for the rest of their
lives.
Wells Fargo answered, denying liability. Following discovery, the plaintiffs
moved for partial summary judgment on their claim for breach of the Trust
Agreement, asserting that the uncontroverted evidence showed that the bank had a
contractual obligation to pay them $142,818 annually for their lifetimes, even if the
Trust corpus was exhausted. Wells Fargo then moved for summary judgment on all
of the plaintiffs’ claims, contending that they were barred by the applicable statute of
limitation and/or that the plaintiffs could not prove all of the necessary elements to
recover under either a breach of fiduciary duty theory or breach of contract theory.
After conducting a hearing where the parties presented oral argument, the trial
court denied both motions for summary judgment. The trial court issued a certificate
9
of immediate review, and both parties filed applications for interlocutory appeal. We
granted the applications, and these companion appeals followed.
Case No. A15A0202
1. Wells Fargo contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ claims for breach of fiduciary duty because (a)
any claims relating to the failure to follow the plaintiffs’ investment objectives and
mismanagement of the Trust that accrued before April 2010 are barred by the
applicable statute of limitation and (b) any remaining claims that accrued after 2010
fail as a matter of law because the plaintiffs have not come forward with evidence
sufficient to prove all of the essential elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim.
We agree with Wells Fargo.
(a) Claims Relating to the Management of the Trust before April 2010. The
plaintiffs’ claims relating to the alleged failure to follow their investment objectives
and mismanagement of the Trust that accrued before April 2010 are barred as a matter
of law by the applicable statute of limitation. Wells Fargo had the burden of proving
that the limitation period had run on these claims, see Smith v. Suntrust Bank, 325 Ga.
App. 531, 539 (1) (754 SE2d 117) (2014), and it met that burden as a matter of law.
10
The parties do not dispute that the plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims
are governed by the limitation period set forth in the Revised Georgia Trust Code of
2010, OCGA § 53-12-307 (a). See Smith, 325 Ga. App. at 537-538 (1), n.8. OCGA
§ 53-12-307 (a) provides two different limitation periods for actions brought by
beneficiaries against trustees – six years and two years. See Hasty v. Castleberry, 293
Ga. 727, 730 (2) (749 SE2d 676) (2013); Smith, 325 Ga. App. at 537-538 (1).2 The
limitation period is reduced from six to two years for claims where “a beneficiary has
received a written report that adequately discloses the existence of a claim against the
trustee for a breach of trust.” OCGA § 53-12-307 (a). A written report provides
adequate disclosure of a claim “if it provides sufficient information so that the
beneficiary knows of such claim or reasonably should have inquired into the
existence of such claim.” Id. If such a written report has been received by the
beneficiary, a claim for breach of trust is “barred as to that beneficiary unless a
proceeding to assert the claim is commenced within two years after receipt of the
report.” Id.
“Report” is not defined in OCGA § 53-12-307 (a). But
2
The statute of limitation may be tolled by a defendant’s fraudulent conduct, Smith,
325 Ga. App. at 538 (1), but the plaintiffs conceded at the summary judgment hearing that
they were not claiming that the limitation period had been tolled.
11
[o]ur Supreme Court recently held that a “report” under this statutory
provision should be construed to mean a report from a trustee to a
beneficiary containing “detailed information” that includes “the assets,
liabilities, receipts, and disbursements of the trust, the acts of the trustee,
and the particulars relating to the administration of the trust, including
the trust provisions that describe or affect such beneficiary’s interest.”
Smith, 325 Ga. App. at 541 (1) (quoting from Hasty, 293 Ga. at 731-732 (2)). See
OCGA § 53-12-243 (a).
Here, the uncontroverted evidence shows that Wells Fargo sent detailed trust
statements to the plaintiffs on a quarterly, yearly, and sometimes monthly basis
beginning on March 21, 2000, and continuing through September 30, 2011, when the
Trust was exhausted. The plaintiffs admitted to receiving the statements from Wells
Fargo. Among other things, the Trust statements identified the Trust, the trustee, the
time period covered by each statement, a breakdown of the investment funds in which
the Trust was invested, and a description of every transaction and disbursement made
by the trustee during the time period designated in each statement. The statements
included an account summary for the designated time period and information
regarding the gains and losses on investments made by the Trust, income and
dividend receipts, current yields of the investment funds, and beginning and ending
12
balances. These statements consistently showed the value of the Trust declining over
time.
The Trust statements contained sufficiently detailed information to inform the
plaintiffs of potential claims based on the alleged failure to follow their investment
objectives and mismanagement of the Trust, as the plaintiffs own conduct over the
years reflects. The plaintiffs informed bank officials of their concerns over the
management of the Trust as early as 2002, and they retained an attorney in 2003 who
sent a letter to the Wells Fargo senior vice president of charitable services indicating
their continued concerns regarding the management of the Trust. The plaintiffs met
with the senior vice president in 2004 to reiterate their concerns over depletion of the
Trust and its management.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that the regular periodic Trust
statements received by the plaintiffs met the requirements of a “report” under OCGA
§ 53-12-307 (a), and upon receipt of each statement the two-year statute of limitations
began to run on any claims that had accrued by that point.3 See Hamburger v. PFM
3
The plaintiffs argue that the Trust statements do not constitute “reports” because
they do not reference any specific provision of the Trust. We are unpersuaded. In Hasty,
293 Ga. at 732 (2), our Supreme Court held that the “report” should contain the “type of
detailed information contemplated by the Legislature” in OCGA § 53-12-243 (a), not that
the reports under OCGA § 53-12-307 must include every item listed to qualify for the two-
13
Capital Mgmt., 286 Ga. App. 382, 388-389 (4) (649 SE2d 779) (2007) (plaintiff’s
claims based on alleged mismanagement of retirement savings account barred by
statute of limitation where the plaintiff received quarterly account statements that
disclosed the allocation of stock holdings in the account and the losses sustained as
a result of those holdings). Compare Hasty, 293 Ga. at 732 (2) (letter to plaintiff from
his accountants that failed to contain detailed information and “was simply a form of
general correspondence” did not constitute a “report” under OCGA § 53-12-307 (a)).
Accordingly, all of the plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims predicated on the
alleged failure to follow their investment objectives and mismanagement of the Trust
are barred as a matter of law, except for claims that accrued in the two years before
the plaintiffs filed suit (April 2010 to April 2012).
The plaintiffs argue, however, that none of their breach of fiduciary duty claims
accrued until September 2011, when Wells Fargo first failed to pay them their full
annual distribution of $142,818, because that was when they were first damaged by
the bank’s management of the Trust. We disagree.
year statute of limitations. See Smith, 325 Ga. App. at 541 (1). The Trust statements, as
previously discussed, provided sufficiently detailed information to put the plaintiffs on
actual or constructive notice of any claims.
14
Georgia courts have rejected application of a continuing tort theory to claims
for breach of trust. See Allen v. Columbus Bank & Trust Co., 244 Ga. App. 271, 272
(1) (534 SE2d 917) (2000). Rather, “[e]ach act of alleged mismanagement by a trustee
that detrimentally affects a beneficiary creates a new cause of action for that specific
act of mismanagement” on which the statute of limitation begins to run. Smith, 325
Ga. App. at 545 (2) (b). See Mayfield v. Heiman, 317 Ga. App. 322, 325 (1) (730
SE2d 685) (2012); Allen, 244 Ga. App. at 272 (1).
Furthermore, the limitation period begins to run when the plaintiff first
experiences any appreciable harm, even though the harm might be slight and most of
the harm occurs at some later point. Cf. Stocks v. Glover, 220 Ga. App. 557, 558 (1)
(469 SE2d 677) (1996) (breach of fiduciary duty claim against attorney “begins as
soon as there is a breach of the attorney’s duty and some degree of harm, however,
even if the degree of harm is minimal and much or most of the harm occurs later”);
Leon Jones Feed & Grain v. Gen. Business Svcs., 175 Ga. App. 569, 570 (333 SE2d
861) (1985) (noting that cause of action accrues “where even slight or nominal
damage occurs as a result of the wrongful act” in the context of a claim for negligent
performance of financial and tax advice services). Based on this principle, we have
held that each time a trustee makes an investment which the beneficiary alleges to
15
have constituted mismanagement, the trust is detrimentally affected, and a cause of
action accrues in favor of the beneficiary at that point and the limitation period begins
to run on that specific claim. See Mayfield, 317 Ga. App. at 325 (1); Allen, 244 Ga.
App. at 272 (1).
When these principles are applied to the present case, it is clear that any claim
for breach of fiduciary duty by the plaintiffs based on Wells Fargo’s decision to sell
all of the Analog stock on February 28, 2000, after the value of the stock had declined
$225,266 from the day of the transfer, accrued on the date of the stock sale. See
Mayfield, 317 Ga. App. at 325 (1); Allen, 244 Ga. App. 272 (1). Likewise, any breach
of fiduciary duty claim based on Wells Fargo’s alleged failure to comply with the
plaintiffs’ investment objectives and mismanagement of the Trust’s investment
portfolio accrued on the date the specific investment was made with which the
plaintiffs take issue. See id. Consequently, in light of the applicable two-year
limitation period, all of the plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims are barred,
except for those based on specific investment decisions made by Wells Fargo within
two years of when the lawsuit was filed (April 2010 to April 2012). The trial court
therefore erred in failing to grant Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment on
those claims that accrued before April 2010.
16
(b) Claims Relating to the Management of the Trust after April 2010. The
plaintiffs’ remaining breach of fiduciary claims that accrued after April 2010 also fail
as a matter of law, but for a different reason. It is well-established that a defendant
can succeed on summary judgment
by showing the court that the documents, affidavits, depositions and
other evidence in the record reveal that there is no evidence sufficient
to create a jury issue on at least one essential element of [the] plaintiff’s
case. If there is no evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue as to any
essential element of [the] plaintiff’s claim, that claim tumbles like a
house of cards. All of the other disputes of fact are rendered immaterial.
Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991). That is the situation in
the instant case.
“Establishing a claim for breach of fiduciary duty requires proof of three
elements: (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty; (2) breach of that duty; and (3)
damage proximately caused by the breach.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)
SunTrust Bank v. Merritt, 272 Ga. App. 485, 489 (2) (612 SE2d 818) (2005). A
trustee is not a guarantor of the value of a trust and thus can be held liable for the
depreciation in value of trust assets only if the plaintiff shows that the loss in value
17
was caused, at least in part, by a breach of fiduciary duty. See C & S Nat. Bank v.
Haskins, 254 Ga. 131, 134 (1) (327 SE2d 192) (1985).
Here, it is undisputed that the corpus of the Trust continued to decline in value
from April 2010 until it was completely depleted in September 2011, but that,
standing alone, is insufficient to prove a breach of fiduciary duty by Wells Fargo.
Notably, the plaintiffs did not present any expert testimony regarding the investment
decisions or management of the Trust by Wells Fargo and otherwise have failed to
cite to any evidence reflecting what the bank should have done differently to
administer the Trust investments from April 2010 to September 2011 to avoid the
losses to, and ultimate exhaustion of, the corpus.4 Nor have the plaintiffs cited to any
4
In their appellee brief, the plaintiffs assert that “[a]ll [the bank’s investment
manager assigned to the Trust during the relevant time period] did was to sell off enough
of the mutual fund investments each quarter to pay [the plaintiffs] their annuity
distribution.” The plaintiffs cite to one page of the investment manager’s deposition
testimony to support their assertion, but the manager simply testified on that page that
when distributions were due the plaintiffs, he would sell some of the assets in the Trust to
raise cash; he did not testify that all he did in managing the Trust was to sell assets to fund
the distributions. Elsewhere in his deposition, the investment manager testified that he had
the responsibility for determining which assets were held in the trusts assigned to him,
including the Trust at issue here, and would decide which equity funds to buy or sell as
part of the allocation of securities for those trusts. According to the investment manager,
in making these allocation decisions, he would look to a list of recommended mutual funds
developed by the bank, and he would use a software program created by the bank that
recommended what types of investments should be included in a particular type of trust.
The plaintiffs presented no evidence that any of the decisions by the investment manager
18
evidence reflecting that the depletion of the Trust assets was proximately caused by
any breaches of trust during the relevant time period rather than solely as the result
of the required annual distributions to the plaintiffs of 7.5 percent or market
conditions. Furthermore, the plaintiffs themselves cite to testimony of a Wells Fargo
trust advisor reflecting that it was foreseeable by 2008 that the corpus of the Trust
ultimately would be exhausted, but they nevertheless failed to present any evidence
that the losses in the Trust could have been reversed or exhaustion prevented by the
time period relevant here (April 2010 to September 2011). Based on this record, there
has simply been a failure of proof by the plaintiffs on their breach of fiduciary duty
claims relating to the administration of the Trust from April 2010 onward, and the
trial court erred in failing to grant Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment on
these claims.
2. Wells Fargo contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ claim for breach of contract. The plaintiffs
claimed that the bank was contractually obligated to pay them an annual distribution
of $142,818 for the remainder of their lives, irrespective of whether the Trust corpus
to buy or sell particular investments in the Trust during the relevant time period constituted
a breach of fiduciary duty.
19
was exhausted. According to Wells Fargo, the plain language of the Trust Agreement
belies the plaintiffs contract claim.5 We agree with Wells Fargo.
“In construing an express trust, we look first and foremost to the language
therein and interpret that language to effectuate the intent of the settlors. We turn to
parol evidence only if the trust instrument is ambiguous, and we find no ambiguity
here.” Ovrevik v. Ovrevik, 242 Ga. App. 95, 97 (1) (527 SE2d 586) (2000). As
previously noted, Item 2 (A) of the Trust Agreement provides that “[t]he annuity
amount shall be paid from income and, to the extent income is not sufficient, from
principal.” Hence, by the express terms of the Trust Agreement, the trustee was only
obligated to remit payments to the plaintiffs from income of the Trust, and if income
was insufficient, from the principal of the Trust. Moreover, because the Trust states
that payments can be made from principal, there is a recognition that payments can
deplete the corpus of the Trust, but nothing in the Trust Agreement suggests that the
trustee must continue making payments from its own funds if the Trust is depleted.
5
Wells Fargo also argues that the statute of limitations under the Revised Georgia
Trust Code of 2010, OCGA § 53-12-307 (a), should apply to the plaintiffs’ breach of
contract claim and that a trust is not a contract under Georgia law. We do not address these
arguments in light of our conclusion that the plaintiffs’ contentions are inconsistent with
the plain language of the Trust Agreement.
20
Consequently, the plain language of the Trust Agreement precludes the
plaintiffs’ argument that Wells Fargo was contractually obligated to pay them an
annual distribution for their lives even after the corpus of the Trust had been
exhausted. It follows that the trial court erred in denying summary judgment to Wells
Fargo on the plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim.
Case No. A15A0203.
3. The plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion for
partial summary judgment on their claim for breach of contract. For the reasons
discussed in Division 2, the plaintiffs’ claim for breach of contract failed as a matter
of law. The trial court thus did not err in denying partial summary judgment to the
plaintiffs on their breach of contract claim.
Judgment reversed in Case No. A15A0202. Judgment affirmed in Case No.
A15A0203. Ray and McMillian, JJ., concur.
21