MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2015 ME 82
Docket: Fra-14-180
Argued: February 11, 2015
Decided: July 7, 2015
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, and HJELM, JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
JOHN A. FAHNLEY
SAUFLEY, C.J.
[¶1] John A. Fahnley appeals from a judgment of conviction of sexual abuse
of a minor (Class C), 17-A M.R.S. § 254(1)(A-2) (2014), entered by the court
(Franklin County, Mills, J.) after a jury trial. Fahnley argues that (A) the court
improperly applied the “first complaint” rule and (B) the prosecutor committed
misconduct in his closing arguments that deprived Fahnley of a fair trial. We
affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the evidence in
the record supports the following facts. State v. Diana, 2014 ME 45, ¶ 2, 89 A.3d
132. In August 2008, the victim, a fourteen-year-old boy, was a guest for several
days in the home of John A. Fahnley, a longtime family friend who was then about
fifty years old. One night, after the victim had become intoxicated and passed out,
2
he awoke to find Fahnley removing his belt. Fahnley pulled the victim’s pants
down, undressed him, and put his mouth on the victim’s penis, testicles, and
rectum.1
[¶3] Based on information about this and other conduct, in December 2012,
Fahnley was charged by a complaint that, as amended, alleged two counts of
sexual abuse of a minor (Class C), 17-A M.R.S. § 254(1)(A-2), and one count of
sexual abuse of a minor (Class D), 17-A M.R.S. § 254(1)(A) (2014). He was later
charged by indictment with gross sexual assault (Class A), 17-A M.R.S.
§ 253(1)(A) (2014), and two counts of sexual abuse of a minor (Class C), id.
§ 254(1)(A-2).
[¶4] The court held a three-day jury trial in February 2014. The State
presented testimony from four witnesses: the victim’s mother, the investigating
detective from the Franklin County Sheriff’s Office, a physician assistant who had
treated Fahnley, and the victim himself. On direct examination by the State, the
prosecutor asked the victim’s mother the following question: “[W]hen was it that
[the victim] revealed to you what had happened?” She answered, “It was a few
days after his 18th birthday, September I would say 5th or 6th, 2011.” She was
1
Although Fahnley contends that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to convict him, viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the jury could rationally have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that Fahnley “engage[d] in a sexual act with another person, not [his] spouse, who [was]
either 14 or 15 years of age,” and that Fahnley was “at least 10 years older than the other person.”
17-A M.R.S. § 254(1)(A), (A-2) (2014); see State v. Kittredge, 2014 ME 90, ¶ 31, 97 A.3d 106.
3
later asked, “[I]n September of 2011 I think you indicated is when . . . you were
told of the allegations by [the victim], does that sound right?” She responded,
“Correct.” Asked, “how old was he?” she replied, “He was 18.” She testified that
her son had spoken to her at age eighteen because “he said he didn’t want [her] to
have to deal with it with him as a minor.” The victim’s mother did not testify
about the content of any statements made by the victim and did not provide any
details about what he told her.
[¶5] During the State’s direct examination of the victim, the prosecutor
asked, “[Y]ou waited until you were 18 years old to tell your mom; is that right?”
and the victim answered, “Yes.” Asked for his rationale, he testified that he did
not tell his mother until he was an adult because he “felt like it might not be as big
a burden on her.” The State also elicited testimony that the victim had spoken with
his ex-girlfriend about what had happened. Specifically, the State asked, “Who
was the first person that you told about what had happened between you and John
Fahnley?” The victim replied, “My ex-girlfriend . . . .” The victim did not testify
to what he said to either his mother or his girlfriend.
[¶6] Fahnley did not object to those questions by the prosecutor. Fahnley’s
counsel cross-examined both the victim and the investigating detective about
inconsistent statements that the victim had made to his ex-girlfriend, the detective,
4
and the Massachusetts police regarding whether there had been anal sex between
him and Fahnley.
[¶7] Fahnley did not testify or offer any other evidence. The court provided
thorough instructions to the jury and specifically instructed, “the opening
statements and the closing arguments of the attorneys are not evidence”; “[d]uring
your deliberations, if your memory of the evidence differs from what the attorneys
say, it is your memory that controls”; and “[t]he fact that the defendant chose not
to testify in this case also is not evidence. Under our law he has an absolute right
not to testify. You are not permitted to speculate or try to guess why he did not
testify.”
[¶8] As part of the State’s closing argument, the prosecutor argued, “[The
victim] is the only one who holds the evidence to this case, other than John
Fahnley, they’re the only two people who were in the house in Madrid, Maine, in
August, 2008, when these events occurred.” He then argued that believing the
victim is “all that it takes to convict John Fahnley of these charges.” Addressing
the jury’s responsibility to weigh the credibility of witnesses, the prosecutor
argued, “[The victim’s] testimony was very strong. And I suggest that when you
recall how he testified here on the stand you will agree that his testimony was very
strong.” He further argued, “What [the victim] learned is that John Fahnley is a
sexual predator who uses alcohol, drugs and gifts to buy his way into the heart of a
5
slender young boy.” He also told the jury that Fahnley had “violated the trust of a
whole community, of all of us.”
[¶9] Fahnley raised no objection and proceeded to his closing argument.
Fahnley emphasized inconsistencies in the victim’s statements to others about what
had happened. He specifically argued that the victim had “indicated to his
girlfriend and Detective Darling [of Massachusetts] that the sex he had with John
Fahnley was oral and anal both ways.”
[¶10] In rebuttal, the prosecutor responded to the reference to anal sex by
arguing, “And the times where anal sex was involved, it happened later and they
have not been charged. They’re not at issue here today.”
[¶11] The prosecutor also argued, “Every crime against a child and every
wrong against a weak or vulnerable person, every advantage taken against a person
who is too old or fragile to defend themselves, it’s a tear in the fabric of our
society.” He argued, “The damage done to one of these victims is spread to all of
us. It affects mothers and fathers and brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles and
friends and neighbors.” He argued that “justice is not just for [the victim]. It is for
all of us.” He closed by saying, “We provide many protections for a defendant and
Mr. Fahnley has the advantage of those protection[s]. But we also need protection
for our communities, and that is another one of your jobs that is performed here
today, in meting out the justice that will be administered.”
6
[¶12] Fahnley objected to the last part of the State’s rebuttal argument on
the ground that “the effect of that will be to [evoke] some emotion from the jury to
this victim. . . . [I]t’s apt to prompt some inappropriate justice that they feel they
have to do something for this victim.” The court indicated to counsel that it would
give the jury a curative instruction that the jury should disregard any argument that
it was the jury’s job to protect society. The court gave the following instructions:
Ladies and gentlemen, with regard to the prosecutor’s rebuttal
argument, I’m going to ask you to disregard his suggestion that it is
your job to somehow protect society. Your job in this case, as I have
now told you several times, is to listen to the evidence, the testimony
and use it to decide which testimony you find believable, to decide the
facts, which means to decide what happened, apply the law that I have
given to you and will continue to give to you and give us your verdict,
either guilty or not guilty of each charge. That’s your job. Your job
is not to send a message. You’re not—your job is not to protect
society somehow. Your job is to do justice by doing what I have told
you to do yesterday and today.
....
Further, you cannot allow your emotions or any feelings of
prejudice or sympathy that you may have developed during the course
of this trial to play any part in your verdict. . . .
[¶13] After more than a day of deliberations, the jury returned a unanimous
verdict finding Fahnley not guilty of gross sexual assault and guilty only of the
Class C charge of sexual abuse of a minor from August 2008.2 On April 3, 2014,
2
Although Fahnley argues that the jury’s verdict finding guilt on the sexual abuse of a minor charge
is inconsistent with its verdict on the gross sexual assault charge, a conviction of gross sexual assault
7
the court sentenced Fahnley to five years of imprisonment, with all but three years
suspended, and two years of probation, and ordered him to pay $25 to the victims’
compensation fund. Fahnley appealed. See 15 M.R.S. § 2115 (2014); M.R.
App. P. 2.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶14] Fahnley challenges the admission of testimony of the victim’s mother
indicating when the victim told her what had happened. He also argues that the
State committed prosecutorial misconduct in its closing arguments. We address
each issue separately.
A. First Complaint Rule and Hearsay
[¶15] Because Fahnley did not object to the testimony about the victim’s
report to his mother, we review his argument on appeal for obvious error. See
State v. Lovejoy, 2014 ME 48, ¶ 19, 89 A.3d 1066; see also M.R. Crim. P. 52(b).
For us to vacate a conviction based on the obvious error standard of review, “there
must be (1) an error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights.”
Lovejoy, 2014 ME 48, ¶ 19, 89 A.3d 1066 (quotation marks omitted). “If these
conditions are met, we will exercise our discretion to notice an unpreserved error
only if we also conclude that (4) the error seriously affects the fairness and
requires proof of compulsion, which the conviction of sexual abuse of a minor did not. Compare 17-A
M.R.S. § 253(1)(A) (2014) with 17-A M.R.S. § 254(1)(A-2).
8
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quotation marks
omitted).
[¶16] Thus, we must first determine whether the admission of the mother’s
statement was error. We take this opportunity to resolve an area of confusion
regarding the first complaint rule.
[¶17] Fahnley argues that the mother’s testimony regarding when the victim
told her that something had happened was inadmissible hearsay. Hearsay is “a
statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” M.R.
Evid. 801(c);3 see also Walton v. Ireland, 2014 ME 130, ¶ 12, 104 A.3d 883
(stating that “[a]n out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter
asserted is hearsay”). Hearsay is generally inadmissible “except as provided by
law or by these rules,” M.R. Evid. 802,4 as, for instance, if it falls within a specific
rule-based exception, see M.R. Evid. 803-804.
[¶18] Hearsay has three primary components: it must be (1) a statement of a
person, (2) made in an “out-of-court” setting, and (3) offered for the truth of the
3
The restyled Maine Rule of Evidence 801(c), effective January 1, 2015, uses slightly different
language: “Hearsay means a statement that: (1) The declarant does not make while testifying at the
current trial or hearing; and (2) A party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the
statement.”
4
The restyled Maine Rule of Evidence 802, effective January 1, 2015, states that hearsay is not
admissible unless otherwise provided by statute, by the Maine Rules of Evidence, or by “[o]ther rules
prescribed by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.”
9
matter asserted in the statement. Walton, 2014 ME 130, ¶ 12, 104 A.3d 883; see
M.R. Evid. 801(c). Thus, if the in-court testimony does not report a statement
made outside of the courtroom or if the statement is not offered “to prove the truth
of the matter asserted,” it is not hearsay. See M.R. Evid. 801(c).
[¶19] The first complaint rule does not contravene Maine Rule of Evidence
801(c) because it recognizes a purpose for admitting the proffered out-of-court
statement other than for its truth. The first complaint doctrine originally arose
because a “hue and cry” was required as a necessary part of a criminal prosecution
for rape based on the assumption that a victim would speak out if a sexual assault
had occurred. Commonwealth v. King, 834 N.E.2d 1175, 1187-88 (Mass. 2005).
“The rationale for the different treatment of rape cases was the then current belief
that after becoming a victim of [sexual] assault against her will . . . [the victim]
should have spoken out.” Id. at 1188 (alterations in original) (quotation marks
omitted). “That she did not, that she went about as if nothing had happened, was in
effect an assertion that nothing violent had been done.” Id. (quotation marks
omitted).
[¶20] Based on these concerns, the first complaint rule came into being.
Pursuant to the rule, “[t]he bare fact that a complaint has been made is admissible
as part of the State’s case in chief to forestall the natural assumption that in the
absence of a complaint, nothing violent had occurred.” State v. True, 438 A.2d
10
460, 464 (Me. 1981). The statement is not offered for its truth, and therefore is not
hearsay. See State v. Krieger, 2002 ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d 1026.5
[¶21] The first complaint rule may be best understood as a narrow, common
law application of a concept similar to the one that is now embodied in M.R.
Evid. 801(d)(1). Pursuant to Rule 801(d)(1), when the declarant testifies at trial, a
“prior consistent statement by the declarant, whether or not under oath, is
admissible only to rebut an express or implied charge against the declarant of
recent fabrication or improper influence or motive.”6 The first complaint rule
similarly authorizes the admission of the fact of a complaint of sexual assault and
the reported time and place of the assault for purposes of corroborating a victim’s
testimony, but only to rebut the assumption that, without a complaint, no crime
occurred. See Krieger, 2002 ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d 1026; True, 438 A.2d at
464-65. “The fact that a complaint has been made is generally admissible only to
corroborate the victim’s testimony, not to prove the crime.” State v. Lafrance, 589
A.2d 43, 45 (Me. 1991). Statements admissible as first complaints and statements
otherwise admissible under Rule 801(d)(1) are distinct. A first complaint
5
The rule may be considered by many to be both paternalistic and anachronistic. See Commonwealth
v. King, 834 N.E.2d 1175, 1188 (Mass. 2005). Nonetheless, it is a significant part of our jurisprudence,
and we do not disturb the rule. Cf. id. (adhering to the rule despite its “‘sexist,’ ‘outmoded’ and ‘invalid’
origins”). We write primarily to clarify the limitations on its use.
6
This language is unchanged in the new restyled Maine Rules of Evidence, which took effect on
January 1, 2015.
11
statement cannot include anything other than a bare assertion of the assault, while a
prior consistent statement may include more details. In addition, a statement that is
truly a first complaint because it is limited to the assertion that an assault occurred
needs no “express or implied charge against the declarant of recent fabrication or
improper influence or motive” in order to be admissible. See M.R. Evid.
801(d)(1).
[¶22] Thus, in offering a statement under the first complaint rule, it is
important that the witness provide no details other than the reported time and place
of the assault—not the perpetrator’s identity, the nature of the touching, or the
details of the harm inflicted—because such details are not necessary to satisfy the
narrow purpose for which first complaint evidence is admitted, i.e., to corroborate
that a sexual assault has occurred. See Krieger, 2002 ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d
1026. “Neither the details of the complaint, nor the identity of the perpetrator . . .
are admissible.” Id. (citing Lafrance, 589 A.2d at 45). Out-of-court statements
containing those details are generally hearsay and are admissible only if (A) they
are excluded from the definition of hearsay pursuant to Rule 801(d), for instance if
the statements are offered to rebut a charge of recent fabrication under 801(d)(1),
or, (B) if offered to establish the truth of the statements, they fit within an
exception to the hearsay rule, see M.R. Evid. 803-804, such as the excited
utterance exception, see M.R. Evid. 803(2).
12
[¶23] Although they are distinct concepts, in our opinions we have often
discussed the first complaint rule while also addressing hearsay-related questions
concerning the separate admissibility of the detailed content of an allegation of
sexual assault. For example, we held that, if an out-of-court statement offered in
evidence reports details of the assault but is spoken as an excited utterance, see
M.R. Evid. 803(2), the details expressed can be admitted for their truth as an
exception to the hearsay rule. See Lafrance, 589 A.2d at 45; True, 438 A.2d at
464. In those circumstances, the evidence is not admitted only to rebut an assumed
lack of truthfulness pursuant to the first complaint rule; instead, the evidence is
admitted for its truth pursuant to an exception to the hearsay rule.
[¶24] To the extent that we have, when discussing the admissibility of the
content of a first complaint, occasionally referred to the first complaint rule as a
hearsay exception, see, e.g., State v. Naylor, 602 A.2d 187, 189 (Me. 1992), we
clarify today that it is not an exception to the hearsay rule. An out-of-court
statement truly offered as a first complaint must contain no details of the assault
and cannot be offered for the truth of the statement’s content. Rather, the fact that
a complaint has been made is admissible because it is not hearsay; the statement is
admitted not for the truth of the matter asserted in the victim’s complaint but
instead to rebut the assumption that, in the absence of a complaint, nothing
happened. See Krieger, 2002 ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d 1026.
13
[¶25] To be clear, although an out-of-court statement offered through a
witness at trial that contains details of an assault could be admissible, for example,
as a prior consistent statement pursuant to Maine Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1), or
through the application of a hearsay exception pursuant to, for example, Maine
Rule of Evidence 803(2), it is not admissible pursuant to the first complaint rule.
See Krieger, 2002 ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d 1026.
[¶26] Because of the limitations of the first complaint rule, as distinct from
hearsay exceptions or prior consistent statements, the best practice for offering first
complaint evidence is for the prosecutor to be allowed to lead the witness to avoid
eliciting testimony regarding any details. Thus, the prosecutor would ask the
witness four questions: (1) Did the victim tell you that [she or he] had been
sexually assaulted? (2) When did the victim tell you? (3) Did the victim tell you
where the assault occurred? and (4) Did the victim tell you when the assault
occurred?
[¶27] In the matter before us, the victim’s mother did not even testify that
her child told her he had been assaulted. Instead, she answered the prosecutor’s
questions about when the victim told her about “what had happened.” If we
assume that this testimony is “first complaint” testimony,7 offered to rebut an
7
The mother did not identify Fahnley as the perpetrator, and she did not testify to any other details of
the assault except for the timing of the report. Because her testimony did not include details of the
assault, we need not analyze the admissibility of such evidence either as a prior consistent statement
14
assumed claim of fabrication, we next consider whether the fact that the victim
complained to his mother is inadmissible as first complaint evidence either
(1) because the complaint was not made “shortly after the event,” Krieger, 2002
ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d 1026, or (2) because the complaint to his mother was not
the first complaint that the victim made to another person. Again, we review these
issues for obvious error because Fahnley did not object to the mother’s testimony.
1. Timing of the Complaint
[¶28] We first address whether the report was inadmissible as first
complaint evidence because the complaint was not made shortly after the event.
The victim was a minor when he stayed with Fahnley. He and his mother each
explained his reason for not wanting to speak about the events with his mother
until he was an adult. Because a child may be fearful or susceptible to
intimidation, or may feel pressure not to tell others about a sexual assault, a child’s
first complaint may be admitted even if it was not made immediately after the
event as long as the child had a reason for not making the complaint
contemporaneously with the assault. See State v. Mulkern, 85 Me. 106, 107, 26
A. 1017 (Me. 1892); see also King, 834 N.E.2d at 1189-91. In the context of this
case, and in the absence of an objection, the passage of time between the sexual
under Rule 801(d)(1) or, if offered for its truth, as an exception to the hearsay rule, see M.R. Evid. 801(c),
802-804.
15
assault and the victim’s complaint to his mother does not render the mother’s
testimony inadmissible under the first complaint rule. Instead, it was for the jury
to consider the delay in determining the weight of the evidence to rebut the
assumption that, without a complaint, nothing had happened. See Mulkern, 85 Me.
at 107, 26 A. 1017; Krieger, 2002 ME 139, ¶ 18, 803 A.2d 1026.
2. “First” Complaint
[¶29] The remaining question is whether the mother’s testimony that the
victim told her what had happened was admissible as a “first” complaint when the
evidence demonstrated that the victim had told someone else before he told his
mother. We have never considered whether evidence of more than one complaint
may be admitted to rebut the presumption that, without a complaint, nothing has
happened. Based on the record before us, and in the absence of an objection, we
conclude that the admission of the mother’s testimony was consistent with the
purposes of the first complaint rule and therefore admissible. Although the victim
told another person about the sexual abuse before he told his mother, evidence of
the complaint to his mother is admissible to rebut the natural assumption that a
child would tell a parent if anything had happened. Cf. State v. Ricker, 2001 ME
76, ¶¶ 9-12, 770 A.2d 1021 (affirming the admission of testimony that the victim
told her mother and others about the abuse to establish the fact of a complaint and
16
to supply a context for police questioning and the involvement of the Department
of Human Services).
[¶30] We need not determine whether, in all cases, more than one complaint
of sexual abuse would be admissible. We will not conjecture about whether, if the
State offers evidence of a victim’s multiple reports of abuse, the evidence at some
point crosses the line from being offered to rebut the presumption that in the
absence of a complaint, no sexual assault occurred to being offered as unfairly
prejudicial proof that, with so many reports to others, the crime must have been
committed. See M.R. Evid. 403. Accordingly, we hold only that, in this case, the
court did not err in allowing the victim’s mother to testify without objection that, at
age eighteen, the victim told her “what had happened.”
[¶31] In sum, because Fahnley has not established “an error,” he has failed
to satisfy the initial prong of the obvious error standard of review. Lovejoy, 2014
ME 48, ¶ 19, 89 A.3d 1066 (quotation marks omitted). We turn then to Fahnley’s
assertions regarding prosecutorial misconduct.
B. Prosecutorial Misconduct
[¶32] Fahnley challenges several prosecutorial statements made in closing
arguments as prosecutorial misconduct. Some of his challenges were preserved
through timely objection, and others were not.
17
1. Preserved Claims of Prosecutorial Misconduct
[¶33] We review the preserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct for
harmless error. See M.R. Crim. P. 52(a) (providing that any error “which does not
affect substantial rights shall be disregarded”). Pursuant to this standard of review,
“[w]hen an objection has been made to a prosecutor’s statements at trial, we
review to determine whether there was actual misconduct, and, if so, whether the
trial court’s response remedied any prejudice resulting from the misconduct.”
State v. Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 32, 58 A.3d 1032 (citations omitted). We will
“generally defer to the determination of a presiding Justice, who has the immediate
feel of what is transpiring, that a curative instruction will adequately protect
against the jury’s giving consideration to matters which have been heard but have
been stricken as evidence.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). “Any concern created
by improper statements made by a prosecutor is likely to be cured by a prompt and
appropriate curative instruction, especially when such an instruction is specifically
addressed to the prosecutor’s misconduct.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).
[¶34] The prosecutor made several arguments in closing that either
suggested to the jury it should protect the community through its verdict or
pandered to sympathy, bias, or prejudice. See United States v. Johnson, 231 F.3d
43, 47 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (“[A] prosecutor may not ask jurors to find a defendant
guilty as a means of promoting community values, maintaining order, or
18
discouraging future crime.”); Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 42, 58 A.3d 1032.
Nonetheless, after Fahnley objected to the prosecutor’s argument, the court
provided a thorough curative instruction informing the jury that it was the jury’s
responsibility to find the facts in the particular case, that the jury was not
responsible for protecting the community, and that it could not allow emotions or
feelings of prejudice or sympathy to affect the verdict. Thus, “[a]ny concern
created by improper statements made by [the] prosecutor” was cured by the court’s
“prompt and appropriate curative instruction,” which was “specifically addressed
to the prosecutor’s misconduct.” Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 32, 58 A.3d 1032
(quotation marks omitted). To the extent that Fahnley argues that the prosecutor’s
reference to anal sex was designed to evoke juror sympathy, that comment was
made only after Fahnley himself introduced evidence and argument on that subject,
and the curative instruction regarding juror sympathy directly responded to any
resulting concern.
2. Unpreserved Claims of Prosecutorial Misconduct
[¶35] “[W]hen a defendant has not objected to statements made by the
prosecutor at trial, and subsequently asserts on appeal that those statements
constituted prosecutorial misconduct that deprived her of a fair trial, we review for
obvious error.” Id. ¶ 35 (citing M.R. Crim. P. 52(b)). If a defendant demonstrates
on appeal that there was prosecutorial misconduct that went unaddressed by the
19
court, we will consider whether the error is plain—that is, whether the error is so
clear under existing law that the court and the prosecutor were required to address
the matter even in the absence of a timely objection. See id. ¶ 36. If there is error
that is plain, we will then “consider whether the defendant has demonstrated a
reasonable probability that the error affected her substantial rights,” meaning that
“the error was sufficiently prejudicial to have affected the outcome of the
proceeding.” Id. ¶ 37 (quotation marks omitted). “When a prosecutor’s statement
is not sufficient to draw an objection, particularly when viewed in the overall
context of the trial, that statement will rarely be found to have created a reasonable
probability that it affected the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. ¶ 38.
[¶36] Here, the prosecutor argued, “[The victim] is the only one who holds
the evidence to this case, other than John Fahnley, they’re the only two people who
were in the house in Madrid, Maine, in August, 2008, when these events
occurred.” He then argued that believing the victim is “all that it takes to convict
John Fahnley of these charges.”
[¶37] Fahnley did not object to the prosecutor’s arguments, but he now
contends that they violated the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution,
which provides, “No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself . . . .” The Fifth Amendment, applicable to the states
through section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits comment by a
20
prosecutor on a defendant’s decision not to testify. See State v. Libby, 410 A.2d
562, 563 (Me. 1980).
[¶38] Although the prosecutor did not comment directly on the absence of
testimony from Fahnley, he did indirectly alert the jury to the absence of that
testimony by arguing that, of the two people in the house at the time of the alleged
crime—Fahnley and the victim—only the victim provided testimony. Even if this
argument suggested that the absence of Fahnley’s testimony was probative of his
guilt, however, we cannot conclude that the error was plain because any defect was
not so clear under existing law that the court and the prosecutor were required to
address the matter even in the absence of a timely objection. See Dolloff, 2012 ME
130, ¶ 36, 58 A.3d 1032.
[¶39] Given the nuances of trial strategy and Fahnley’s overarching
argument that the victim—the only person who testified about the events—was
unreliable, the trial court was not bound to act sua sponte to address a prosecutorial
comment indicating the absence of other witnesses from Fahnley’s house during
the relevant time. Especially when the court delivered an instruction before the
closing arguments that the jury was not to consider the defendant’s choice not to
testify as evidence of guilt, see State v. Lewis, 1998 ME 83, ¶ 7, 711 A.2d 119, we
do not discern obvious error.
21
[¶40] The prosecutor also argued in closing, “[The victim’s] testimony was
very strong. And I suggest that when you recall how he testified here on the stand
you will agree that his testimony was very strong.” A prosecutor may not use “the
authority or prestige of the prosecutor’s office to shore up the credibility of a
witness, sometimes called ‘vouching.’” Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 42, 58 A.3d
1032. Although the prosecutor’s statements may constitute vouching, the error is
not plain because the error is not so clear under existing law that the court and
prosecutor were required to address the matter even in the absence of a timely
objection. See id. ¶ 36. Moreover, given the court’s instructions regarding the
jury’s role in determining the facts, any error did not affect Fahnley’s substantial
rights. See id. ¶ 35.
3. Cumulative Effect of Prosecutorial Statements
[¶41] Finally, the record does not demonstrate that the cumulative effect of
the prosecutor’s closing arguments resulted in an unfair trial depriving Fahnley of
due process. See Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 74, 58 A.3d 1032. The court provided
thorough initial instructions to the jury and offered additional instructions in
response to Fahnley’s objections to the prosecutor’s closing arguments. On this
record, we do not conclude that Fahnley was deprived of a fair trial.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
22
On the briefs and at oral argument:
Timothy E. Zerillo, Esq., Zerillo Law, LLC, Portland, for
appellant John A. Fahnley
Joshua W. Robbins, Asst. Dist. Atty., Farmington, for appellee
State of Maine
Franklin County Superior Court docket number CR-2012-228
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY