NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 15a0510n.06
No. 14-3719
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Jul 20, 2015
PREMIUM COAL COMPANY, INC.; )
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
OLD REPUBLIC INSURANCE )
COMPANY, )
)
Petitioners, )
)
v. ) ON PETTION FOR REVIEW OF
) AN ORDER OF THE BENEFITS
DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS’ ) REVIEW BOARD
COMPENSATION PROGRAMS; )
ESTATE OF REDDIN BYRGE, )
Respondents.
_________________________________/
Before: GUY, MOORE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Petitioners, Premium Coal Company
and Old Republic Insurance Company (collectively referred to as “Premium Coal”),
petition this court to vacate the decision of the Benefits Review Board affirming the
administrative law judge’s decision and award of benefits to Claimant, Reddin Byrge.
Premium Coal makes numerous challenges to the Board’s decision and order. For the
following reasons, Premium Coal’s petition is DENIED.
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I.
In 2007, Reddin Byrge, a surface miner, sought benefits under the Black Lung
Benefit Act, 30 U.S.C. § 901 et seq. To establish entitlement to benefits, Byrge was
required to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) he had pneumoconiosis,
also known as black lung disease, in either its clinical or legal form; (2) such
pneumoconiosis arose in whole or in part out of his coal mine employment; (3) he was
totally disabled; and (4) the total disability was due to pneumoconiosis. Cent. Ohio Coal
Co. v. Dir., Office of Workers' Comp. Programs, 762 F.3d 483, 486 (6th Cir. 2014); see
also 20 C.F.R. §§ 718.202-04. Clinical pneumoconiosis consists of diseases that the
medical community recognizes as pneumoconioses “arising out of coal mine
employment.” 20 C.F.R. § 718.201. Legal pneumoconiosis, on the other hand, includes
“any chronic lung disease or impairment and its sequelae arising out of coal mine
employment.” Id. The claims examiner denied Byrge’s claim, ruling that although he
was totally disabled, he did not have pneumoconiosis. Byrge did not challenge this
determination and it became final. 20 C.F.R. § 725.419.
On March 23, 2010, Congress revived a rebuttable statutory presumption that a
coal miner is presumed to be permanently disabled due to pneumoconiosis if such miner
worked in an underground coal mine for fifteen years and he suffers from total
respiratory or pulmonary disability. Island Creek Kentucky Mining v. Ramage, 737 F.3d
1050, 1053 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4)). Once this presumption is
invoked, three elements of entitlement are presumed: (1) the miner suffers from
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pneumoconiosis in its clinical or legal form; (2) the pneumoconiosis arose at least in part
from coal mine employment; and (3) the miner’s pneumoconiosis contributes to his total
disability. 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4). To rebut the 15-year presumption, the party opposing
entitlement to benefits must disprove the existence of pneumoconiosis or show that the
miner’s “respiratory or pulmonary impairment did not arise out of, or in connection with,
employment in a coal mine.” Id. The 15-year presumption applies to surface miners like
Byrge if the Secretary determines that the conditions of the surface miner’s employment
“were substantially similar to conditions in an underground mine.” Id. This reenacted
presumption applies to claims filed after January 1, 2005, and pending at the time of
enactment. Island Creek, 737 F.3d at 1053.
Byrge filed another application for benefits in 2010. Pursuant to 20 C.F.R. §
725.309(c)(6), Byrge’s new application only concerned his entitlement to benefits
following the 2007 denial and not prior thereto. The ALJ awarded Byrge benefits ruling
that Byrge had properly invoked the 15-year presumption. Specifically, the ALJ ruled
that Byrge suffered from a total respiratory disability and that he worked for 15 years as a
surface miner in “substantially similar” conditions to an underground mine. The ALJ
ruled that Premium Coal failed to rebut the 15-year presumption and the Board affirmed.
Premium Coal challenges the award of benefits to Byrge arguing that: (1) 20
C.F.R. § 718.305(b)(2) is not a valid regulation; (2) Byrge should not be allowed to bring
a subsequent claim for benefits under 20 C.F.R. § 725.309(c)(4); and (3) Premium Coal
should have been allowed to rebut the 15-year presumption through proof that Byrge’s
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pneumoconiosis did not “substantially contribute” to his total disability. We address each
of these arguments in turn.
Byrge died on February 23, 2015, while this appeal was pending. His death
does not affect the substance of this appeal. See Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co. v.
Webb, 49 F.3d 244, 248 (6th Cir. 1995) (holding that a miner’s claim for benefits under
the BLBA did not abate upon his death).
II.
We review the Board’s legal conclusions de novo. Greene v. King James Coal
Mining, Inc., 575 F.3d 628, 633 (6th Cir. 2009). We will reverse the Board’s decision if
it committed any legal error or exceeded its scope of review. Id. We review the ALJ’s
decision to determine whether it was supported by substantial evidence. Id.
“‘Substantial evidence’ means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support a conclusion.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
III.
A. Validity of 20 C.F.R. § 718.305(b)(2)
The 15-year presumption can apply to surface miners when the ALJ
“determines that conditions of a miner's employment in a coal mine other than an
underground mine were substantially similar to conditions in an underground mine.”
30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4) (emphasis added). On October 25, 2013, 20 C.F.R. §
718.305(b)(2) became effective, which provides that the “conditions in a mine other than
an underground mine will be considered ‘substantially similar’ to those in an
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underground mine if the claimant demonstrates that the miner was regularly exposed to
coal-mine dust while working there.”
Premium Coal claims that 20 C.F.R. § 718.305(b)(2) is not a valid regulation
because it is not supported by medical or scientific literature and is inconsistent with
Congressional intent behind 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4). Premium Coal failed to raise this
argument before the Benefits Review Board even though the regulation was in effect at
the time the Board considered the case. “Generally, this court will not review issues not
properly raised before the Board.” Arch on the Green, Inc. v. Groves, 761 F.3d 594, 602
(6th Cir. 2014). Premium Coal argues that it was not required to raise the issue before
the Board because it would have been futile to do so because: (1) the Board does not
generally strike down Department of Labor Regulations; and (2) because § 718.305(b)(2)
was consistent with a previous regulation that the Board had upheld, there was no reason
to think the Board would declare it invalid.
These same arguments were recently considered and rejected by our Court in
Brandywine Explosives & Supply v. Director, Office of Workers' Compensation
Programs, No. 14-3672, 2015 WL 3649540, at *1 (6th Cir. June 15, 2015). In
Brandywine, we noted that the Board does have the authority to rule on the validity of
regulations. See id. at 5 (citing Gibas v. Saginaw Min. Co., 748 F.2d 1112, 1117–19 (6th
Cir. 1984)). We also noted that ruling on the validity of § 718.305(b) would not have
required the Board to “reverse course from a recently adopted position.” Id. Given that
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Premium Coal failed to challenge the validity of § 718.305(b) before the Board, they
have waived such argument before our court. Id.
B. Subsequent Claim under 20 C.F.R. § 725.309(c) 1
Miners are allowed to bring subsequent claims for black lung benefits after a
previous claim was denied. 20 C.F.R. § 725.309. However, such claim “must be denied
unless the claimant demonstrates that one of the applicable conditions of entitlement . . .
has changed since the date upon which the order denying the prior claim became final.”
Id. at § 725.309(c). The Board’s opinion found that Byrge had satisfied the change in
applicable condition of entitlement under § 725.309 because in Byrge’s 2010 claim, he
successfully invoked the 15-year presumption – a presumption that was not available to
him when he filed his 2007 claim.2 Premium Coal challenges this conclusion arguing
that a change in the law should not constitute a “change in condition” sufficient to satisfy
§ 725.309. Premium Coal also makes a general challenge to the regulation arguing that it
offends res judicata and the Supreme Court’s holding in Pittston Coal Group v. Sebben,
488 U.S. 105 (1988).
1
Premium Coal refers to the version of the regulation in effect prior to October 25, 2013, by citing §
725.309(d). That section became § 725.309(c) after the regulation was amended in 2013. The 2013
amendment did not substantively affect the text at issue here. We refer to the regulation as it is currently
in effect.
2
The Board held that the ALJ “erred in finding that [Byrge] demonstrated a change in the applicable
condition of entitlement at 20 C.F.R. § 725.309 by establishing that he is totally disabled, as claimant
proved this element of entitlement in his previous claim.” All parties agree that Byrge previously
established “total disability” in his 2007 claim but failed to establish the other elements of entitlement.
The Board ruled that the error was harmless, however, because Byrge had successfully invoked the
Section 411(c) presumption, thereby satisfying the change in a condition of entitlement requirement of §
725.309.
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We have already resolved Premium Coal’s latter argument. In Buck Creek
Coal Co. v. Sexton, we rejected the employer’s claim that consideration of a subsequent
claim under § 725.309 violates res judicata. 706 F.3d 756, 759-60 (6th Cir. 2013), cert.
denied, 134 S. Ct. 898 (2014) (noting that the employer “needed to look only so far as
this circuit's and other circuit's modern jurisprudence to find that res judicata is not
violated by the filing of a subsequent claim under the Black Lung Benefits Act”). To the
extent that Premium Coal challenges our precedent on this issue, we may not overturn
such precedent – only the Court sitting en banc may do so. Draw v. City of Lincoln Park,
491 F.3d 550, 556 (6th Cir. 2007).
Allowing Byrge’s subsequent claim also is not a violation of the Supreme
Court’s decision in Pittston Coal Group v. Sebben. Sebben did not consider whether
§ 725.309 offends res judicata; it concerned whether a mandamus remedy reopening a
claim denial was appropriate. The Supreme Court held that the respondents failed to
establish a duty to reopen a final determination. 488 U.S. at 122-23. The Court never
considered § 725.309 and whether subsequent claims, which merely seek entitlement to
black lung benefits since the time of the previous denial, offend res judicata.
As to Premium Coal’s former argument, we have not directly addressed
whether the application of the 15-year presumption in 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4) constitutes a
“change in condition” sufficient to trigger application of § 725.309. We need not address
that question in this case, however, because Byrge did experience a “change in condition”
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Premium Coal Co. v. Director, OWCP
sufficient to bring a subsequent claim under § 725.309. Specifically, the ALJ credited the
opinion of Dr. Fernandes, one of Byrge’s physicians, who opined that:
Rheumatoid arthritis could [have] contributed to [Byrge’s] disability but
because of the progression of his symptoms and because his joint
symptoms are controlled . . . I believe his respiratory difficulty is more
likely due to coal dust exposure. It would be difficult to define the exact
percentage but I feel the coal dust exposure has a significant relationship
and that coal dust substantially aggravated his underlying condition.
The ALJ concluded that, based on this opinion, Byrge had satisfied what is often referred
to as the disease causation element – that his “total disability is due in part to
pneumoconiosis.” Because Byrge was unable to prove such fact in his 2007 claim, he
has proven a change in condition sufficient to bring a subsequent claim under § 725.309.
C. Rebuttal of the 15-Year Presumption
The ALJ’s Decision
Premium Coal’s experts, Drs. Tuteur and Rosenberg, opined that Byrge’s
respiratory impairment was related to a condition called “bronchiectasis,” which they
opined was caused by Byrge’s rheumatoid arthritis. Dr. Tuteur explained that
bronchiectasis “develops following recurrent lower respiratory infections and becomes
irreversible because of the anatomical destruction of the medium size airways often
extending to smaller airways.” Dr. Rosenberg opined that Byrge’s severe pulmonary
problems were “related to his bronchiectasis caused by rheumatoid arthritis, not by
[Byrge’s] exposure to coal dust.” Dr. Tuteur opined that Byrge’s bronchiectasis “though
disabiling [sic], is in no way related to, aggravated by, or caused by either the inhalation
of coal mine dust or the development of coal mine dust-induced pulmonary process.”
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The ALJ accepted as true the experts’ claim that Byrge had rheumatoid
arthritis and bronchiectasis. The ALJ rejected the experts’ conclusion that Byrge’s
bronchiectasis was not caused or aggravated by mining exposure because “neither proved
that bronchiectasis is mutually exclusive with the lung impairments referenced by the
definition of legal pneumoconiosis. Neither account[s] for the 15 years of mining
exposure. Neither [has] presented a reasoned basis [for] how the 15 years of mining
exposure precluded aggravation of rheumatoid arthritis and bronchiectasis.” The Board
upheld the ALJ’s decision noting that the ALJ provided a valid reason for discrediting the
experts’ opinions and concluding that Premium Coal failed to rebut the presumption that
Byrge had legal pneumoconiosis.
Legal Analysis
As noted above, Premium Coal could rebut the 15-year presumption if it:
(1) disproved the existence of pneumoconiosis; or (2) showed that the miner’s
“respiratory or pulmonary impairment did not arise out of, or in connection with,
employment in a coal mine.” 30 U.S.C. § 921(c)(4); see also 20 C.F.R. § 718.305(d).
Premium Coal argues that it is entitled to a third avenue of rebuttal under Arch on the
Green, Inc. v. Groves, 761 F.3d 594 (6th Cir. 2014) – rebuttal through proof that Byrge’s
pneumoconiosis was not a “substantially contributing cause” of his disability but that
such disability was due to a non-compensable condition such as Byrge’s arthritis.3
3
Premium Coal also argues that Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1 (1976) limits 30 U.S.C.
§ 921(c)(4)’s application to operators such as Premium Coal. We have previously rejected such
argument. See Big Branch Resources, Inc. v. Ogle, 737 F.3d 1063, 1070-71 (6th Cir. 2013); see also W.
Virginia CWP Fund v. Bender, No. 12-2034, 2015 WL 1475069, at *2 (4th Cir. Apr. 2, 2015).
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The “substantially contributing cause” standard is the appropriate standard to
prove disease causation (proof that the miner’s pneumoconiosis is a “substantially
contributing cause” of his total disability) when the burden of proof is on the miner. Arch
on the Green, 761 F.3d at 600-01. In Arch on the Green, the miner failed to invoke the
15-year presumption so the burden was on him to establish entitlement to benefits.
Because Byrge properly invoked the 15-year presumption, we have held that the “rule-
out” standard applies – “the employer must rule out the causal relationship between the
miner’s total disability and his coal mine employment” to rebut the 15-year presumption.
Big Branch Resources, Inc. v. Ogle, 737 F.3d 1063, 1070-71 (6th Cir. 2013).
In Big Branch an insurance fund for a defunct coal mine operator challenged
the award of BLBA benefits to a coal miner. The fund argued that the ALJ erred in
requiring the fund to prove that the claimant’s coal mine employment played no part in
causing his total disability. Id. at 1071. We rejected such argument noting that:
Simply put, the “play no part” or “rule-out” standard and the “contributing
cause” standard are two sides of the same coin. Where the burden is on the
employer to disprove a presumption, the employer must “rule-out” coal
mine employment as a cause of the disability. Where the employee must
affirmatively prove causation, he must do so by showing that his
occupational coal dust exposure was a contributing cause of his disability.
Because the burden here is on the Fund, the Fund must show that the coal
mine employment played no part in causing the total disability . . . This
approach follows and applies the language found in 20 C.F.R. § 718.305(d).
Id. (emphasis in the original). Because the 15-year presumption applied in this case, it
was not an error for the ALJ to require Premium Coal to “rule out” that Byrge’s coal
mine employment aggravated his disability. See Brandywine, 2015 WL 3649540, at *9;
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see also W. Virginia CWP Fund v. Bender, No. 12-2034, 2015 WL 1475069, at *10 (4th
Cir. Apr. 2, 2015) (upholding 20 C.F.R. § 718.305(d) as a valid regulation and noting that
“any ‘party opposing entitlement’ to black lung benefits, including coal mine operators,
may rebut the statutory presumption of disability under subsection (d)(1)(ii) of the
regulation only by proving that ‘no part of the miner's respiratory or pulmonary total
disability was caused by pneumoconiosis.’”)
Premium Coal also argues that it should have been allowed to rebut the 15-year
presumption with evidence that Byrge’s pneumoconiosis was too mild to have
contributed to his total disability. The fund in Big Branch made a similar claim when it
argued that the ALJ improperly restricted its ability to rebut the 15-year presumption by
not allowing it to prove that the claimant’s pneumoconiosis was “mild and that the totally
disabling respiratory impairment [was] the product of another disease.” Id. at 1070. We
held that such evidence was “not a unique third rebuttal method, but merely a specific
way to attack the second link in the causal chain—that pneumoconiosis caused total
disability. Nothing in the record suggests that the Fund was prevented from making this
argument.” Id.
The same is true in this case. Premium Coal was allowed to present evidence
that Byrge’s arthritis was the cause of his respiratory problems. Unfortunately for
Premium Coal, the ALJ ruled that such evidence did not rebut the 15-year presumption
because neither expert’s opinion addressed how bronchiectasis was mutually exclusive
with the lung impairments referenced in the definition of legal pneumoconiosis, neither
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opinion accounted for Byrge’s 15 years of coal mine work, and neither opinion gave a
reasoned basis for concluding that Byrge’s 15 years of mining exposure did not aggravate
his rheumatoid arthritis and bronchiectasis. See Brandywine, 2015 WL 3649540, at *9.
Premium Coal’s petition is DENIED.