F11 LU
MAT OF APPEALS
DllrlSlal
I.,
2D 15 JUL 21
AM 9; 26
SIi1?4IGT0?i
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHIN& t
DE
DIVISION II
In Re The Personal Restraint of No. 45163 -8 -II
SHAMARR PARKER,
Petitioner. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SUTTON, J. — In this personal restraint petition ( PRP), Shamarr Derrick Parker seeks relief
from restraint imposed following his 2010 jury trial convictions for first degree kidnapping and
first degree robbery. He argues that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct on several
grounds and that the trial court erred in admitting certain 'testimony. He further argues that he
received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because his counsel failed to raise these issues
on direct appeal. We hold that Parker' s appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel in failing to raise the prosecutorial misconduct claim based on the State' s appeal
to the jury' s passion and prejudice. Accordingly, we grant this petition, reverse the convictions,
and remand to the superior court for further proceedings. We decline to address the remaining
issues.
No. 45163- 8
FACTS
I. BACKGROUND FACTS
On December 19, 2008, T.M. 1 called 911 and reported that her 17 -year-old daughter A.W.2 .
had been raped at knifepoint. The State charged Parker by second amended information with first
degree kidnapping while armed with a deadly weapon, first degree rape while armed with a deadly
weapon, and first degree robbery while armed with a deadly weapon.
We summarized the trial testimony in Parker' s direct appeal:
A.W. testified that she was waiting for a Tacoma bus to take her home when
a brown car drove by. A heavy snow had fallen that day. Parker, the driver of the
brown car, asked A.W. if she wanted a ride and pulled into a nearby parking lot.
A.W. became nervous and began walking toward a different.bus stop. When Parker
drove by a second and third time, A.W. decided to cut through an alley.
When A.W. did so, Parker drove into the alley, got out of his car, and
grabbed herby the arm. A.W. testified that he held a knife to her throat and said
he would not harm her if she kept quiet and cooperated. He pushed A.W. toward
his car, tied her wrists behind her back with plastic bindings, and shoved her into
the backseat so that she was lying on her side, facing the driver' s seat.
A.W. testified that Parker drove for about a half hour to an open area
without nearby buildings. Parker then untied her bindings and told her to remove
03
her jacket. He went through A.W.' s jacket and purse, removing four small bags
of marijuana and some cash. He again showed A.W. the knife and told her to
cooperate in what was just a robbery. After searching through the rest of her things
and inside her underwear for money, Parker forced A.W. to disrobe. She testified
1 We refer to T.M. by her initials to protect the victim' s privacy.
2 We refer to A.W. by her initials to protect her privacy. See Gen. Order 2011- 1 of Division II,
In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms for Child Witnesses in Sex Crime Cases, available at:
http:// www.courts.wa.gov/ appellate—trial—c ourts/.
3 A.W. also testified that at this point Parker had made her climb over the center console and she
was in the front passenger' s seat; Parker had also removed the restraints.
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No. 45163- 8
that he then engaged in vaginal intercourse while holding a knife to her throat,
during which she stared at Mardi Gras beads hanging from the rearview mirror.
Afterward, Parker asked A.W. where she lived so he could drive her home,
and she gave him an address several blocks away. As he tried to leave, he got
temporarily stuck in the snow. When Parker dropped A.W. off, she wrote his
license plate number on her hand and walked home.
Within hours, officers found the license plate on a brown sedan with beads
hanging from its rear view mirror. After the car' s impoundment, they found.a knife
under the front passenger seat; an expert testified that Parker' s fingerprint was on
the knife. 41 Officers also found plastic cordsE51 in the driver' s side door pocket.
A.W. identified Parker from a photo montage but was not sure whether the knife
from the car was the one he had used. She denied knowing Parker or meeting him
to sell drugs.
Parker' s ex- girlfriend testified that he arrived at her home on the night of
the robbery, looking disheveled. He told her he had used a knife to take marijuana
from a girl. E61 She denied telling a detective that she deleted A.W.' s first name and
number from Parker' s phone. E71
4 The print was on the tip of the blade.
5
One of the detectives characterized the cord found in the car as " electrical cord." 7 Report of
Proceedings ( RP) at 708. According to his ex- girlfriend, Parker was studying to become an
electrician.
6 The ex- girlfriend, Dancia Birka, also testified that Parker told her that he had known the girl
through a family member and that either he or the family member had previously purchased
marijuana from her. He also told Birka that he had called the girl and arranged to meet her to
purchase some drugs. When she got in his car he told her that it was " a lick bitch," took the drugs,
and told her to get out of the car. When she would not leave the car, he pulled a knife and forced
her out of the car. After he found out his mother' s car had been impounded, he was " concerned
that the knife was in there." 6 RP at 549. Birka also testified that Parker had given her a $ 10 bill
and that he had thought about leaving for Arizona shortly after the incident.
7 for Amber." 6 RP
Birka asserted that she had told the officer that she had deleted a number an "
at 560. Detective Jennifer Quilio later testified that Birka had told her that she had deleted a
number for someone with A.W.' s first name from Parker' s phone.
No. 45163- 8
Detective Brad Graham eventually took A.W. to an open lot outside the city
limits where officers believed the robbery had occurred. A. W. became upset when
they arrived and said, " This is it." 7 Report of Proceedings at 657. The property
owner testified that after a large snowstorm in December 2008, he had noticed tire
marks in the snow that looked as though a car had been stuck before gaining
traction. A.W. also identified the alley in which Parker grabbed her.
Testing of sperm samples gathered from A.W. revealed the source to be her
boyfriend but not Parker. [81 A.W. admitted spending the morning and afternoon
before the robbery with her boyfriend.
Officers established that the brown sedan belonged to Parker' s mother and.
that Parker sometimes drove it. After Parker' s mother testified that she used the
knife under the seat to scrape ice from the windshield, Detective Graham testified
that Mrs. Parker could not explain the [ why the knife was in the car] when he
interviewed her.
State v. Parker, 166 Wn. App. 1012, 2012 WL 295425 at * 1, 2 ( 2012).
In addition, A.W. admitted that on the day of the incident, she had told her mother that she
friends than going her boyfriend. She also
was going to spend the day with some rather see
admitted that she had not told her mother that she had had sex with her boyfriend that day. She
further admitted that she had first told the nurse who examined her at the hospital that the last time
she had intercourse before the incident was in May or June of that year. But when the nurse
explained she was taking certain samples, A.W. told the nurse that she ( A.W.) had had
why
intercourse the day before the incident. A.W. testified at trial, however, that she had unprotected
intercourse with her boyfriend on the day of the incident.
8 A.W. did not reveal to Detective Graham that she had had intercourse with her boyfriend on the
date of the incident until after the officer received the DNA test results from the rape kit in May
2009. The detective testified, however, that he had not previously asked A.W. if she had had sex
with another man on the day of the incident.
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No. 45163- 8
A.W. also denied trying to call anyone immediately after Parker dropped her off near her
home. A.W.' s boyfriend, however, testified that she had called him on another person' s cell phone
that she had borrowed from someone outside a store and told him that she had been raped.
A.W. admitted that during the investigation she had not told the whole truth about having
been with her boyfriend, having had intercourse with her boyfriend on the day of the incident, or
the marijuana. But she asserted that she had only lied about the things she thought she would get
in trouble for.
II. CLOSING ARGUMENT AND VERDICT
The State began its closing argument by stating:
Good morning ladies and gentlemen of the jury. December 19th, ,2008;
A.W.' s] life was irrevocably changed on that dark, cold day in December. It is no
overstatement to say that, on that day, [ A. W.] experienced a waking nightmare. On
that day, she was kidnapped, raped, and robbed by that man, Shamarr Derrick
Parker.
A.W.] was approached as she waited for the bus on 38th and Pacific. The
defendant circled her. She walked away, trying to get away from him. It was a
sick and twisted game of cat and mouse.
8 RP at 670 ( emphasis added). Parker objected, but before he could explain his objection, the trial
court overruled the objection.
The State continued:
Thus, began a sick and twisted game of cat and mouse. As the defendant
stalked [ A. W.] as she walked along those snowy streets.
And then she made a catastrophic error when she walked into that alley
trying to get away from the defendant, trying to get to her friend' s house. She
walked down that alley, and that' s when he grabbed her. He grabbed her; he held
a knife to her throat; he said, "[ C] ooperate, and I won' t stab you." He forced her
over to the rear part of his mother' s car, and he tied her hands behind her back with
those plastic ties. He shoved her into the back seat of that car. Imagine her terror
curled up in that car, not knowing whether she was going to live or die, not knowing
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No. 45163- 8
where she was going to be taken, not knowing whether or not she would ever she
her friends or family ever again.
For [ A. W.], there is that spark of hope. Maybe she is not going to die.
Maybe she is not going to get raped because, surely, by now, that thought has
certainly crossed her mind. Maybe this is just going to be a robbery.
Then, the defendant says, " Take off your clothes." She does so because he
has that knife.Imagine her terror sitting there next to naked in this empty field,
nowhere to run, nobody to help, no phone to callfor help.
8 RP at 671- 72 ( emphasis added)
Parker again objected, arguing, " Counsel keeps referring to terror and fear, basically,
playing to the prejudices and the passions of the jury as opposed to the facts of the case." 8 RP
at 672. The trial court overruled this objection.
The State continued:.
Again, imagine her terror, nowhere to run, nowhere to go for help, nobody.
to call. It' s just her, the defendant, and the knife.
The defendant climbs on top of her, lifts that lever back, pushes her back,
and he rapes her. He rapes her. As he rapes her, his body moves in and out, in and
out. Imagine what [ A. W.] must have thought. Imagine how long it must have
seemed for [ A. W.], an eternity. She focused on the beads in the rearview mirror,
letting her mind wander, trying not to think about the horror that was being
perpetrated upon her by the defendant. And then it eventually stops. She gets
dressed, and the defendant drops her off with the words, " Well, let this be a lesson
to you for walking home alone. I hope you' ve learned your lesson." 191
8 RP at 672- 73 ( emphasis added).
After the State discussed the jury instructions and the elements of the crime, it discussed
credibility determinations. It argued to the jury:
9 Parker objected to this as a mischaracterization of the evidence; the trial court overruled that
obj ection.
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No. 45163- 8
Beginning, first, with [ A. W. ],consider the experience she had to go through,
not only was she kidnapped, raped, and robbed, but she had been forced to tell her
story over and over and over. It' s notjust something that ends when she gets home
and the door opens and her mom is there. It continues. It continues. She tells her
mom what has happened. She has collapsed on the floor hysterical. She tells the.
9- 1- 1 dispatcher what happens [ sic]. Then, she is taken to a hospital in an
ambulance. While at the hospital, she is seen by an emergency room doctor, and
10]
then she is seen by the [ S. A.N.E. nurse. She has [ to] tell the S. A.N.E. nurse all
about it. She is interviewed by two officers, Officer Scripps and Officer Hernandez,
who arrived at the hospital. She is then interviewed by Detective Graham a couple
of different times. Again, forced to relive it. She is taken to the scene once it is
located by it. She talks about it in a defense
Detective Graham, forced to relive
interview, and then she comes in here and she has to tell it to a room full of
strangers. What happened to [ A. W. ] on December 19th, 2008 didn' t end on
December 19th, 2008. It kept going.
There is some suggestions made was fabricating, that
that perhaps [ A. W.]
she was mad at her boyfriend because he wouldn' t give her a ride home, and she
was mad at the defendant - 1111
That she was mad at the defendant because he stole tiny bags of dope and
that when the door opened when she arrived home and she was late beyond her
curfew, she saw her mom' s face, and she knew her mom was going to be angry. At
that moment, she decided to fabricate a rape. Is that reasonable? It' s not
reasonable, ladies and It is not reasonable by any stretch of the
gentlemen.
imagination. She is mad at her boyfriend, Justin Lyons, because he won' t give her
a ride. What does fabricating a rape get her? She is mad at the defendant because
he steals Isn' t that just the cost of doing business if you are, in fact, a
her dope.
drug She is a few hours late, and the worst thing that happens to her is she
dealer?
gets grounded: So instead of just taking the grounding, she decides to fabricate a
rape? None of that is reasonable.
A.W.] has been remarkably consistent throughout each and every telling of
what has happened to her.
8 RP at 677- 79 ( emphasis added).
to
S. A.N.E. is the acronym for " sexual assault nurse examiner." 5 RP at 365.
11
Parker objected, arguing that " counsel has to make her own arguments." 8 RP at 678. The trial
court overruled that objection.
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No. 45163- 8
After describing the consistencies in A.W.' s statements and testimony, the State
acknowledged that there were some inconsistencies, but it asserted that some inconsistencies were
to be expected because the trial took place a year and a half after the incident. The State then
argued, " Look at those inconsistencies and ask yourself, do they matter? They don' t because
across the vast majority of this horrific event, [ A. W.]; has remained steadfast." 8 RP at 680. After
the State described some specific inconsistencies, it argued:
Well, [ A.W.] has been subjected to one of the most horrific things that you can be
subjected to. Is she going to be 100 percent accurate on everything? No. In the
back seat of the car, is she looking around taking stock of whether or not there is
an umbrella or a baby seat or a newspaper in the back seat? She is not taking stock
and inventory of what is in the back seat. She' s thinking to herself, "Am I going to
die? What is going to happen to me?"
8RPat682.
After a lunch break, the State resumed its argument by once again referring to the incident
as " a waking nightmare." 8 RP at 686. Parker objected, without stating a specific ground; the trial
court overruled the objection. The State reiterated that A.W. was experiencing a " waking
nightmare," and then described some of the evidence. 8 RP at 686.
At the end of its argument, the State argued:
Justice Benjamin Cardoz[ o] was a former United States Supreme Court
Justice, and he said something that is powerful and resonates. He said thatjustice,
though due the accused, is due the accuser as well. In this case, justice —
8 RP at 712 ( emphasis added). Parker objected, arguing that this statement shifted the burden.
The trial court overruled this objection.
M.
No. 45163- 8
The State continued:
Justice in this case is holding the defendant accountable for the waking
nightmare that he foisted upon [ A. W. ] on December 19, 2008, when he kidnapped
her, when he raped her, and when he robbed her.
Ladies and gentlemen, it' s no longer reasonable to doubt that the defendant
is guilty of Kidnapping in the First Degree with Sexual Motivation; it is no longer
reasonable to doubt that the defendant is guilty of Rape in the First Degree.
8 RP at 712- 13 ( emphasis added). Parker objected, again arguing that the State was shifting the
burden to the defense. The trial court overruled the objection.
The State continued:
It is no longer reasonable to doubt that the defendant is guilty of Robbery
in the First Degree. It is no longer reasonable to doubt that while doing all three
and committing all three acts, the defendant was armed with a deadly weapon. For
that reason, ladies and gentlemen, I' m asking that you return a verdict of what the
evidence supports, and that verdict is guilty as charged.
8 RP at 713.
In his closing argument, defense counsel argued that A.W. had fabricated the incident to
get out of trouble for breaking her curfew and to get revenge on Parker for stealing the marijuana
she was planning to sell him. Defense counsel also emphasized the inconsistencies in A.W.' s
statements over time and the fact A.W. had withheld information or lied about several facts that
could have gotten her into. trouble ( being with her boyfriend and carrying marijuana) until very
late in the investigation. Defense counsel admitted, however, that the State had proven a robbery
charge and asked the jury to return a guilty verdict on the lesser offense of second degree robbery
because the State had not proved that Parker used a knife in the robbery.
In rebuttal, the State argued:
Now, when you are. dealing with this young woman, think about this, think
about that in the middle of this rape, when she is in that dark field and she is trying
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No. 45163- 8
to keep her head about herself, she is trying to take her mind out of what is
happening, after the rape, when she is asked about how she behaved on the ride
home, what did she say? I didn' t want him to know he got the best of me.
8 RP at 779. Parker objected to this argument as mischaracterizing the testimony; the trial court
overruled the objection. The State continued:
She wanted to maintain her dignity. He took my body; he took my property;
you are not going to have the satisfaction of knowing that it got to me.
A. W.] has weathered two storms. What she suffered at this man' s hands
112]
and what she suffered on this stand -
to carry a truth to you, that this man kidnapped a girl he saw waiting alone at a
bust stop who was vulnerable. He robbed her. He raped her.
8 RP at 779- 80.
The jury found Parker guilty of first degree kidnapping and first degree robbery.
III. APPEAL
Parker appealed his kidnapping conviction, arguing only that there was insufficient
evidence to support that conviction because the restraint involved was merely incidental to the
robbery. We affirmed the conviction in an unpublished opinion. The direct appeal mandated on
July 12, 2012. 13
Parker now seeks collateral review, arguing that ( 1) the State engaged several instances of
prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument, (2) the trial court erred in admitting testimony
12 Parker objected to this argument without stating any ground; the trial court overruled the
objection.
13
Petitioner filed his petition on July 11, 2013. This petition is therefore timely.
RCW 10. 73. 090( 1).
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No. 45163- 8
from A.W.' s mother and the S. A.N.E. nurse, and ( 3) appellate counsel was ineffective for failing
to raise these issues on direct appeal. We grant this petition.
ANALYSIS
I. STANDARD FOR INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF APPELLATE COUNSEL
Generally, to be entitled to collateral relief a petitioner must establish that ( 1) he was
actually and substantially prejudiced by constitutional error, or ( 2) his trial suffered from a
fundamental defect of a nonconstitutional nature that inherently resulted in a complete miscarriage
of justice. In re Pers. Restraint of Finstad, 177 Wn.2d 501, 506, 301 P. 3d 450 ( 2013). We apply
this heightened standard of review to promote finality when the petitioner has had previous
opportunities for judicial review. See In re Pers. Restraint of Coats, 173 Wn.2d 123, 132, 267
P. 3d 324 ( 2011) ( heightened standard); In re Pers. Restraint ofIsadore, 151 Wn.2d 294, 299, 88
P. 3d 390 ( 2004) ( no prior opportunity for review).
But when, as is the case in. an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, the
petitioner has not had a previous opportunity to obtain judicial review, this heightened standard
does not apply. Coats, 173 Wn.2d at 132; Isadore, 151 Wn.2d at 299. "[ A] criminal defendant
has a right to have effective assistance of counsel on his first appeal of right," and a defendant' s
first opportunity to raise an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim is often on collateral
review. In re Pers. Restraint of Dalluge, 152 Wn. 2d 772, 787, 100 P. 3d 279 ( 2004). To prevail
on such a claim, a petitioner must show that ( 1) the legal issue appellate counsel failed to raise had
merit, and (2) petitioner was actually prejudiced by the failure to raise or adequately raise the issue.
Dalluge, 152 Wn.2d at 787. A petitioner can show that he was actually prejudiced in this context
if he can show that there is a reasonable probability that but for his appellate counsel' s
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No. 45163- 8
unreasonable failure to raise the issue, he would have prevailed on his appeal. Dalluge, 152 Wn.2d
at 787- 88.
II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF APPELLATE COUNSEL FOR FAILING TO RAISE PROSECUTORIAL
MISCONDUCT
Parker first argues that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct when it (1) appealed
to the jury' s passion and prejudice, ( 2) improperly commented on Parker' s right to trial and right
to confront witnesses by telling the jury that A.W. had.been forced to relive the incident because
she had been forced to tell her story over and over and forced to tell the story to the jury, and ( 3)
shifted the burden of proof to Parker by arguing that it was no longer reasonable to doubt Parker' s
guilt. He also argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise these
prosecutorial misconduct claims on direct appeal. We agree that appellate counsel was ineffective
for failing to raise the appeal to passion and prejudice prosecutorial misconduct claim on direct
appeal.
A. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT STANDARDS
To succeed on this ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, Parker must show that
his prosecutorial misconduct claim had merit. Dalluge, 152 Wn.2d at 787. To establish
prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument, Parker must first establish that the argument at
issue was improper. State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 755, 278 P. 3d 653 ( 2012). If he meets this
burden, we must then determine whether the improper statements were prejudicial. Emery,
174 Wn.2d at 755. Prejudice exists when there is a substantial likelihood that the misconduct
affected the verdict. Id. at 760- 61. We review a prosecutor' s remarks during closing argument in
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No. 45163- 8
the context of the total argument, the issues in the case, the evidence addressed in the argument,
and the jury instructions. State v. Dhaliwal, 150 Wn.2d 559, 578, 79 P. 3d 432 ( 2003).
B. IMPROPER ARGUMENT
Parker first argues that the State' s repeated characterization of the incident as a " waking
nightmare" and repeated request that the jury. "imagine [ A.W.' s] terror" during the incident
amounted to an improper appeal to the jury' s passion and prejudice. Br. in Support of PRP ( PRP)
at 22- 23, 25. Parker objected to these references on the same grounds. We agree with Parker that
the repeated invitations to the jurors to " imagine [ A.W.' s] terror" were improper when we consider
the State' s argument as a whole.
The State has wide latitude in closing argument to the jury and may draw reasonable
inferences from the evidence. State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 448, 258 P. 3d 43 ( 2011). An
appeal to the jury' s " passion and prejudice" through use of inflammatory rhetoric, however, is
misconduct. State v. Belgarde, 110 Wn.2d 504, 507- 08, 755 P. 2d 174 ( 1988).
Parker relies on State v. Claflin, 38 Wn. App. 847, 850- 52, 690 P. 2d 1186 ( 1984), for the
premise that it is serious misconduct for the State to tell the jurors to place themselves in the
victim' s position and " exhort them to decide the case based on the resulting passions and
prejudices." PRP at 25. The State argues that the argument here was not a bare appeal to passion
and prejudice, as was the case in Claflin, but, rather references to the heinous nature of the crimes
and their effect on the victim, which is proper argument.
In Claflin, the State, over Claflin' s objection, " read a poem by an anonymous rape victim
to show ` most poignantly' how one of Claflin' s victims ` probably felt."' Claflin, 38 Wn. App.
at 849.. On appeal, Claflin, who had been convicted of rape and indecent liberties perpetrated
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No. 45163- 8
against two young girls, argued that the State' s closing argument appealed to the jurors' passions
and prejudices and assumed facts not in evidence. Id. at 849. We agreed, stating that "[ i] n such
an emotionally charged trial, the use of a poem utilizing vivid and highly inflammatory imagery
in describing rape' s emotional effect on its victims was nothing but an appeal to the jury' s passion
and prejudice." Id. at 850- 51 ( citing State v. Stacy, 355 S. W.2d 377, 380- 81 ( Mo. 1962)). We
also determined that the poem contained several prejudicial allusions to matters outside of the
evidence presented at trial and held that the reading of the poem was so prejudicial it could not
have been cured. Claflin, 38 Wn. App. at 851. We acknowledged, however, that a reference to
the heinous nature of a crime and its effect on the victim can be proper argument if it does not
appeal to the passion and prejudice of the jury. Id. at 849- 50.
Although the State' s argument here was not as egregious as the improper argument ,in
Claflin, the State' s invitations to the jurors to " imagine her terror" were not just references to the
nature of the crime or its effect on A.W.; they amounted to an appeal to the jurors' passions and
prejudices. 8 RP at 671- 72. Asking the jurors to " imagine her terror" in " not knowing whether
she was going to live or die, not knowing where she was going to be taken, not knowing whether
or not she would ever she her friends or family ever again," and to " imagine her terror sitting there
next to naked in this empty field, nowhere to run, nobody to help, no phone to call for help," served
no purpose other than to evoke the jurors' sympathies for A.W. and arouse their prejudices against
Parker. 8 RP at 671- 72. Even though the State argued that the horrific nature of the experience
could explain some inconsistencies between A.W.' s statements and her testimony, the State did
not make such an argument until much later in its closing, and it never tied that argument to the
argument at issue here.
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No. 45163- 8
Furthermore, the State' s later ( 1) emphasis on how traumatic it was for A.W. to essentially
relive the incident every time she talked to someone about it and when she testified at trial, ( 2)
argument that justice was also due the " accuser," and ( 3) reference to what A.W. had " suffered at
this man' s hands and what she suffered on [ the] stand" to " carry a truth" to the jury, although
arguably not improper arguments in their own right, contributed to this error. These arguments
magnified the State' s argument appealing to the jury' s passion and prejudice by repeatedly
the jurors' to the emotionally devastating aspects of this incident. 8 RP at 712,
drawing attention
779- 80. Accordingly, we hold that this argument was improper.
C. SUBSTANTIAL LIKELIHOOD MISCONDUCT AFFECTED THE VERDICT
If Parker can show that we would have found this error prejudicial and reversed his
convictions on direct appeal, he is entitled to collateral relief based on ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel. Because Parker objected to this argument, he would have been able to establish
prejudice on direct appeal if he could show that there is a substantial likelihood that the misconduct
affected the verdict. Emery, 174 Wn.2d at 760. We hold that there was such a likelihood here.
This case ultimately came down to A.W.' s credibility. In cases in which credibility
determinations are key, there is a substantial risk that the jury' s verdict could be affected by an
improper appeal to the jury' s emotions. See State v. Padilla, 69 Wn. App. 295, 302, 846 P.2d 564
1993) ( in a swearing contest, the likelihood improper questioning about another witness' s veracity
affected the verdict is substantial). Parker acknowledged in closing argument that the evidence
was sufficient to establish a robbery when he asked the jury to convict him of the lesser second
degree robbery offense. He did not, however, acknowledge that ,he had kidnapped A.W. or
committed first degree robbery by robbing her with a deadly weapon. All of the evidence related
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No. 45163- 8
to the kidnapping and much of the evidence regarding whether Parker used a knife was based on
A.W.' s statements to others and her testimony, so the jury' s credibility determinations were vital.
Given this, we hold that there was a substantial likelihood that the misconduct affected the verdict
and if appellate counsel had raised this claim on direct appeal, we would have found prosecutorial.
misconduct. Thus, Parker was prejudiced because he would have prevailed had the challenge been
raised in his direct appeal. Accordingly, Parker has shown that he received ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel on this ground.
Accordingly, we grant this petition, reverse the convictions, and remand for further
proceedings. Because we grant the petition on this ground, we do not reach any of the other issues
because they can either be addressed on remand or may not reoccur.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2. 06. 040,
it is so ordered.
w
SUTTON, J.
We concur:
R
B? ; RC-, , A.C T
L E, J.
16