Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 21, 2015.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-14-00176-CR
BIJON TAYLOR, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 185th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1385844
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Bijon Taylor was convicted by a jury of assault of a person with
whom he had a dating relationship. Appellant pleaded “true” to two felony
enhancements and the trial court sentenced him to thirty years in prison. In several
issues, appellant contends that (1) the evidence is insufficient to support his
conviction; (2) the trial court erred by denying his motion for mistrial; (3) the trial
court erred by overruling his hearsay objections; and (4) the trial court erred by
overruling his objection to language in the jury charge. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On April 29, 2013, the complainant Alicia Polk and appellant, her boyfriend
of several months, began arguing at home. The verbal altercation turned physical.
Appellant grabbed the complainant around the throat and choked her until her body
went limp and she fell to the ground. While choking her, appellant threatened to
kill her. The complainant ran to the door attempting to leave, but appellant again
threatened her. The complainant eventually got out of the house and went to a
neighbor’s house where she called the police. Appellant fled the scene in the
complainant’s vehicle and took her cell phone. Officer Curtis Jones arrived at the
scene to investigate, but no charges were filed against appellant.
Appellant returned to the complainant’s house later that evening at
approximately 9:00 p.m. While the complainant’s three children were watching
television in the front living room, appellant began knocking loudly on the front
door. Appellant then kicked in the door and began shouting and cursing at the
children, asking for the complainant. Once the complainant appeared from the back
bedroom, appellant cursed at her and accused her of calling the police about the
earlier assault. He then punched the complainant in the face with a closed fist. The
complainant’s children witnessed the punch and saw their mother fall to the
ground.
Immediately after the assault, the complainant’s two eldest children ran
outside to ask for help. Appellant followed the children outside, cursing at them
and threatening them. The complainant’s daughter then asked a neighbor to call the
police because her mother had been punched. Appellant again fled the scene in the
complainant’s vehicle and took her cell phone.
Deputy Raymond Lomelo arrived at the scene at approximately 9:40 p.m. At
trial, he testified that he saw swelling on the complainant’s face, cuts on the left
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side of her nose, blood around her nose, and a cracked tooth. During his
investigation at the scene, Deputy Lomelo twice dialed the complainant’s cell
phone number in an attempt to contact appellant. Appellant answered both phone
calls. Deputy Lomelo asked appellant to return to the scene so that he could
complete a full investigation, but appellant refused. Shortly thereafter, the
complainant’s son’s cell phone rang and the complainant answered and placed the
call on speakerphone. Appellant again threatened the complainant and her family
for having called the police. Deputy Lomelo overheard appellant’s remarks and
indicated his presence to appellant. Appellant cursed and hung up the phone.
Appellant was indicted for the felony offense of assault of a person with
whom he had a dating relationship, second offense. Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1);
Id. § 22.01(b)(2)(A). Appellant pleaded not guilty to the indictment. On January
30, 2014, a jury found appellant guilty as charged in the indictment. At the
punishment stage, appellant pleaded “true” to the State’s punishment enhancement
allegations and the trial court sentenced appellant to thirty years in prison.
ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
In four issues, appellant contends that (1) the evidence is insufficient to
support his conviction because the State failed to prove that the complainant
suffered bodily injury as a result of appellant’s conduct; (2) the trial court erred by
denying his motion for mistrial because the State’s witness introduced
impermissible character evidence by implying that appellant had a criminal
history; (3) the trial court erred by allowing the State to introduce inadmissible
hearsay evidence that an unidentifiable male spoke on the telephone with the
officer; and (4) the trial court erred by overruling his objection to language in the
jury charge because the language therein impermissibly commented on the weight
of the evidence and invalidated his presumption of innocence.
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I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to
support his conviction for assault of a person with whom he had a dating
relationship because the State failed to prove that his conduct caused the
complainant bodily injury.
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine all of the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on
that evidence and any reasonable inferences from it, a rational factfinder could
have found the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State,
340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 318–19 (1979)); see also Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010). The jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and the
weight of the evidence. See Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010). Therefore, we do not engage in a second evaluation of the weight and
credibility of the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Id.
A person commits the offense of assault if he intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly causes bodily injury to another. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1). An
assault is a third-degree felony if (1) it was “committed against . . . a person whose
relationship to or association with the defendant is described by Section
71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005” of the Texas Family Code, and (2) the defendant
had been previously convicted of assault “against a person whose relationship to or
association with the defendant is described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or
71.005” of the Texas Family Code. Id. § 22.01(b)(2)(A). Bodily injury is defined
as “physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.” Tex. Penal
Code § 1.07(a)(8).
Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient because the State’s
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witnesses could not testify definitively as to what part of the complainant’s body
was struck. Appellant further argues that the evidence is insufficient because no
medical records were admitted into evidence.
Direct evidence that the complainant suffered pain is sufficient to show
bodily injury. Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The
complainant testified that appellant punched the left side of her face with his closed
fist, causing her to fall to the ground, bleed from her nose, and feel physical pain.
She explained that appellant’s punch resulted in a cracked tooth and that she later
sought medical attention for it. The complainant’s testimony is sufficient to
support the jury’s finding that appellant caused the complainant’s bodily injury.
See Shah v. State, 403 S.W.3d 29, 35 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet.
ref’d) (holding that victim’s testimony that he bled from the bridge of his nose
after defendant head-butted him was sufficient to support jury’s finding that
defendant’s conduct resulted in bodily injury); see also Letson v. State, 805 S.W.2d
801, 806–807 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no pet.) (providing that
victim’s testimony that defendant kicked him “pretty hard” in the groin and caused
a sharp pain was sufficient to show bodily injury).
The jury also heard testimony from the complainant’s two eldest children
that corroborated the complainant’s description of the assault. The complainant’s
fifteen-year-old daughter testified that she was near the kitchen when she saw
appellant punch her mother and that her mother fell to the ground as a result. The
complainant’s twelve-year-old son explained that when appellant kicked open the
door to enter the house he followed appellant to the back of the house. He
described how appellant hit his mother and caused her to fall to the ground. Both
children saw and described the injuries their mother sustained from appellant’s
punch: swelling, scratches, blood around her nose, and a cracked tooth.
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The officer who arrived on the scene also testified in front of the jury.
Deputy Lomelo explained that he saw the complainant’s injuries when he arrived.
He then took photos of the injuries and made a police report based upon his
findings. The jury had the opportunity to view these photos at trial. See Arzaga v.
State, 86 S.W.3d 767, 778–780 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2002, no pet.) (providing that
the State proved bodily injury by showing photos of victim’s mouth as evidence of
defendant striking the victim in the face with his fist).
The testimony of the complainant and her children, coupled with Deputy
Lomelo’s report and photos, was sufficient to allow a rational factfinder to
conclude that appellant caused the complainant bodily injury. Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational factfinder could have
found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the offense of assault
against a person with whom he had a dating relationship. Accordingly, we
conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to support appellant’s conviction.
We overrule appellant’s first issue.
II. Motion for Mistrial
In his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying
his motion for mistrial because the State’s witness introduced impermissible
character evidence by implying that appellant had a criminal history. Specifically,
appellant argues that his motion for mistrial should have been granted after Deputy
Lomelo stated that appellant’s personal information was in the “JIMS system.”1
The denial of a motion for mistrial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, considering only those
1
The “JIMS system” is an abbreviation for the Justice Information Management System.
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arguments before the court at the time of the ruling. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d
880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The ruling must be upheld if it was within the
zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
While conducting his direct examination, the prosecutor asked Deputy
Lomelo if he put the phonetic spelling of appellant’s name in his police report. In
response, Deputy Lomelo stated, “I put my understanding of the word. I think I
found the — that name in our JIMS system.” The defense counsel immediately
asked to approach the bench. Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel
requested a mistrial, arguing that Deputy Lomelo had injected impermissible
character evidence, implying that appellant had a criminal history, and no
instruction to disregard would cure the error. The trial court denied the motion for
mistrial. When the jury was brought back into the courtroom, the prosecutor asked
Deputy Lomelo three questions and the judge then stated, “Ladies and gentleman,
immediately before the break, there was an answer that was given to a question.
Disregard that answer. Do not consider it for any purpose.”
A mistrial is an appropriate remedy in “extreme circumstances” for a narrow
class of highly prejudicial and incurable errors. Id. A mistrial halts trial
proceedings when the error is so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and
expense would be wasteful and futile. Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567. Whether an error
requires a mistrial must be determined by the particular facts of the case. Id.
Generally, any error resulting from improper testimony is cured by an
instruction to disregard the same except in extreme cases where it appears that the
impropriety is clearly calculated to inflame the minds of the jury and is of such a
character as to suggest the impossibility of withdrawing the impression produced
on their minds. McKay v. State, 707 S.W.2d 23, 36 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). In
most instances, an instruction to disregard the remarks will cure the error. Hudson
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v. State, 179 S.W.3d 731, 738 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
We also consider whether the prosecutor solicited the improper testimony, and
whether the jury heard similar evidence, as factors in determining whether the trial
court erred in denying a motion for mistrial. See id.
We cannot say that Deputy Lomelo’s remark was so offensive or flagrant as
to warrant the extreme remedy of a mistrial. Nor was the remark so offensive or
flagrant that the trial court’s instruction to the jury to disregard was insufficient to
cure any error. See Tennard v. State, 802 S.W.2d 678, 684–85 (Tex. Crim. App.
1990) (providing that any possible error after witness referred to the defendant’s
prior prison time was cured by trial court’s instruction to disregard); Barney v.
State, 698 S.W.2d 114, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (stating that a reference to
appellant’s status as an “ex-con” was sufficiently cured by trial court’s instruction
to disregard the reference). After Deputy Lomelo mentioned that he found
appellant’s personal information in the “JIMS system,” defense counsel
immediately asked to approach the bench. The jury was removed from the
courtroom and upon returning, the trial court promptly instructed the jury to
disregard Deputy Lomelo’s remark. We presume that the jury followed the trial
court’s instruction to disregard. See Hinojosa v. State, 4 S.W.3d 240, 253 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1999). Although Deputy Lomelo mentioned that appellant’s personal
information was in the JIMS system, his testimony was immediately cut off by the
defense counsel. Deputy Lomelo did not explain what JIMS stood for, nor did he
reveal that it contained a record of criminal histories. After Deputy Lomelo’s
testimony, JIMS was never mentioned again at trial.
Further, there is no evidence that the prosecutor intentionally solicited the
remark. The prosecutor asked Deputy Lomelo whether he “put in the report the
phonetic spelling of what [he] heard” and Deputy Lomelo stated that he confirmed
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the spelling by finding it in the JIMS system. Moreover, the jury did not need to
consider Deputy Lomelo’s answer for any reason. The jury heard similar evidence
that appellant had a prior conviction for assault and understood that he had a
criminal history. When the prosecutor read the indictment to the jury, he stated that
appellant had previously been convicted of assault of a family member. Thus,
Deputy Lomelo’s JIMS remark did not provide the jury with any new information.
See Herrero v. State, 124 S.W.3d 827, 836–37 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2003, no pet.). For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by denying appellant’s motion for mistrial.
We overrule appellant’s second issue.
III. Admission of Phone Calls with Appellant
In his third issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by overruling
his objections and allowing Deputy Lomelo to discuss three phone conversations
he had with appellant because Deputy Lomelo could not verify that the voice on
the phone was appellant.
A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. Torres v. State, 71 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
The ruling must be upheld if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
At trial, Deputy Lomelo testified that while he was at the scene he twice
dialed the complainant’s cell phone number in an attempt to contact appellant. The
complainant provided Deputy Lomelo with her cell phone number because
appellant had taken her phone. Deputy Lomelo explained that a male voice
answered both phone calls. On the first phone call, the speaker identified himself
as Bijon Taylor. Deputy Lomelo asked appellant to come back to the scene so that
he could hear his version of the events. Deputy Lomelo also asked him about the
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complainant’s car. Appellant refused to return to the scene and said the vehicle was
in his name and that he paid for it. Deputy Lomelo stated that he had a second
conversation with the male, in which Deputy Lomelo again encouraged him to
return to the scene. The male refused and stated that he was not going to come
back and “was not even going to be in the state.” Deputy Lomelo stated that
appellant became very aggressive and started cursing.
Deputy Lomelo then testified as to a third phone call, in which the
complainant’s son’s cell phone rang. The complainant answered her son’s phone,
placed the call on speakerphone, and indicated to Deputy Lomelo that the caller
was appellant. The male speaker threatened the complainant and her family for
having called the police about the assault. Deputy Lomelo opined that all three
phone conversations were with the same male voice and that based on the phone
calls, he had the requisite information needed to file charges against the appellant.
Throughout Deputy Lomelo’s entire line of questioning regarding these
phone calls, defense counsel made several hearsay objections, arguing that the
officer had no personal knowledge of the voice on the phone calls. The trial court
overruled defense counsel’s objections.
Rule 901 of the Texas Rules of Evidence governs the authentication and
admissibility of electronic recording evidence. Rule 901(a) provides that “[t]o
satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the
proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is
what the proponent claims it is.” Tex. R. Evid. 901(a); See Angleton v. State, 971
S.W.2d 65, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Subsection (b) provides a nonexclusive list
of examples of ways evidence can be authenticated to conform to the requirements
of Rule 901, including evidence about a telephone conversation with “a particular
person, if circumstances, including self-identification, show that the person
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answering was the one called.” Tex. R. Evid. 901(b)(6)(A). The identity of a
telephone caller also may be established by self-identification of the caller coupled
with additional evidence such as the context and timing of the telephone call, the
contents of the statement challenged, internal patterns and other distinctive
characteristics, and disclosure of knowledge and facts known peculiarly to the
caller. Mosley v. State, 355 S.W.3d 59, 69 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010,
pet. ref’d); see Tex. R. Evid. 901(b)(4), (5) & (6).
Deputy Lomelo testified that the person on the first phone call identified
himself as appellant Bijon Taylor. Appellant also continued to disclose information
that was specific to the circumstances of the offense: he threatened the complainant
and her family for having called the police about the assault and he refused to
return to the complainant’s house. Further, the complainant confirmed that
appellant was the male speaker. The cell phone conversations all occurred within a
few hours of the assault.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Deputy Lomelo’s
testimony. The context and timing of the phone calls, self-identification, and
disclosure of knowledge and facts known peculiarly to the caller provided the trial
court with sufficient evidence to establish that the male voice on the telephone was
appellant’s. See Mosley, 355 S.W.3d at 69 (providing that evidence regarding a
phone call was admissible where witness testified that person on speakerphone
identified herself); Manemann v. State, 878 S.W.2d 334, 338–39 (Tex. App—
Austin 1994, pet ref’d) (holding that evidence regarding phone call was admissible
because caller identified himself as the defendant, used a “characteristic pattern of
obscene language,” and call was made immediately after defendant was released
from custody).
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
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overruling appellant’s hearsay objections and admitting Deputy Lomelo’s
testimony.
We overrule appellant’s third issue.
IV. Jury Charge
In his fourth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by overruling
his objection to language in the jury charge. Appellant argues that the language
“guilt or lack thereof” impermissibly commented on the weight of evidence and
invalidated his presumption of innocence.
We review jury charge error by a two-step process. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d
738, 744 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). First, we determine whether error exists in the
jury charge. Id. Second, we determine whether sufficient harm was caused by the
error to require reversal. Id. The degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on
whether the appellant preserved the error by objection. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d
166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). When, as here, error in the charge is preserved
for review, reversal is required if the error caused “some harm.” Almanza v. State,
686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); see also Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171.
A review of the complained-of language in the context of the entire charge
reveals that the trial court properly instructed the jury that the State had to prove
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and that appellant was presumed to be innocent.
The portion in the court’s charge to which appellant objected instructed the jury
that its “sole duty at this time is to determine the guilt or lack thereof of the
defendant under the indictment in this cause and restrict your deliberations solely
to the issue of guilt or lack thereof of the defendant.” This language followed
several paragraphs in the charge that instructed the jury on appellant’s presumption
of innocence and the State’s requirement to prove every element of the offense
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beyond a reasonable doubt. This court has previously held that similar language in
the charge was errorless. See Avila v. State, 15 S.W.3d 568, 575–77 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (providing that jury charge restricting
deliberations “solely to the issue of guilt or innocence of the defendant” was
errorless and harmless); see also Barnes v. State, 855 S.W.2d 173, 175 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d) (holding that jury instruction
informing jurors that their “sole duty at this time is to determine the guilt or
innocence of the defendant under the indictment” was appropriate). We conclude
that the trial court did not err by overruling appellant’s objection to the language in
the jury charge.
We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.
CONCLUSION
We overrule appellant’s issues and affirm the jury’s verdict.
/s/ Ken Wise
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Donovan, and Wise.
Do Not Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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