Filed 7/24/15 P. v. Tittle CA2/1
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE, B253135
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. TA126434)
v.
TYRONE TITTLE et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Eleanor
J. Hunter, Judge. Judgment affirmed as modified.
John F. Schuck, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Tyrone Tittle.
Christine C. Shaver, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Kevin Jackson.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney
General, Linda C. Johnson and Theresa A. Patterson, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
______
Tyrone Tittle and Kevin Jackson appeal from their convictions and sentences on
charges of attempted murder, shooting at an inhabited dwelling, and related offenses. In
an opinion filed on February 17, 2015 and modified on March 3, 2015, we corrected a
clerical error and agreed with the defendants that the court erred in imposing sentence
enhancements for prior serious felonies on counts that were not statutorily defined as
serious felonies. We rejected an argument by Tittle that the trial court erred by adding
prior prison term enhancements to the determinate sentences on each of two counts; these
enhancements, he argued, should have been imposed only once. On June 15, 2015, the
Supreme Court granted Tittle’s petition for review and transferred the matter to this court
with directions to vacate our decision and to reconsider the cause in light of People v.
Sasser (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1 (Sasser), a case decided after our opinion was filed. We have
done so and, based on Sasser, conclude that the prior prison term enhancement must be
added to the aggregate sentence once, not to each determinate sentence. We modify the
judgment accordingly.
BACKGROUND
The amended information charged Tittle and Jackson with one count of
attempted willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder under Penal Code section 187,
subdivision (a), and section 664 (count 1) and one count of shooting at an inhabited
dwelling under Penal Code section 246 (count 2).1 It charged each defendant with one
count of possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of subdivision (a)(1) of
section 29800 (count 3 as to Jackson and count 4 as to Tittle).2 It further charged Tittle
with one count of attempting to elude a pursuing peace officer with willful or wanton
disregard for the safety of persons or property, in violation of subdivision (a) of
Vehicle Code section 2800.2 (count 5). It also included firearm use enhancements
pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivisions (b), (c), (d), and (e)(1), gang enhancements
1
All subsequent statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.
2
Apparently because of a typographical error, counts 3 and 4 of the amended
information refer to section 22900 instead of section 29800. (See also Part VI, post.)
2
pursuant to section 186.22, and various prior conviction and prior prison term
enhancements.
Both defendants pleaded not guilty and denied all allegations. The prior
convictions allegations were bifurcated, and the charges were tried to a jury. The jury
found Tittle and Jackson guilty on all counts and found as to both defendants that the
attempted murder in count 1 was willful, premeditated, and deliberate. Also as to
count 1, the jury found true the allegations that Jackson personally used and personally
and intentionally discharged a handgun within the meaning of section 12022.53,
subdivisions (b) and (c). The jury was unable to reach a verdict as to the other special
allegations. The prior conviction allegations were tried to the court, which found them
true.
The court sentenced Tittle to an indeterminate term of 21 years to life plus
a consecutive determinate term of 21 years 4 months, calculated as follows:
an indeterminate term of 21 years to life on count 1 (7 years to life, doubled for a prior
strike, plus 5 years for a prior serious felony, plus 2 years for two prior prison terms);
plus a determinate term of 13 years on count 4 (the upper term of 3 years, doubled for a
prior strike, plus 5 years for a prior serious felony; plus 2 years for two prior prison
terms); plus a determinate term of 8 years 4 months on count 5 (1 year 4 months, plus
5 years for a prior serious felony, plus 2 years for two prior prison terms). The court also
imposed a 7-year sentence for count 2 but stayed it pursuant to section 654. The court
imposed various statutory fines and fees, ordered Tittle to provide DNA samples, and
credited him with 268 days of presentence custody (234 days actual time and 23 days
good time/work time).
The court sentenced Jackson to an indeterminate term of 41 years to life plus a
consecutive determinate term of 13 years, calculated as follows: an indeterminate term of
41 years to life on count 1 (7 years to life, doubled for a prior strike, plus 20 years for the
firearm enhancement, plus 5 years for a prior strike, plus 2 years for two prior prison
terms); plus a determinate term of 13 years on count 3 (upper term of 3 years, doubled for
a prior strike, plus 5 years for a prior serious felony; plus 2 years for two prior prison
3
terms). The court also imposed a 7-year sentence for count 2 but stayed it pursuant to
section 654. The court imposed various statutory fines and fees, ordered Jackson to
provide DNA samples, and credited him with 380 days of presentence custody (335 days
actual time and 45 days good time/work time).
The evidence introduced at trial showed the following facts: On January 1, 2013,
Dachia Jackson was attending a birthday celebration for her mother at her grandmother’s
house. There were about 30 or 40 people attending the celebration, including children
playing outside in front and in back.
At approximately 4:00 p.m., a silver Mitsubishi SUV arrived. Tittle was the
driver, Jackson was in the front passenger seat, and there were two other young men in
the car. Tittle’s mother testified that earlier in the day, Tittle, Jackson, and two other
young men were using her silver Mitsubishi SUV to help her move to a new residence.
She was following them in another car but lost them when she stopped at a red light, and
she did not see her SUV again until she picked it up at the impound lot several days later.
Jackson got out of the car and was holding a gun in his hand. Two of the people
attending the party (one was Jackson’s cousin; the other had grown up with Jackson)
confronted Jackson and asked him to leave. Jackson got back in the SUV, which then
drove away.
The SUV returned a few minutes later, with Tittle still driving. Jackson got
out and fired multiple shots toward the yard, wounding one person in the leg. A
witness testified that just before Jackson started shooting, Tittle said to him, “Spray
everything.” Another witness testified that she observed the driver of the SUV holding a
rifle but did not see it fired.
After one of the witnesses called 911, police officers responded to the scene of
the shooting and then broadcast by radio a description of the suspects and the SUV.
Other officers, who were on their way to respond to the 911 call, then heard the
description and spotted a silver SUV matching it. The officers followed, activated the
patrol car’s lights and siren, and attempted to pull over the SUV, but the SUV sped away.
4
In the course of the chase, the SUV ran two red lights and was going approximately
60 miles per hour in a 35 mile per hour zone.
The SUV eventually crashed, and its occupants scattered. Three of them were
detained near the scene of the crash, but the fourth (Tittle) was not arrested until
April 2013. Officers searched the SUV after the crash and found a rifle and a
submachine gun on the floor in the back seat.
DISCUSSION
I. Wheeler/Batson Motion
During jury selection, Tittle and Jackson jointly objected on the basis of Batson v.
Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 (Batson) and People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258
(Wheeler) to the prosecution’s peremptory dismissal of three African-American
prospective jurors, numbers 15, 22, and 36. The trial court denied the motion. Tittle and
Jackson argue that the court erred, but we are not persuaded.
When asked whether his experience of growing up and living in Compton
“would cause any problems,” prospective juror number 15 answered, “Yeah, it could be.”
When asked in what way it might cause problems, he referred to “some people that did
some shooting and they got some time that I didn’t think was fair.” The court then
informed him that the jury is not involved in sentencing and must, if convinced of the
defendant’s guilt, return a guilty verdict, regardless of what the sentence might be. But
when the court asked him, “Could you do that?” He answered, “I can try.” When
repeatedly asked essentially the same question—whether he could put aside his
misgivings about sentencing and return a guilty verdict if convinced of guilt on the basis
of the evidence—he repeatedly gave similarly equivocal answers: “I don’t know. I said I
could try.” “Possible. I don’t know. I mean, I guess. I guess I can be fair.” “I don’t
know. I don’t know.” Finally, the court asked, “You might just say ‘not guilty,’ even
though you think they’re guilty because you’re worried about punishment?” Prospective
juror number 15 answered, “Possibly.” The prosecution later asked that prospective juror
number 15 be removed for cause, but the court denied the request. The prosecutor then
exercised a peremptory challenge to prospective juror number 15.
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Prospective juror number 22 had a brother who was a sheriff’s deputy and also
had extended family members who were gang members. When another prospective juror
said that “the criminal justice system, in general, is a fair one,” and that “it’s probably the
fairest system that we have in the world,” the prosecutor asked if anyone disagreed.
Prospective juror number 22 was the only one who spoke up, stating, “I mean, I feel it—
it’s still—we have a great system, but I think it could be a lot better.” Upon further
questioning, he added that he believed that “[a] lot of times it seems like outside forces
are determining outcomes of cases,” and when asked to identify such outside forces, he
mentioned “the media.” The prosecutor exercised a peremptory challenge to prospective
juror number 22.
Prospective juror number 36 was a pastor whose younger brother was murdered in
gang violence. As a pastor, he counsels young men to try to steer them away from gangs
“all the time,” and on the day of voir dire, if he had not been on jury duty, he would have
been appearing as “a character witness for a young man who is about 22 years old who
was in court.” He has also performed funeral services for gang members. When asked
again about his counseling of young people, he said, “One of the issues that I deal with
on a weekly basis is both—young men that I believe are innocent who are being arrested
and thrown in prison, and most of the time they’re pleading cases. [¶] I have one young
man, just recently they gave him two years. He’s 21 years old. But they were trying to
give him seven years. So he pled guilty to something he didn’t do, but he was so afraid.”
The prosecutor then asked, “Do you find yourself taking an advocacy role in court?
I guess you said you serve as a character reference from time to time?” Prospective juror
number 36 answered, “I do.” He further explained, “Typically, it’s pretrial, that I write a
lot of letters of—character reference letters.” The prosecutor exercised a peremptory
challenge to prospective juror number 36.
6
The following day, defendants made a joint motion under Batson and Wheeler,
contending that they were being deprived of a “fair and impartial jury” because the
prosecutor had excluded prospective jurors numbers 15, 22, and 36 on the basis of their
race. The court concluded that “there’s a prima faci[e] case that has been made” and
asked the prosecutor to state his reasons for excusing those prospective jurors. As to
prospective juror number 15, the prosecutor mentioned, among other things, his
expression of doubt about whether he could be fair and his reference to people he knew
who were “incarcerated for a shooting.” As to prospective juror number 36, the
prosecutor his “close connections with gang members,” his statement that he “had acted
basically as an advocate for gang members,” and his description of “what he perceived as
injustices in the criminal justice system,” such as innocent young men pleading guilty out
of fear. As to prospective juror number 22, the prosecutor said that “he was the only
juror to volunteer any feeling that the system was unfair. So that was why I struck him.”
The trial court denied defendants’ motion, concluding that the prosecutor had
articulated a race-neutral basis for excluding each of those three prospective jurors. The
court also mentioned, with respect to prospective juror number 22, that prospective juror
number 27 had expressed a similar belief that the criminal justice system is not fair, and
the prosecutor had excused him as well. Prospective juror number 27 was a Caucasian
male physician.
“The United States Supreme Court has given this explanation of the process
required when a party claims that an opponent has improperly discriminated in the
exercise of peremptory challenges: ‘[O]nce the opponent of a peremptory challenge has
made out a prima facie case of racial discrimination (step one), the burden of production
shifts to the proponent of the strike to come forward with a race-neutral explanation
(step two). If a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then decide
(step three) whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial
discrimination.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Silva (2001) 25 Cal.4th 345, 384 (Silva).) The
court’s evaluation, at step three, of the genuineness of the prosecution’s race-neutral
explanation is generally entitled to “great deference” (People v. Fuentes (1991) 54 Cal.3d
7
707, 720), but only if “the trial court has made a sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate
each stated reason as applied to each challenged juror.” (Silva, supra, 25 Cal.4th at
p. 386.) “[W]hen the prosecutor’s stated reasons are either unsupported by the record,
inherently implausible, or both,” the trial court must do more than make “a global finding
that the reasons appear sufficient.” (Ibid.) But “[w]hen the prosecutor’s stated reasons
are both inherently plausible and supported by the record, the trial court need not
question the prosecutor or make detailed findings.” (Ibid.)
The prosecutor’s stated reasons were both inherently plausible and supported by
the record. Prospective juror number 15 repeatedly expressed uncertainty about whether
he could put considerations of sentencing aside and vote for a guilty verdict even if
he was convinced that the elements had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Prospective juror number 22 was the only prospective juror who (during the relevant
portion of voir dire) expressed the disagreement with the view that the criminal justice
system is fair. Prospective juror number 36 also expressed concerns about injustices in
the criminal justice system and had acted as an advocate for gang members. Because all
of those reasons are inherently plausible and supported by the record, we defer to the trial
court’s determination that the prosecutor’s race-neutral explanations were genuine. We
therefore must reject appellants’ challenge to the ruling on their Wheeler/Batson motion.
II. Lack of Instruction on Grossly Negligent Discharge of a Firearm
Appellants argue that, as to count 2, the trial court had a duty to instruct the jury
on grossly negligent discharge of a firearm, which is a lesser included offense of shooting
at an inhabited dwelling (People v. Ramirez (2009) 45 Cal.4th 980, 990). We disagree.
“‘[T]he sua sponte duty to instruct on a lesser included offense arises if there is
substantial evidence the defendant is guilty of the lesser offense, but not the charged
offense.’” (People v. Moye (2009) 47 Cal.4th 537, 556, quoting People v. Breverman
(1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 177.) The elements of a violation of section 246 (shooting at an
inhabited dwelling) are “(1) acting willfully and maliciously, and (2) shooting at an
inhabited house.” (Ramirez, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 985.) The elements of a violation of
subdivision (a) of section 246.3 are “‘(1) the defendant unlawfully discharged a firearm;
8
(2) the defendant did so intentionally; (3) the defendant did so in a grossly negligent
manner which could result in the injury or death of a person.’ [Citation.]” (Ramirez,
supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 986.)
Appellants quote Ramirez for the proposition that “‘[s]ection 246.3 was enacted
primarily to deter the dangerous practice that exists in some communities of discharging
firearms into the air in celebration of festive occasions . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Ramirez,
supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 987.) Appellants then argue that, at the scene of the charged
shooting, “there was a celebration underway at the house” and because Jackson was
“drunk,” the jury could reasonably infer that he “was in a celebratory mood.” They also
note that one witness stated that “Jackson first fired rounds into the air.” In view of the
initial shots fired into the air, the celebration, and Jackson’s intoxication and putative
celebratory mood, appellants infer that the jury could have convicted him of violating
section 246.3 but not section 246.
We are not persuaded. It does not matter whether there was a celebration in the
house or whether Jackson was in a celebratory mood. The issue is whether the record
contains substantial evidence from which a jury could infer that Jackson committed the
crime of grossly negligent discharge of a firearm but did not commit the crime of
shooting at an inhabited dwelling. It does not. There is no evidence that Jackson fired
the gun but not at the house. Nor is there evidence that he fired at the house but it was
not inhabited. Rather, the evidence showed that he fired multiple shots at the house
where Dachia Jackson’s grandmother lived. Numerous people were present both inside
and outside at the time of the shooting, and the gunfire wounded one of them in the leg.
Because the record does not contain substantial evidence that Jackson violated
subdivision (a) of section 246.3 but did not violate section 246, we must reject appellants’
argument that the court erred by failing to instruct the jury on section 246.3.
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III. Reasons for Imposing Consecutive Sentences
Appellants argue that the trial court erred by failing to state its reasons for
imposing the determinate and indeterminate sentences consecutively rather than
concurrently. Appellants failed to raise the issue at sentencing, however, so they have
forfeited it. (People v. Powell (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1268, 1297-1298.)
Appellants also argue that they received ineffective assistance from their trial
counsel, because counsel did not object to the court’s failure to state reasons for the
consecutive sentences. We disagree because the consecutive sentences were mandatory
under subdivision (c)(6) of section 667, which provides that “[i]f there is a current
conviction for more than one felony count not committed on the same occasion, and not
arising from the same set of operative facts, the court shall sentence the defendant
consecutively on each count pursuant to [this section].” The respondent’s brief correctly
argues that under that statute, as interpreted by People v. Lawrence (2000) 24 Cal.4th
219, appellants’ crimes of attempted murder, possession of a firearm by a felon, and
attempting to elude a peace officer (Tittle only) were committed on different occasions
and arose from different operative facts, so consecutive sentences were mandatory.
Appellants present no argument to the contrary in their reply briefs. Trial counsel’s
decision not to object to the trial court’s failure to state its reasons for consecutive
sentences was therefore both reasonable and harmless, because the trial court did not
have discretion to impose concurrent sentences.
IV. Prior Serious Felony Enhancements on Felon in Possession and Evading a
Peace Officer Counts
Appellants argue that the trial court erred by adding five-year enhancements to the
sentences imposed for counts 3 and 4 (felon in possession of a firearm) and count 5
(evading a peace officer) on the basis of section 667, subdivision (a)(1). Appellants are
correct, and respondent concedes the error. The enhancement under subdivision (a)(1)
of section 667 applies to only the “serious” felonies listed in subdivision (c) of
section 1192.7 (see § 667, subd. (a)(4)), and neither possession of a firearm by a felon nor
evading a peace officer is on the list. Those enhancements must accordingly be stricken.
10
V. Recidivism Enhancements for Each of Multiple Determinate Sentences
The court added to the determinate sentences imposed on counts 4 and 5 a two-
year sentence enhancement based upon Tittle’s prior prison terms. Tittle argues that the
trial court erred by adding the enhancement to each count; instead, the enhancement
should have been added only once, to the aggregate sentence. We agree.3
In People v. Tassell (1984) 36 Cal.3d 77, the trial court imposed determinate
sentences for rape and oral copulation convictions. In addition, the court imposed
enhancements for prior convictions under section 667.5, subdivision (b) for each count.
(Id. at p. 89.) The Supreme Court reversed. The court explained that, under the
determinate sentencing law, enhancements based on the characteristics of the current
offense (such as firearm use) could be added to the determinate term for each applicable
count, but enhancements based on the defendant’s status (such as prior convictions or
prior prison terms) could be added only once, to the aggregate sentence. (Tassell, supra,
36 Cal.3d at p. 90.)
Tassell, however, was decided before the enactment of the Three Strikes law
(§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12). Whether Tassell applied to a case involving the Three
Strikes law was addressed in People v. Williams (2004) 34 Cal.4th 397. In that case, the
defendant had two prior strikes when he committed new, multiple felonies. The trial
court imposed indeterminate sentences under the Three Strikes law of 25 years to life on
each count. In addition, the court added two five-year enhancements (for two prior
serious felonies) to the sentence for each count. (Id. at pp. 400-401.) The Supreme Court
affirmed. The court distinguished Tassell on the ground that Tassell was based on the
determinate sentencing law, which “applies only to determinate sentences.” (Williams,
supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 402.)
3
Tittle makes the same argument as to the enhancement for the prior serious felony
enhancements imposed under section 667, subdivision (a). Because, as explained in the
preceding part, we strike those enhancements, we address only the enhancements
imposed under section 667.6, subdivision (b).
11
After Williams, it was not clear whether Tassell or Williams would control when
the defendant is sentenced to multiple determinate sentences under the Three Strikes law,
but has only one prior strike, not two. (See Sasser, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 13 [“Williams
said nothing about application of enhancements to second strike defendants”].) The issue
was resolved in Sasser. The Supreme Court held that Tassell controls when a defendant
is sentenced in a second strike case. In that situation, a prior conviction enhancement
may be added only once to multiple determinate terms. (Id. at pp. 7, 17.) Williams, the
court explained, is limited to third strike cases, when indeterminate sentences are
imposed. (Id. at p. 13.)
Here, Tittle, like the defendant in Sasser, had only one prior strike conviction. In
this situation, it is now “‘very clear that enhancements for prior convictions do not attach
to particular counts but instead are added just once as the final step in computing the
total sentence.’” (Sasser, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 15, quoting Tassell, supra, 36 Cal.3d
at p. 90.) Because the trial court erroneously added the prior prison term enhancements
to each of counts 4 and 5, we will strike the enhancements and modify the judgment to
provide for a single, two-year prior prison enhancement pursuant to section 667.5,
subdivision (b)(1).
VI. Clerical Error
Appellants argue that both the minute orders reflecting the jury verdicts and the
abstract of judgment contain clerical errors, namely, that they cite the wrong Penal Code
provision for possession of a firearm by a felon. We agree. The correct Penal Code
section is subdivision (a)(1) of section 29800. On remand, the trial court shall modify the
minute orders as to count 3 (Jackson) and count 4 (Tittle) and also prepare new abstracts
of judgment for each defendant, correcting that error.
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DISPOSITION
As to counts 3, 4, and 5, the five-year enhancements under subdivision (a)(1) of
section 667 are stricken. As to counts 4 and 5, the two-year enhancements under
subdivision (b)(1) of section 667.5 are stricken, and a single, two-year enhancement
under that subdivision is added to the aggregate sentence. The trial court is directed to
enter an order modifying, nunc pro tunc, the minute orders of November 19, 2013, to
reflect that count 3 (Jackson) and count 4 (Tittle) charged violations of subdivision (a)(1)
of section 29800. The court shall also prepare new abstracts of judgment, correcting
those sentencing and clerical errors, and forward copies to the Department of Corrections
and Rehabilitation.
ROTHSCHILD, P. J.
We concur:
JOHNSON, J.
MILLER, J.
Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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