Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-15-00145-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF J.P. and J.E.B.
From the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2014-PA-00980
Honorable Richard Garcia, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: July 29, 2015
REVERSED AND REMANDED
This is an accelerated appeal from an order terminating appellant’s parental rights. In two
issues on appeal, appellant asserts he was not properly served by publication, and, if properly
served, the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over him because the court signed the
termination order prior to the expiration of time in which appellant had to file his answer. We
reverse and remand.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Department of Family Protective Services (“the Department”) filed an original petition
to terminate appellant’s parental rights on March 28, 2014. An attorney ad litem was appointed to
represent appellant, and counsel’s “not ready” was granted several times when appellant, not
having been served, did not appear at any proceedings. On January 28, 2015, the Department filed
04-15-00145-CV
a motion for substituted service of citation, which was granted on that same date. A “Citation By
Publication By Courthouse Door” was signed by the district clerk on January 29, 2015, and posted
on the courthouse door at 9:30 a.m. on February 3, 2015 “for a period of seven days.” A bench
trial was conducted on February 23, 2015, and the trial court signed the termination order on that
same date.
SERVICE BY PUBLICATION
In his first issue, appellant asserts the Department failed to exercise due diligence to locate
an address at which he could be personally served. According to appellant, the Department had
addresses for him in both San Antonio and Minnesota, but failed to contact any government official
or family services department in Minnesota, failed to send service through the sheriff’s department
in the appropriate county in Minnesota, and failed to find any family members who could receive
service pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 106. 1
Personal jurisdiction is dependent “upon citation issued and served in a manner provided
for by law.” Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990). If service is invalid, it is “of no
effect” and cannot establish the trial court’s jurisdiction over a party. In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552,
563 (Tex. 2012) (quoting Uvalde Country Club v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 690 S.W.2d 884, 885
(Tex. 1985) (per curiam)). The Texas Family Code allows for service by publication on a parent
if the individual “cannot be notified by personal service or registered or certified mail and to
persons whose names are unknown.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 102.010(a) (West 2014); In re E.R.,
385 S.W.3d at 564. The trial court must “inquire into the sufficiency of the diligence exercised in
1
“Upon motion supported by affidavit stating the location of the defendant’s usual place of business or usual place of
abode or other place where the defendant can probably be found and stating specifically the facts showing that service
has been attempted under either (a)(1) or (a)(2) at the location named in such affidavit but has not been successful, the
court may authorize service (1) by leaving a true copy of the citation, with a copy of the petition attached, with anyone
over sixteen years of age at the location specified in such affidavit . . . .” TEX. R. CIV. P. 106.
-2-
04-15-00145-CV
attempting to ascertain the residence or whereabouts of the [parent] . . . before granting any
judgment on such service.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 109; 2 see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.107(b) (“If a
parent of the child has not been personally served in a suit in which the Department of Family and
Protective Services seeks termination, the department must make a diligent effort to locate that
parent.”). Lack of diligence constitutes ineffective service by publication. In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d
at 564.
Two witnesses testified at the termination hearing. Edward Luddeke, the maternal
grandfather to the two children 3 at issue in the proceeding, testified he last spoke to appellant a
few days before the termination hearing. Luddeke testified appellant did not want his parental
rights terminated. Luddeke said he gave appellant’s telephone number to the caseworker, Angie
Steinhow, and he knew she had tried to contact appellant several times. Luddeke said he
encouraged appellant to call the Department, but appellant “owes child support from other children
and he doesn’t want anything to do with the courts, he is afraid he is going to be locked up.” When
asked if he knew whether appellant had been homeless throughout the case, Luddeke responded
that appellant moved from family member to family member and the longest he had ever seen
appellant stay at one house was three or four months. Luddeke saw appellant a few months before
the termination hearing, and, at that time, appellant was sleeping in a Walmart parking lot.
Luddeke had heard from others that appellant was living in Minnesota.
2
“When a party to a suit, his agent or attorney, shall make oath that the residence of any party defendant is unknown
to affiant, and to such party when the affidavit is made by his agent or attorney, or that such defendant is a transient
person, and that after due diligence such party and the affiant have been unable to locate the whereabouts of such
defendant, or that such defendant is absent from or is a nonresident of the State, and that the party applying for the
citation has attempted to obtain personal service of nonresident notice as provided for in Rule 108, but has been unable
to do so, the clerk shall issue citation for such defendant for service by publication. In such cases it shall be the duty
of the court trying the case to inquire into the sufficiency of the diligence exercised in attempting to ascertain the
residence or whereabouts of the defendant or to obtain service of nonresident notice, as the case may be, before
granting any judgment on such service.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 109.
3
Appellant is the presumed father of one of the children. Another man is named on the birth certificate of the other
child, but the mother identified appellant as the father of both children.
-3-
04-15-00145-CV
Angie Steinhow, the caseworker, testified about her efforts to contact appellant: (1) she
received several addresses from Quick Find searches and the internet, (2) she sent several letters,
some by regular mail and one by certified mail, to addresses in both San Antonio and Minnesota
and “received nothing back,” (3) she went to the two San Antonio addresses that she had, but no
one at those addresses knew appellant, and (4) she left two or three messages a month with
appellant since the beginning of the case, but none of her calls were returned. Steinhow also said
that when she called the telephone number Luddeke gave her, a woman occasionally answered and
said this was not appellant’s number. Steinhow thought a Department investigator may have
spoken to appellant “last year.” Steinhow stated that, to her knowledge, appellant did not have
stable housing. As to his relationship with the children, Steinhow said appellant had no contact
with the children over the duration of the case, she did not know the last time he had spoken to
either of the two children, and the children said they had no contact with appellant. According to
Steinhow, the children’s mother did not know appellant’s location, except that she thought he
moved back and forth between San Antonio and Minnesota, and he was homeless in San Antonio.
When asked if she had investigated whether there were any programs in Minnesota that could
assist appellant, Steinhow replied that she had not and appellant had been “back and forth between
San Antonio and Minnesota.”
When a parent’s identity is known, service by publication is generally inadequate. In re
E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 560. However, the Family Code allows for service by publication in
circumstances other than when identity is unknown, e.g., for individuals who cannot be served
personally or through the mail. TEX. FAM. CODE § 102.010(a). But, whatever the circumstances,
the common requirement for effective service by publication is that diligence must be exercised in
attempting to ascertain the residence or whereabouts of the parent. In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 564.
“A diligent search must include inquiries that someone who really wants to find the defendant
-4-
04-15-00145-CV
would make, and diligence is measured not by the quantity of the search but by its quality.” Id. at
565. “[S]ervice by publication is authorized when ‘it is not reasonably possible or practicable to
give more adequate warning.’” Id. at 566 (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co.,
339 U.S. 306, 317 (1950)).
On this record, we conclude the Department made a diligent search to locate appellant’s
whereabouts. Steinhow attempted to contact appellant on the only known telephone number for
him, and her telephone messages either were not returned or she was told the number did not
belong to appellant. When Steinhow visited the two San Antonio addresses, no one at those
addresses knew appellant. Letters mailed to San Antonio and Minnesota addresses were not
returned; therefore, Steinhow was unable to obtain any available forwarding address. The
children’s mother and Luddeke both thought appellant was either homeless or moving from
location to location, between two states. Appellant had no contact with either of the children, and,
according to Luddeke, appellant did not “want anything to do with the courts.” We conclude it
was not possible or practicable to give appellant more adequate warning; therefore, service on
appellant by publication was proper.
PERSONAL JURISDICTION
In his final issue, appellant asserts the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over him at
the time of trial because judgment was entered against him prior to expiration of the time in which
he had to answer the Department’s petition.
Family Code section 102.010 provides that “[i]f the court orders that citation by publication
shall be completed by posting the citation at the courthouse door for a specified time, service must
be completed on, and the answer date is computed from, the expiration date of the posting period.”
TEX. FAM. CODE § 102.010(e). In this case, the trial court’s order for substituted service did not
specify a “posting period.” Instead, the court ordered that “the clerk shall issue and the Sheriff or
-5-
04-15-00145-CV
Constable shall post and return, citation on [appellant] in this case as is done in accordance with
the Texas Family Code and the Rules of Civil Procedure.”
Family Code section 102.010 requires the citation to state: “If you or your attorney do . . .
not file a written answer with the clerk who issued this citation by 10 a.m. on the Monday next
following the expiration of 20 days after you were served this citation and petition, a default
judgment may be taken against you.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 102.010(c); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(c)
(requiring substantially similar language). Here, the citation posted on the courtroom door
included this language. The citation and Sheriff’s Return, contained within a single document,
states citation was posted on the courtroom door on February 3, 2015 “for a period of seven days.”
Under the Family Code, “the answer date is computed from[] the expiration date of the
posting period.” See TEX. FAM. CODE § 102.010(e). Although the trial court’s order did not state
a “posting period,” the citation and Sheriff’s Return stated a “posting period” of seven days.
Therefore, appellant’s answer was due on March 9, 2015, the Monday following twenty days from
February 10, 2015. The trial court conducted the termination hearing and signed the termination
order on February 23, 2015. Therefore, on this record, we must conclude the trial court lacked
personal jurisdiction over appellant because the time period in which appellant had to file his
answer had not yet expired.
CONCLUSION
Because the trial court did not have personal jurisdiction over appellant on the date the
court signed the order terminating appellant’s parental rights, we reverse the trial court’s Order of
Termination and remand for further proceedings.
Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
-6-