In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Western District
STATE OF MISSOURI, )
Respondent, )
v. ) WD77034
)
DERRELL M. WADE, ) FILED: April 28, 2015
Appellant. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY
THE HONORABLE DAVID M. BYRN, JUDGE
BEFORE DIVISION FOUR: ALOK AHUJA, CHIEF JUDGE, PRESIDING,
LISA WHITE HARDWICK AND MARK D. PFEIFFER, JUDGES
Derrell Wade appeals from his convictions for second-degree (felony) murder,
first-degree robbery, two counts of armed criminal action, and one count of
unlawful use of a weapon. Wade challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to
support the felony murder, robbery, and armed criminal action convictions. He also
contends the circuit court plainly erred in not sua sponte striking a venireperson.
For reasons explained herein, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence was that, late
in the evening of November 18, 2011, Patrick McCarthy and Russell Griffith drove
to a gas station in Kansas City to meet with Nicholas Michael. Michael arrived
with James Vannest in Vannest's car. Wade and two other men were standing at
a bus station across from the gas station. Wade walked to the gas station as
Michael and Vannest arrived. The two other men with Wade stayed at the bus
stop.
Griffith got out of the car, and Wade said to him, "What's up, Red?" Griffith
got back into the car, and McCarthy went inside the gas station. Michael also
went inside the gas station. Wade walked inside the gas station and stayed there
for a short time without buying anything. Wade watched McCarthy pay for some
items and left. Michael and McCarthy then walked out of the gas station and went
back to Griffith's car. Griffith sat in the driver's seat of the car, McCarthy sat in
the front passenger seat, and Michaels sat in the back passenger seat.
Wade and the two men from the bus station approached on the driver's side
of the car and spoke to Griffith and McCarthy about buying some PCP. As they
were talking, Wade walked away from the car but then returned and gestured at
the two men. Wade and the two men then began shooting at Griffith's car.
McCarthy got out of the car and fell on the ground. Griffith's car began rolling out
of the gas station lot, and the two men with Wade ran. Wade approached
McCarthy, took his money, shot twice at McCarthy, and ran.
McCarthy died as a result of his gunshot wounds. Griffith and Michael were
both injured. Michael spoke to the police at the hospital and told them what
happened.
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At the scene, the police found 27 9mm spent cartridge casings. The casings
were all fired from the same weapon, which was most likely a handgun. They
found 11 7.62 spent shell casings that were most likely fired from a rifle. The
police also found a .40 caliber spent shell casing and a live .40 caliber round.
Typically, this type of ammunition is used in a handgun.
In December 2011, the police arrested Lorenzo Burns during a traffic stop
and recovered a .40 caliber handgun. A ballistics analysis showed that the .40
caliber spent shell casing and the .40 caliber round found at the shooting scene
came from this gun.
Griffith was able to identify Wade in the store's surveillance video and in
photographs that the police showed him. Wade was arrested in April 2012, and he
agreed to speak to the police. He initially denied being present at the gas station
on the night of the shooting. When confronted with still photographs taken from
the surveillance video, however, he changed his story. Wade admitted that he was
at the gas station, but he said that his only interaction with McCarthy occurred
when McCarthy asked him for fifty cents. Wade denied knowing or talking to
Griffith. Wade admitted that he was armed and that he had given his gun to Burns.
The State charged Wade with second-degree (felony) murder, first-degree
robbery, two counts of armed criminal action, and one count of unlawful use of a
weapon. A jury trial was held. During the trial, the prosecutors called Duane Hill, a
longtime friend of Wade's. Hill testified that, in November 2011, before the
shooting, Wade had asked him if he wanted to participate in a couple of "jump
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outs" with him. When Hill asked what a "jump out" was, Wade explained that he
would call someone that he knew carried a large amount of money or drugs and
arrange a meeting, and then he would rob and kill that person. Hill next saw Wade
after the shooting. Wade told Hill that he had called McCarthy as part of a set-up.
Wade told Hill that, when he signaled his two companions, one of them shot too
soon. Because Wade thought that this companion had "messed up," he split the
money from the robbery with his son instead of that companion.
Wade's defense at trial was that he did not know the two men with him and
that he merely facilitated a drug deal between them and McCarthy after they asked
him where they could get some PCP. Wade contended that he did not plan a
robbery or murder and that he drew his gun and fired only because the other two
men drew their guns and fired. He claimed that the other two men were solely
responsible for shooting and killing McCarthy because the bullets from his gun did
not hit McCarthy. Wade asserted that he should be held responsible only for taking
advantage of the situation by picking up McCarthy's money after the shooting.
Wade did not testify or put on any evidence.
The jury found Wade guilty on all counts. The court sentenced him to life in
prison for felony murder, ten years for its accompanying count of armed criminal
action, thirty years for robbery, ten years for its accompanying count of armed
criminal action, and fifteen years for unlawful use of a weapon. The court ordered
the sentences for felony murder, robbery, and unlawful use of a weapon to run
consecutively to each other, and the sentences for the two armed criminal action
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counts to run concurrently with all counts, for a total of life plus forty-five years.
Wade appeals.
ANALYSIS
In four of Wade's five points on appeal, he challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to support his convictions for second-degree (felony) murder, first-degree
robbery, and the armed criminal action counts predicated on those crimes. When
reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our role "is limited to
determining whether there is sufficient evidence from which a reasonable juror
might have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." State v.
Crawford, 68 S.W.3d 406, 408 (Mo. banc 2002). We consider the evidence and
inferences in the light most favorable to the verdict, disregarding all contrary
evidence and inferences. Id. at 407-08. We defer to the jury's credibility
determinations, recognizing the jury was entitled to believe "all, some, or none" of
the testimony of the witnesses. Id. at 408.
Because the robbery was the underlying offense for one of the armed
criminal action convictions and Wade's felony murder conviction, we will first
address Wade's contention in Point III that the evidence was insufficient to support
his conviction for first-degree robbery. Section 569.020.1, RSMo 2000,1 defines
the crime of first-degree robbery:
A person commits the crime of robbery in the first degree when
he forcibly steals property and in the course thereof he, or another
participant in the crime,
1
All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2000, as updated by the 2013
Cumulative Supplement.
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(1) Causes serious physical injury to any person; or
(2) Is armed with a deadly weapon; or
(3) Uses or threatens the immediate use of a dangerous
instrument against any person; or
(4) Displays or threatens the use of what appears to be a deadly
weapon or dangerous instrument.
Wade asserts that there was not sufficient evidence to support a finding that
he forcibly stole the money from McCarthy. A person "forcibly steals" "when, in
the course of stealing, . . . he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical
force upon another person for the purpose of[ ] preventing or overcoming
resistance to the taking of the property or to the retention thereof."
§ 569.010(1)(a). "Stealing" is defined as appropriating another's property "with
the purpose to deprive him or her thereof, either without his or her consent or by
means of deceit or coercion." § 570.030.1. In this case, the jury was instructed
to find Wade guilty of first-degree robbery if it believed, beyond a reasonable
doubt, that Wade took money from McCarthy; that he did so for the purpose of
withholding it from McCarthy permanently; that, in doing so, he used force against
McCarthy for the purpose of overcoming resistance to the taking of the property;
and that he was armed with a deadly weapon.
Wade argues that only the two men with him used force against McCarthy
and that he merely took McCarthy's money after the fact. Wade notes that, while
the State charged him with first-degree robbery under an accomplice liability
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theory, the State abandoned accomplice liability when it submitted the first-degree
robbery verdict director to the jury. Because the State abandoned accomplice
liability, Wade asserts that the State had to produce sufficient evidence that he
alone used physical force on McCarthy to effectuate the taking of McCarthy's
money. Wade contends that it was the other two shooters' intervening acts of
firing 38 shots into the car, rather than his own use of force, that allowed him to
take McCarthy's money.
While this appeal was pending, we addressed a very similar claim in State v.
Summers, No. WD 76911, 2014 WL 7171572, at *2-4 (Mo. App. Dec. 16,
2014).2 In that case, Summers pulled a gun on the victim and demanded that the
victim give him marijuana. Id. at *1. When the victim refused, Summers fired
three shots into the floor. Id. Summers's companion then shot and killed the
victim. Id. While the victim lay on the floor, Summers took the victim's marijuana.
Id.
After he was convicted of first-degree robbery, armed criminal action, and
felony murder, Summers argued on appeal that his convictions should be vacated
because it was his companion's intervening act of shooting the victim, not his own
use of force, that caused the victim to give up the marijuana. Id. at *3. We
rejected this argument, finding that the phrases "in the course thereof" and "in the
course of" in the statutes defining first-degree robbery and "forcibly steals" require
consideration of the entire course of the robbery, including events prior to and
2
Wade's counsel in this appeal is the same appellate counsel that represented the defendant in
Summers.
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contemporaneous with the robbery, in determining whether the elements have been
satisfied. Id. (citing State v. Neal, 328 S.W.3d 374, 379-80 (Mo. App. 2010)).
Summers's threatening the victim with the handgun, demanding that the victim
hand over the marijuana, shooting three times into the floor, and taking the victim's
marijuana after his companion shot the victim was sufficient evidence to establish
that Summers forcibly stole the marijuana and that he did so while armed with a
deadly weapon. Id. at *4. Thus, we affirmed Summers's first-degree robbery
conviction and the armed criminal action and felony murder convictions based on
the robbery. Id.
In this case, as in Summers, consideration of the entire course of the robbery
indicates that Wade used force to take McCarthy's money. Wade shot at Griffith's
car before McCarthy fell out of the car. When McCarthy fell on the ground, Wade
shot at him twice before taking his money. Wade was still in the act of taking
McCarthy's money when he shot at him. This evidence was sufficient to establish
that Wade forcibly stole McCarthy's money and did so while using a deadly
weapon.
In his reply brief, Wade concedes that Summers controls the outcome of not
only his sufficiency of the evidence challenge in Point III to the first-degree robbery
conviction, but also his sufficiency of the evidence challenges in Point IV to the
associated armed criminal action conviction and Point V to the second-degree
(felony) murder conviction. We will not further address Points III, IV, and V, as
Wade has not asserted independent grounds for reversing those convictions. Wade
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denies, however, that Summers controls the sufficiency of the evidence claim
raised in Point I.
In Point I, Wade asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction for the armed criminal action count predicated on the felony murder
conviction. Wade argues that, to convict him of armed criminal action based on
the felony murder conviction, the jury had to find that it was his gun that killed
McCarthy. We disagree.
Section 571.015.1 provides that "any person who commits any felony under
the laws of this state by, with, or through the use, assistance, or aid of a
dangerous instrument or deadly weapon is also guilty of the crime of armed
criminal action." Under the plain language of the statute, the deadly weapon need
not be used during the entire course of the felony; it is sufficient if the deadly
weapon is used to assist or aid in the commission of the underlying felony. See
State v. Hill, 890 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Mo. App. 1995) (defendant who merely
brandished gun at some point during drug transactions was properly convicted of
armed criminal action predicated on conviction for sale of a controlled substance).
In this case, the armed criminal action conviction was predicated on Wade's
felony murder conviction, which was established by evidence that Wade committed
the felony of first-degree robbery and McCarthy was killed as a result of the
perpetration of that robbery. § 565.021.1(2). The evidence further showed that,
during the commission of the felony murder, Wade was armed with a gun and shot
at the car and at McCarthy. Contrary to Wade's assertion, the State did not have
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to show that he personally killed McCarthy; rather, the State was required to show
only that Wade committed the felony murder with "the use, assistance, or aid" of a
deadly weapon.3 Wade's use of the gun to commit the robbery that resulted in
McCarthy's being killed was sufficient to establish that he committed the felony
murder with the use, assistance, or aid of a deadly weapon. Therefore, we affirm
Wade's convictions for first-degree robbery, armed criminal action predicated on
the robbery, second-degree (felony) murder, and armed criminal action predicated
on the felony murder. Points I, III, IV, and V are denied.
In Point II, Wade contends the court erred in not sua sponte striking
Venireperson 26 on the basis that he "expressed unequivocal biases regarding the
burden of proof, the defense's failure to present evidence establishing a
defendant's innocence and a defendant's failure to testify." During voir dire,
Venireperson 26 made several comments indicating that he believed the defense
should put on evidence to prove Wade's innocence, that he would "feel more
comfortable" if the defense put on evidence, and that, even though the court
instructs the jury that it cannot hold the defendant's failure to testify against the
3
Although Wade contends that State v. Meuir, 138 S.W.3d 137, 141-42 (Mo. App. 2004) is "very
close on point" to this case, we disagree. The defendant in Meuir was convicted of first-degree
robbery, via accomplice liability, based upon his accomplice's conduct in stealing a cash drawer at a
truck stop and threatening the cashier with a .22 starter's pistol, while the defendant waited in the
car with a .30-06 rifle lying between the console and the passenger seat. Id. at 139-42. The
defendant was also convicted of armed criminal action for committing the robbery with the .30-06
rifle. Id. at 142. On appeal, the court reversed the armed criminal action conviction, finding that
there was no proof that the defendant used the .30-06 rifle to commit the robbery as charged
because the defendant was charged as an accomplice, and his accomplice used the .22 starter's
pistol to commit the robbery. Id. In contrast, in this case, Wade actually used his gun to assist or
aid him in the commission of the felony murder, because he used the gun to commit the robbery
that resulted in McCarthy's being killed.
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defendant, "deep inside, [he] would be thinking that [Wade] was guilty" if Wade
did not testify.
Wade contends that the court should have excluded Venireperson 26 from
serving on the jury based on these comments. Wade acknowledges that he did not
ask the court to strike Venireperson 26, he did not object to Venireperson 26's
serving on the jury, he did not raise any claim regarding Venireperson 26 in his
motion for new trial, and that he is asserting this claim for the first time on appeal.
Wade's failure to challenge Venireperson 26 for cause results in a waiver of
review. State v. Baumruk, 280 S.W.3d 600, 615 (Mo. banc 2009). "'The rule
requiring contemporaneous objections to the qualifications of jurors is well founded.
It serves to minimize the incentive to sandbag in the hope of acquittal and, if
unsuccessful, mount a post-conviction attack on the jury selection process.'" Id.
(quoting State v. Hadley, 815 S.W.2d 422, 423 (Mo. banc 1991)). Thus, "'juror
challenges made for the first time after a conviction are highly suspect.'" Id.
(quoting Hadley, 815 S.W.2d at 423).
Nevertheless, Wade asks for plain error relief. Plain error relief is granted
"'when the alleged error so substantially affects the rights of the accused that a
manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice inexorably results if left uncorrected.'"
Id. at 616 (citation omitted). Not all prejudicial error is plain error, however. Id.
Plain errors are only those errors that are "'evident, obvious, and clear.'" Id.
(citation omitted).
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The record indicates that defense counsel's questioning appeared to
rehabilitate Venireperson 26 as a viable juror. While Venireperson 26 initially
expressed a desire to hear from witnesses, including Wade, on Wade's behalf,
Venireperson 26 ultimately stated that he would not "hold it against" Wade if he
did not testify and that he would find Wade not guilty if the State's evidence did
not convince him beyond a reasonable doubt of Wade's guilt. "If the voir dire
responses suggest a possibility of bias, but upon further examination that
venireperson gives unequivocal assurances of impartiality, the mere possibility of
prejudice will not disqualify such rehabilitated juror." State v. Grondman, 190
S.W.3d 496, 498 (Mo. App. 2006). Under these circumstances, and in light of the
fact that the circuit court was "'under no duty to strike a juror on its own motion,'"
Baumruk, 280 S.W.3d at 616 (citation omitted), we cannot say that the court's
failure to strike Venireperson 26 sua sponte constituted evident, obvious, and clear
error. Wade is not entitled to plain error relief. See id. See also Ledure v. BNSF
Ry. Co., 351 S.W.3d 13, 21-22 (Mo. App. 2011). Point II is denied.
CONCLUSION
The judgment is affirmed.
____________________________________
LISA WHITE HARDWICK, JUDGE
ALL CONCUR.
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