August 11 2015
DA 14-0669
Case Number: DA 14-0669
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2015 MT 231
IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION
OF THE PARENTAL RIGHTS AND ADOPTION OF:
J.W.M. and A.K.M., minor children,
J.M.,
Respondent and Appellant,
v.
R.H. and C.M.,
Petitioners and Appellees.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. CDA 12-094, CDA 12-095
Honorable Kenneth Neill, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Carl B. Jensen, Jr., Attorney at Law, Great Falls, Montana
For Appellees:
Tonja Schaff Kostelecky, Attorney at Law, Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: May 27, 2015
Decided: August 11, 2015
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Patricia Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 C.M. and J.M. are the biological parents of minor children, A.K.M. and J.W.M., born
in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Following C.M. and J.M.’s 2009 Colorado divorce, C.M.
moved to Montana with the children. In December 2011, she registered the Colorado
judgment in the Montana Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County. In June 2012,
C.M. married R.H. who now wants to adopt the children. In December 2012, C.M. and R.H.
petitioned the District Court to terminate J.M.’s parental rights on multiple grounds and to
allow the adoption to proceed. Following a termination hearing, the District Court granted
the petition. J.M. appeals. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶2 The biological parents were married in 2006 and divorced in 2009. Based upon
J.M.’s acknowledged drug and alcohol addiction throughout their courtship and marriage, the
Colorado court issuing the divorce decree ordered, among other things, that J.M. submit to
monthly drug testing and provide the results to C.M. If J.M. failed a test or failed to submit
the results of a test to C.M., J.M. would relinquish parental visitation until he provided
results of a clean test. Additionally, J.M. was ordered to pay monthly child support.
¶3 On December 5, 2012, C.M. and R.H. (Petitioners) petitioned the District Court to
terminate J.M.’s parental rights and allow R.H. to adopt the children. Petitioners presented
multiple grounds upon which to terminate J.M.’s parental rights including his continued drug
and alcohol abuse and failure to pass court-ordered drug tests; failure to pay child support
between March 2010 and April 2012 creating arrears of approximately $9,500; and failure to
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maintain a relationship through visitation with either child for several years. Petitioners
asserted that J.M. was unfit to parent the children.
¶4 In May 2013, the parties attended mediation and agreed upon an Interim Parenting
Plan (IPP or Plan) which was approved and ordered by the District Court and went into
effect on June 1, 2013. The Plan was intended to promote J.M.’s reunification with his
children and allow for visitation under certain conditions, including clean monthly drug tests.
It required J.M. to undergo drug testing between the first and the fifth of each month and to
allow the testing facility to provide the testing results to C.M. It also provided that failure to
submit two tests would result in immediate termination of the IPP. The District Court issued
the written version of the IPP in August 2013.
¶5 In January 2014, Petitioners filed a motion to enforce the IPP and allow termination of
J.M.’s parental rights and adoption by R.H. Petitioners alleged that while J.M. submitted the
results of two drug tests taken in accordance with the IPP, he submitted the results for three
tests that were taken outside of the specified dates of the first-to-the-fifth, and he failed to
submit test results for September and December 2013, in violation of the IPP. C.M. and
R.H. further argued that termination of J.M’s parental rights was appropriate because he was
not maintaining consistent contact with the children or building a meaningful relationship
with them, and was unable to maintain a stable lifestyle.
¶6 In February 2014, J.M.’s counsel notified the court that he was ill and could no longer
represent J.M. On March 10, 2014, J.M. filed a pro se response to Petitioners’ motion
disputing Petitioners’ allegations and requesting a hearing. On April 9, 2014, Petitioners
filed a reply brief in which they also sought a hearing. Counsel for J.M. withdrew on April
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15, 2014. On April 17, 2014, the District Court entered an order setting a termination
hearing for July 16, 2014.
¶7 At the hearing, J.M. appeared pro se. On September 18, 2014, the court issued its
Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order, in which it terminated J.M.’s parental
rights. Subsequently, following an adoption hearing on October 1, 2014, the adoption of the
children by R.H. became final. On October 17, 2014, represented by new counsel, J.M. filed
a Notice of Appeal.
ISSUES
¶8 A restatement of the issues on appeal is:
¶9 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by terminating J.M.’s parental rights?
¶10 Did the District Court err in conducting the termination hearing in the absence of legal
representation for J.M.?
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶11 We review a district court’s decision to terminate parental rights for an abuse of
discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs when a district court acts arbitrarily without
conscientious judgment or exceeds the bounds of reason. In re J.C., 2008 MT 127, ¶ 33, 343
Mont. 30, 183 P.3d. 22 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
¶12 When making a decision to terminate parental rights under §§ 42-2-607 and -608,
MCA, the district court must make specific factual findings, just as it does in accordance
with the requirements of §§ 42-2-607 and -608, MCA. We review these factual findings
under the clearly erroneous standard. A finding is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by
substantial evidence, if the trial court misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if our
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review of the record convinces us that a mistake has been committed. We review the district
court’s conclusions of law terminating parental rights to determine if they are correct. In re
J.C., ¶ 34 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
DISCUSSION
¶13 Did the District Court abuse its discretion by terminating J.M.’s parental rights?
¶14 Because termination of J.M.’s rights was sought by a prospective adoptive parent, this
matter is governed by § 42-2-601, et seq, MCA. Section 42-2-607, MCA, provides, in
relevant part:
The court may terminate a parent’s rights to a child who is the subject of an
adoption proceeding based upon:
. . .
(2) a determination under 42-2-608 that the parent is unfit;
(3) a determination under 42-2-609 that the relationship of parent and child
does not exist;
(4) a determination under 42-2-610 that a putative father has failed to establish
and maintain a substantial relationship with the child.
. . .
¶15 The District Court made a determination of “unfitness” under § 42-2-607(2), MCA,
which required it to analyze fitness under § 42-2-608, MCA. The relevant sections of
§ 42-2-608, MCA, are:
(1)The court may terminate parental rights for purposes of making a child
available for adoption on the grounds of unfitness if:
. . .
(c) it is proven to the satisfaction of the court that the parent, if able, has not
contributed to the support of the child for an aggregate period of 1 year before
the filing of a petition for adoption;
(d) it is proven to the satisfaction of the court that the parent is in violation of a
court order to support either the child that is the subject of the adoption
proceedings or other children with the same birth mother;
. . .
(h) a finding is made for a parent who is given proper notice of hearing and is
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a respondent to the petition to terminate parental rights and:
(i) by a preponderance of the evidence, it is found that termination is in the
best interests of the child; and
(ii) upon clear and convincing evidence it is found that one of the following
grounds exists:
. . .
(B) if the child is in the legal and physical custody of the other parent and a
stepparent who is the prospective adoptive parent, that the respondent is not
able or willing to promptly establish and maintain contact with the child and to
pay for the child’s support in accordance with the respondent’s financial
means;
(C) placing the child in the respondent’s legal and physical custody would
pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or psychological well-being of
the child because the circumstances of . . . the respondent’s behavior . . . since
the child’s birth . . . indicates that the respondent is unfit to maintain a
relationship of parent and child with the child; or
(D) failure to terminate the relationship of parent and child would be
detrimental to the child.
(2) In making a determination under subsection (1)(h)(ii)(D), the court shall
consider any relevant factor, including the respondent’s efforts to obtain or
maintain legal and physical custody of the child, the role of other persons in
thwarting the respondent’s efforts to assert parental rights, the respondent’s
ability to care for the child, the age of the child, the quality of any previous
relationship between the respondent and the child and between the respondent
and any other children, the duration and suitability of the child’s present
custodial environment, and the effect of a change of physical custody on the
child.
¶16 Following the termination hearing at which the court heard testimony from all of the
parties as well as other witnesses, including family, friends and co-workers, the District
Court determined that J.M. was unfit to maintain a parental relationship with A.K.M. and
J.W.M. Consequently, the court terminated his parental rights and allowed the adoption to
proceed. Citing the appropriate statutory sections noted above, the District Court set forth
eight reasons that informed its order of termination:
(1) J.M. has not established or maintained contact with the children;
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(2) J.M. has not paid consistent child support in accordance with his means;
(3) It is not in either child’s best interest to be placed in J.M.’s care as his
behavior, prior drug use and failure to submit to drug tests as ordered by the
[c]ourt indicates J.M. is unfit to maintain a relationship with the minor
children;
(4) Failing to terminate the relationship between J.M. and A.K.M. and J.W.M. and
require them to have time with J.M. would be detrimental to A.K.M. and
J.W.M. as they could be exposed to drug use;
(5) Neither minor child has a significant relationship with J.M.;
(6) J.M. has not fully financially supported the children;
(7) J.M. has abandoned the children for several months and weeks over several
separate periods of time; and
(8) J.M. has had minimal contact with the minor children for several years.
¶17 As application of § 42-2-608(1)(h)(i) and (ii)(C) and (D), MCA, provide dispositive
justification for termination of J.M.’s rights, we need not address the District Court’s
analysis and application of other statutory provisions or J.M.’s associated arguments on
appeal.
¶18 J.M. argues that the District Court’s findings of fact under § 42-2-608(1)(h)(ii)(C),
MCA, are insufficient to establish a “risk of substantial harm,” to the children. He claims
that the court did not identify the types of drugs he was using, whether the drugs were legal
or illegal, or how these drugs adversely affect his ability to parent his children. He also
argues that the court’s findings were insufficient in that they failed to state when the drug
abuse or failed tests occurred.
¶19 While the District Court did not set forth in its Order the litany of drugs ingested over
the years by J.M., the record, through J.M.’s own admissions, clearly establishes that J.M.
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has used acid, marijuana, heroin, oxycontin, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine, and alcohol.
He further admitted to “huffing.” It is apparent that the majority of these substances are
neither prescribed nor legal and J.M. did not attempt to argue during trial that he obtained or
ingested these drugs lawfully. Additionally, in a public forum website in September 2013,
J.M. characterized himself as “a raging addict.” He admitted at trial that (1) as an addict he
purchased drugs instead of paying child support, (2) he forged the results of one or more
earlier drug tests that he took under the terms of the divorce decree, and (3) he chose drugs
over time with his children. Furthermore, he violated the IPP by refusing to take the tests in
September and December 2013. J.M. also acknowledged the possibility that he would not
succeed in obtaining permanent sobriety.
¶20 We conclude the District Court’s findings of fact regarding J.M.’s drug and alcohol
use and its conclusion that exposing the children to this behavior would be detrimental to
them are supported by the record, and its determination of unfitness is supported by
substantial evidence. The court did not abuse its discretion in terminating J.M.’s parental
rights.
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¶21 Did the District Court err in conducting the termination hearing in the absence of
legal representation for J.M.?
¶22 Relying exclusively upon In re the Adoption of A.W.S. and K.R.S., 2014 MT 322, 377
Mont. 234, 339 P.3d 414, J.M. asserts that he was entitled to have counsel represent him at
the termination hearing and the District Court’s failure to make appropriate inquiries or
appoint counsel constitutes reversible error. Petitioners counter that A.W.S. is
distinguishable, that J.M. received appropriate notice of his right to obtain new counsel after
his counsel withdrew, and that he presented no evidence of indigency. In re P.D.L., 2004
MT 346, ¶ 20, 324 Mont. 327, 102 P.3d 1225.
¶23 In A.W.S., father’s new wife, Stepmother, moved to terminate biological mother’s
parental rights and adopt the children. Mother was present at the termination hearing and
testified under direct examination by Stepmother’s counsel. She objected to the termination
but did not call witnesses, put on evidence, cross-examine witnesses, or testify on her own
behalf. Mother clearly advised the court that she was representing herself because she did
not have the money to obtain counsel. A.W.S., ¶¶ 5-7. The district court terminated her
rights and allowed the adoption to proceed. On appeal, premised upon a Constitutional equal
protection analysis, we concluded that an indigent parent at risk of losing parental rights as
part of an adoption proceeding initiated by a private party was entitled to counsel just as was
an indigent parent at risk of losing parental rights in an abuse and neglect proceeding
initiated by the State. A.W.S., ¶ 26.
¶24 In A.W.S., while noting that self-represented parties are not required to use “particular
words” when requesting counsel, we concluded that Mother adequately preserved this issue
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“when she explained that she represented herself only because she did not have the money to
employ an attorney.” A.W.S., ¶ 21. Conversely, in the case before us, J.M. was represented
by counsel during much of the reunification part of the proceeding. Upon counsel’s
withdrawal, J.M. was statutorily notified under Rule 10(b) of Montana Uniform District
Court Rules by Petitioners’ counsel that he was entitled to appoint other counsel or represent
himself. At the hearing, the District Court expressly asked J.M. if he was appearing pro se.
J.M.’s only response was “Correct, Your Honor.” During the hearing, J.M. conducted a
short cross-examination of one of Petitioners’ witnesses, directly examined three witnesses,
and testified on his own behalf. The District Court granted J.M. wide latitude in presenting
his case based upon his unrepresented status. J.M. never requested appointed counsel nor
did he suggest or imply that he did not have the money to engage a new attorney. Notably,
on appeal, J.M. is once again represented by counsel.
¶25 While it does not take “particular words” to request counsel, some indication must be
given to the court that respondent wishes counsel to be appointed because he is indigent or
financially unable to secure representation in an involuntary termination proceeding. J.M.
gave no such indication. We therefore conclude that A.W.S. is inapplicable here and that the
District Court did not err in conducting the proceedings in the absence of counsel.
CONCLUSION
¶26 The evidence presented at the hearing supports the District Court’s conclusion that
based upon J.M.’s history of drug and alcohol addiction, his lengthy absences from his
children’s lives, and his failure to consistently financially support his children, termination of
J.M.’s rights was in the best interests of the children, and that failure to terminate could have
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put the children at risk of exposure to drug and alcohol abuse. We therefore affirm the
District Court’s termination of J.M.’s parental rights and the order permitting the adoption of
the children.
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ JIM RICE
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