IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2013-KA-02009-COA
LEROY HARRIS APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/25/2013
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. RICHARD A. SMITH
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: WASHINGTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: BRANDON ISAAC DORSEY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: BILLY L. GORE
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: WILLIE DEWAYNE RICHARDSON
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: CONVICTED OF ARMED ROBBERY AND
SENTENCED TO TWENTY YEARS, WITH
FIFTEEN YEARS TO SERVE FOLLOWED
BY FIVE YEARS OF POST-RELEASE
SUPERVISION, AND CONVICTED OF A
FIREARM ENHANCEMENT AND
SENTENCED TO FIVE YEARS, WITH THE
SENTENCES TO RUN CONCURRENTLY IN
THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 08/18/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE GRIFFIS, P.J., ISHEE AND MAXWELL, JJ.
MAXWELL, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Leroy Harris appeals his armed-robbery conviction complaining that his speedy-trial
right was violated. He also challenges an evidentiary ruling and contests the sufficiency and
weight of the evidence supporting his conviction and firearm enhancement. After review,
we find no error and affirm.
Facts
¶2. On April 23, 2011, Rosella Jing left her family-owned furniture store in Greenville,
Mississippi, around 5:50 p.m. While driving home, she thought someone was tailing her.
And as she approached her house, she saw a bright blue truck1 following her. The truck
pulled into her driveway behind her. Rosella was very nervous. She tried to open her garage
door, but it did not work. At this point, she saw a man she later identified as Harris get out
of the passenger’s side of the truck. Harris scampered to Rosella’s driver’s side door and
banged on her car window. When Rosella rolled down her window, Harris waved a gun in
front of her and yelled: “Give me your money.” He told her, “If you close the window, you
know what I’m going to do with this gun.” Rosella froze, thinking she was “a goner.” And
Harris reached through the cracked window and unlocked and opened her door. He then
snatched her purse, sprinted back to the truck, and sped off. Frightened, Rosella fled to her
neighbor’s house and called police.
¶3. Deputy Marvin Marshall was patrolling the area when he received a call about an
armed robbery. As he headed toward Rosella’s house, he saw a truck fitting the dispatcher’s
description, so he pulled it over. Deputy Marshall got out of his patrol car and grabbed his
gun. Though he ordered the two men to stay in the truck, they threw open the doors and fled.
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Nathanieal Watkins Jr. testified that he owned the blue truck but allowed his friend,
Warren Cunningham, to use it.
2
The passenger ran north and the driver headed south. Deputy Marshall saw both men’s faces
before they ran and gave a quick description to dispatch.2 While other units searched for the
robbers, Deputy Marshall stayed with the truck. Soon after, Deputy Mitch Ramage found
and arrested the driver, Warren Cunningham. But Harris was still on the run.
¶4. Later that day, a police officer took Rosella to the blue truck, where she identified her
purse. Still inside the purse was the $5,000 in cash and $10,000 worth of checks for deposit
from Rosella’s business. When shown a photo lineup, she identified Harris as the man who
robbed her at gunpoint. Rosella had a good view of Harris and was certain he was the
robber. Rosella also testified that she knew the driver, Cunningham, because he had worked
at their store as a warehouse man. A month earlier, Rosella had fired Cunningham for
stealing store furniture.
¶5. When searching the truck, investigators discovered a nickel-plated pistol3 on the
passenger seat. Deputy Ramage also recovered latent fingerprints from the passenger-side
outside door handle. A forensic expert testified that the recovered prints matched Harris’s.
¶6. Investigators also found a cell phone on the passenger seat. The cell phone’s screen
saver was a photo of Harris with the caption “Tony the Tiger.” Deputy Jeffrey Parson
matched the phone with Harris’s mother’s address. And authorities later caught and arrested
2
He testified that the passenger was wearing a white shirt and jeans, while the driver
was wearing a brown top with khaki pants.
3
Starks Hathcock, a forensic scientist specializing in firearm identification, examined
the Clerke First .32 caliber revolver recovered from the truck. He testified the firearm
functioned as designed.
3
Harris there that night. Harris admitted the photo on the phone was of him and that his
nickname was “Tony the Tiger.”
¶7. A grand jury charged Harris and Cunningham in a two-count indictment with armed
robbery and a firearm enhancement. Harris opted for a trial, and the jury found him guilty.
For the armed-robbery conviction, he was sentenced to serve twenty years in Mississippi
Department of Corrections custody, with fifteen years to serve and five years of post-release
supervision. The judge tacked on five years for the firearm enhancement, which he ordered
to run concurrently to his armed-robbery sentence. After an unsuccessful motion for a
judgment notwithstanding the verdict, Harris appealed.
Discussion
I. Speedy Trial
¶8. Harris’s chief argument is that the delay between his arrest and trial violated his right
to a speedy trial. But the circuit judge disagreed, noting in his order that Harris—who was
jointly indicted with Cunningham—sat idly without seeking a severance from Cunningham
until just before trial.4 Harris also failed to object to or show a lack of “good cause” for the
several trial continuances sought by his codefendant. And Harris never set a hearing on his
speedy-trial demand.
¶9. As support for his denial of Harris’s motion to dismiss, the judge cited these reasons
4
Harris waited until the brink of trial to seek a severance, two days after his motion
to dismiss for failure to provide a speedy trial was denied.
4
and the lack of any prejudice to Harris. The judge also believed Harris was gaming the
system. To the judge, it appeared Harris had tried to avoid trial and a possible conviction—
by not objecting or requesting a severance in the midst of his ill codefendant’s various
continuance requests—and was now trying to benefit from this post-arrest delay.
¶10. The circuit judge’s findings were part of his thorough speedy-trial analysis, which we
now review.
A. Events
¶11. There are several relevant dates for our analysis. On April 23, 2011, Harris and
Cunningham were arrested for armed robbery. Both men were appointed counsel on April
28, 2011. On June 2, 2011, Harris’s public defender filed a general demand for a speedy
trial. Around this time, Harris, upset with his attorney, filed a bar complaint against him.
He also filed a pro se motion to remove his court-appointed lawyer on December 14, 2011.
On June 12, 2012, a grand jury returned an indictment against Harris and Cunningham
charging both with the armed robbery of Rossella and a firearm enhancement. And Harris
waived indictment and entered a not-guilty plea. On December 6, 2012, Harris filed a motion
to dismiss for failure to provide a speedy trial.
¶12. On December 17, 2012, the court entered an order setting trial for February 20, 2013.
But the State sought a continuance to find an interpreter for Rosella, who mainly spoke
Mandarin Chinese. Harris’s attorney agreed to the continuance to locate an interpreter,
which the circuit court granted. On February 25, 2013, the court entered its first order
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resetting trial for May 21, 2013.
¶13. On April 30, 2013, Harris wrote the court clerk, requesting that his December 6, 2012
motion to dismiss be granted. That same day, his codefendant, Cunningham, sought a
continuance. There is no record that Harris objected to this continuance. Cunningham’s
motion was granted, and their trial was continued until July 23, 2013. Cunningham requested
three more continuances, to which Harris did not object. And the circuit judge continued
their trial, first to July 23, 2013, then October 1, 2013, and once again to November 13, 2013.
¶14. In the interim, on August 6, 2013, Harris asked the court to set a hearing on his
“Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Provide a Speedy Trial.” And on October 1, 2013, the
court held a hearing on Harris’s motion to dismiss. After conducting a speedy-trial analysis,
the circuit judge entered an order denying Harris’s motion on October 14, 2013.
¶15. Two days later, on October 16, 2013, Harris, for the first time, filed for a severance
of trial from his codefendant, Cunningham. The court granted him a severance, and Harris’s
trial started on November 13, 2013.
B. Barker Balancing Test
¶16. The right to a speedy trial is a constitutional right under the Sixth Amendment to the
United States Constitution and Article 3, Section 26 of the Mississippi Constitution of 1890.
The speedy-trial right attaches when an individual is accused. Stark v. State, 911 So. 2d 447,
450 (¶7) (Miss. 2005). Mississippi also guarantees a statutory right to a speedy trial, which
requires “an accused be brought to trial within 270 days of arraignment unless there is a
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showing of ‘good cause.’” Lipsey v. State, 50 So. 3d 341, 352 (¶35) (Miss. Ct. App. 2010)
(citing Miss. Code Ann. § 99-17-1 (Rev. 2007)).
¶17. Though the analysis of a speedy-trial violation sounds simple, “[t]he right to a speedy
trial is a more vague concept than other procedural rights.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514,
521 (1972). And it is “impossible to determine with precision when the right has been
violated.” Id. The United States Supreme Court has cautioned that this remedy is “more
serious than an exclusionary rule or a reversal for a new trial.” Id. at 522. This is so because
application of the right leads to the “unsatisfactorily severe remedy of dismissal of the
indictment when the right has been deprived.” Id. Because of the slippery nature of this
right, the Supreme Court announced a four-part “balancing test” to be applied on a case-by-
case basis under the particular facts of the case under consideration. Id. at 530.
¶18. When a defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial is questioned, courts must
consider “(1) the length of the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) whether the defendant
has asserted his right to speedy trial, and (4) whether the defendant was prejudiced by the
delay.” Noe v. State, 616 So. 2d 298, 300 (Miss. 1993) (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 530).
1. Length of Delay
¶19. For speedy-trial purposes, a delay of eight (8) months or more is presumptively
prejudicial. Smith v. State, 550 So. 2d 406, 408 (Miss. 1989) (citations omitted). Harris was
arrested on April 23, 2011—the day of the robbery. And his trial began on November 13,
2013. The circuit judge properly recognized that since this delay was over eight months, a
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presumption of prejudice arose, requiring consideration of the remaining factors. Id. The
judge found the length of delay weighed against the State. But “presumptive prejudice
cannot alone carry a Sixth Amendment claim[,]” so we must examine “the other Barker
criteria[.]” Dogget v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 656 (1992).
2. Reason for Delay
¶20. When the delay is presumptively prejudicial, the burden shifts to the State to show
cause for the delay. Bonds v. State, 938 So. 2d 352, 356 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006). This
requires that we decide if the delay should be charged to the State or defendant.
¶21. While most of the delay is explained, some is not. Securing an interpreter for the
victim did cause a delay. But it was not lengthy. There is also some question about the
expediency of the State’s forensic testing. The State sought further fingerprint and firearm
examination, between the time of arrest and indictment. The circuit judge was not certain
if forensic testing was promptly completed. Nor are we. So we, like the circuit judge, find
any testing-based delay from Harris’s arrest until September 20, 2012, weighed against the
State.
¶22. The judge found all delays after September 20, 2012, the date Cunningham requested
his first continuance, were for valid reasons. From this point, the judge attributed much of
the delay to Harris for not seeking severance from his codefendant, Cunningham, who
obtained several continuances while he was suffering a serious illness. There is authority
supporting the judge’s view that Harris’s acquiescence to Cunningham’s good-cause-based
8
continuances can be held against him.
¶23. Generally, continuances granted to a codefendant for good cause operate as good-
cause delays as to jointly charged defendants. Horton v. State, 726 So. 2d 238, 246 (¶31)
(Miss. Ct. App. 1998).5 And Harris offered no evidence that his codefendant’s continuances
were not for good cause. Nor is there record evidence to refute the judge’s finding of good
cause.
¶24. The judge found these continuance-based delays weighed against Harris, particularly
since Harris did not seek a severance until just before trial. This court reached a similar
conclusion in Bates v. State, 886 So. 2d 4, 8 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004), where we found
a defendant’s failure to seek a severance or object to continuances granted to his codefendant
cut against the defendant’s speedy-trial claim.
¶25. So we agree with the trial judge that some delays are attributable to the State and
others to Harris. We find this factor slightly favors Harris.
3. Assertion of Right to Speedy Trial
¶26. While shortly after Harris’s arrest his attorney made a general demand for a speedy
trial, neither Harris nor his attorney set the motion for a hearing. This neglect is important
to our analysis, since the defendant has a duty to seek a ruling on a motion demanding a
5
This would not have been the case if Cunningham’s continuances were not for good
cause. See Flores v. State, 574 So. 2d 1314, 1322 (Miss. 1990) (When two or more
defendants are tried jointly, continuances granted to one codefendant, which were not based
on good cause, would not be weighed against another codefendant who had not moved for
the continuances.) (emphasis added).
9
speedy trial. Craft v. State, 832 So. 2d 467, 471 (¶10) (Miss. 2002); see also Reed v. State,
31 So. 3d 48, 57 (¶36) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009) (Motions are not self-executing; the defendant
is responsible to seek a ruling.). We do recognize that Harris did file a pro se “Motion to
Dismiss for Failure to Provide a Speedy Trial.” And he petitioned the clerk, then later sought
a hearing on that motion. But the particular remedy he requested in his motion was
“dismissal” of his indictment—not a “speedy trial.” Our supreme court has emphasized there
is a “distinct difference” between the two. “A demand for dismissal for violation of the right
to speedy trial is not the equivalent of a demand for a speedy trial.” Perry v. State, 637 So.
2d 871, 875 (Miss. 1994); see also Adams v. State, 583 So. 2d 165, 170 (Miss. 1991). A
motion for dismissal, like Harris’s, “seeks discharge[,] not trial.” Id. We find the circuit
judge correctly noted this distinction when denying Harris’s motion to dismiss.
¶27. Again, a defendant making a motion, like a speedy-trial demand, must “follow up that
action by bringing it to the attention of the judge and requesting a hearing upon it.” Sharplin
v. State, 357 So. 2d 940, 942 (Miss. 1978). It is the movant who bears the responsibility to
“obtain a ruling from the court on motions filed by him[,] and failure to do so constitutes a
waiver of [the] same.” Martin v. State, 354 So. 2d 1114, 1119 (Miss. 1978). We find
Harris’s failure to seek a ruling on his speedy-trial demand weighs against Harris.
4. Prejudice to Defendant
¶28. Under Barker’s prejudice prong, the three relevant interests are “(i) to prevent
oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and
10
(iii) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. Of
these three, the most serious is the final one, since a defendant’s inability to adequately
prepare his case “skews the fairness of the entire system.” Id.; see also State v. Magnusen,
646 So. 2d 1275, 1284 (Miss. 1994).
¶29. Harris’s pretrial incarceration was no doubt lengthy, but “incarceration alone does not
constitute prejudice.” Johnson v. State, 68 So. 3d 1229, 1245 (¶17) (Miss. 2011). And
Mississippi “does not recognize the negative emotional, social, and economic impacts that
accompany incarceration as prejudice.” Id. (citations omitted). Indeed, the sole prejudice
alleged by Harris was that his pretrial detention was “anxiety-producing.” Yet Harris offers
absolutely nothing to support his anxiety claim.
¶30. This lack of support certainly diminishes his supposed anxiety-based prejudice. As
our supreme court has put it, “for this prong to favor any defendant, evidence of legitimate
anxiety and concern (medical records, documentation from the jail, etc.) must exist.” Id.
And this court will not speculate about the nature of his supposed anxiety.
¶31. Absent evidence of his anxiety, we focus on whether Harris’s defense was possibly
impaired—the most serious and important consideration in determining if a defendant has
suffered prejudices from delay. Elder v. State, 750 So. 2d 540, 545 (¶20) (Miss. Ct. App.
1999). “Generally, proof of prejudice beyond incarceration may include such matters as the
loss of evidence, death of witnesses, or staleness of the investigation.” Moore v. State, 837
So. 2d 794, 799 (¶13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2003). However, Harris does not allege any evidence
11
to support how his defense was impaired, much less prove his assertions. We find, as the
circuit judge did, that Harris failed to show how the delay prejudiced his trial in any way.
So this factor weighs against Harris.
¶32. Speedy-trial violations are difficult to discern. Because of the “factual specifics” of
each allegation, they are “examined and determined on a case-by-case basis.” Brengettcy v.
State, 794 So. 2d 987, 991 (¶7) (Miss. 2001). When the facts here are pared down, Harris
simply did not show the delay—which is admittedly lengthy—caused even the slightest
impairment to his defense. Based on this, plus Harris’s failure to pursue his speedy-trial
demand and his acquiescence to his codefendant’s continuance requests, we see no error in
the circuit judge’s finding that, under the totality of the circumstances, Harris’s right to a
speedy trial was not violated by the delay.
II. Admissibility of 911 Call
¶33. Harris next argues the circuit court erred in admitting a digital recording of Rosella’s
911 call after his counsel objected under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 403. We disagree.
¶34. Under Rule 401, relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable
or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” M.R.E. 401. While relevant
evidence is generally admissible,6 it may be “excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury,
6
See M.R.E. 402.
12
or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.” M.R.E. 403.
¶35. The circuit judge overruled Harris’s counsel’s objection to admission of the 911
recording. The judge admitted the recording after finding it “passe[d] through the filter of
403.” The State then played the recording for the jury. On it, a distressed Rosella reported
she had just been robbed by two black men in a blue truck. She told the dispatcher one of
the men had a gun.
¶36. Mississippi’s evidentiary rules recognize the “excited-utterance” exception to the
hearsay rule. M.R.E. 803(2). Under the excited-utterance exception, “[a] statement relating
to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement
caused by the event or condition” is considered admissible. M.R.E. 803(2). The two most
important factors are spontaneity and the duration of the excited state. M.R.E. 803(2) cmt.;
see also DeHenre v. State, 43 So. 3d 407, 418-19 (¶53) (Miss. 2010).
¶37. Rosella had just been robbed at gunpoint and immediately relayed the details during
the 911 call. So we find her descriptions to the dispatcher—while she was under the stress
of an armed robbery—qualified as an excited utterance. We have upheld admission of a 911
recording where it communicated to the jury the caller’s report of a violent situation.
Edwards v. State, 124 So. 3d 105, 115 (¶42) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). And here, we find the
911 call was probative since it set in motion a search by authorities for the thieves who had
just robbed Rosella at gunpoint. The recording also contained Rosella’s description of their
13
vehicle. We find the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the 911 recording.
III. Sufficiency of Evidence
¶38. Harris also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. To test the legal sufficiency
of evidence, “we consider all evidence in the light most favorable to the State.” Grossley v.
State, 127 So. 3d 1143, 1147 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d
836, 843 (¶16) (Miss. 2005)). “Credible evidence consistent with guilt must be accepted as
true.” Id. The State receives the benefit of all favorable inferences reasonably drawn from
the evidence. Id. After viewing the evidence in this light, we consider whether “any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id.
¶39. There are five elements of armed robbery. They are: (1) a felonious taking or attempt
to take; (2) from the person or from the presence; (3) the personal property of another; (4)
against his will; (5) by violence to his person or by putting such person in fear of immediate
injury to his person by the exhibition of a deadly weapon. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-79 (Rev.
2014).
¶40. Rosella had a clear view of Harris when he stuck a pistol in her face and grabbed her
purse full of cash. The taking was obviously against her will. Rosella testified that she could
clearly see Harris’s face on the other side of her car window. And she easily identified him
from a photo lineup. When the two men fled from the truck, officers found Harris’s cell
phone, which displayed his photo as the screen saver, on the passenger seat. After linking
14
the cell phone to Harris’s mother’s address, officers arrested him there. Harris’s fingerprints
matched the prints from the outside passenger handle of the truck. This evidence was also
sufficient to show he “used or display[ed] a firearm during the commission of any felony.”7
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-37.
¶41. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was more
than sufficient to prove an armed robbery and a firearm enhancement.
IV. Weight of Evidence
¶42. Harris’s next challenge is to the weight of the evidence supporting his armed-robbery
conviction and firearm enhancement. He requests a new trial.
¶43. A motion for a new trial challenges the weight of the evidence. Grossley, 127 So. 3d
at 1149 (¶19) (citing Bush, 895 So. 2d at 844 (¶18)). We will grant a new trial “only in
exceptional cases in which the evidence preponderates heavily against the verdict.” Id. This
court views “the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and ‘will only disturb a
verdict when it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow it to
stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice.’” Id. (quoting Bush, 895 So. 2d at 844
(¶18)).
¶44. For reasons already discussed in section III, we find the weight of the evidence also
7
“Except to the extent that a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by any
other provision of law, any person who uses or displays a firearm during the commission of
any felony shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced to an
additional term of imprisonment in the custody of the Department of Corrections of five (5)
years, which sentence shall not be reduced or suspended.” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-37-37(1).
15
supported the armed-robbery conviction and firearm enhancement.
¶45. We affirm.
¶46. THE JUDGMENT OF THE WASHINGTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS
AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO WASHINGTON
COUNTY.
LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON, FAIR,
JAMES AND WILSON, JJ., CONCUR.
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