Keith Ladale Wilson v. State

Opinion issued August 25, 2015

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-13-00917-CR
———————————
KEITH LADALE WILSON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 411th District Court
Polk County, Texas1
Trial Court Case No. 22281

OPINION

1
The Supreme Court of Texas, pursuant to its docket equalization authority,
transferred the appeal to this Court. See Misc. Docket No. 13–9152 (Tex. Oct. 17,
2013); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Vernon 2013) (authorizing transfer).
 A jury found appellant, Keith Ladale Wilson, guilty of the offense of sexual

assault,2 and it assessed his punishment at confinement for fourteen years. In five

issues, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction

and the trial court erred in admitting extraneous-offense evidence and sustaining

the State’s objections to certain portions of his trial counsel’s closing argument.

We affirm.

Background

The complainant testified that on May 28, 2010, when she was seventeen

years old, she, her sister, and her friend, Kendall Alexander, drove to Livingston,

Texas, to attend a party hosted by Caroline Hon. The complainant did not “have

any intention of meeting a boy[,] . . . spending any time with a boy,” or “finding a

young man to make out with” at the party.

After arriving at Hon’s house, the complainant, her sister, and Alexander

went out to dinner with Hon. They then returned to the house to “get[] ready” for

the party, and the complainant began drinking alcohol “around” 9:00 or 10:00 p.m.

She explained that she did not “ha[ve] much experience with drinking alcohol” and

could not remember how many drinks she had consumed that evening. She noted,

however, that she “had a lot to drink,” “she continu[ed] to drink,” and “a lot of the

night [was] kind of a blur” to her. At some point during the party, the complainant

2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(a)(1)(A) (Vernon 2011).

2
began to “feel unusual,” “drunk,” and “pretty intoxicated.” She remembered

spending some time outside Hon’s house on the deck “drunk” and talking to her

sister, Alexander, Hon, and Hon’s brother.

The complainant explained that the next thing that she remembered was

being upstairs in the game room, where she awoke to “a bunch of commotion” and

“yelling,” with “everyone freaking out.” She noted that her sister, who was in the

game room with her, was “crying and yelling.” The complainant also noted that

she was not wearing her pants or underwear, “still fe[lt] intoxicated” and “drunk,”

and was “having a hard time getting around.” She subsequently went to a hospital

for a sexual-assault examination, and during the examination, she continued to feel

intoxicated.

The complainant further testified that she did not know appellant, had never

met him before, did not see him the night of the party, and did not remember

having any conversations with him at the party. She explained that she did not

know how she “got up to the game room,” “who took [her] up there,” or “how long

[she] w[as] up there.” And she did not remember taking her clothes off, appellant

“coming into the [game room],” or appellant “engaging in sexual conduct with

[her].” Finally, the complainant stated that she did not consent to having sexual

intercourse with appellant, did not want to have sexual intercourse with him, and

3
had she spoken to appellant at the party, she “would [have] remember[ed]” doing

so.

The complainant’s sister testified that during the party, the complainant

began “exhibiting some signs of intoxication.” And, while the complainant was

intoxicated, she and appellant had a conversation. She noted that the complainant

was “creeped out” by appellant, “got a weird vibe” from him, and was not

interested in or attracted to him.

The complainant’s sister further explained that the complainant was not

“experienced with alcohol” and did not “seem to be handling her alcohol very

well” during the party. She was “drunk and tired,” had “slurred” and “slow[]

speech,” and had “slower [motor] movements.” After the complainant had become

intoxicated “[v]ery quickly,” she stopped “making any sense” and could not

properly form words and sentences. She also stopped “mov[ing] normally” and

had lost her coordination. Because of this, it was decided that the complainant

should be taken “away from the party” to a “safer location” inside Hon’s house.

The complainant was originally placed on a couch in the living room

downstairs. Because the complainant was making “noises” and erratic “arm

movements,” and her sister believed that her level of intoxication was “severe” and

“[e]xtreme,” she was moved upstairs to a couch in the game room, where she

would be further away from the party. The complainant, who was not able to assist

4
herself, had to be “lifted and carried” upstairs by her sister and others. According

to her sister, the complainant had lost her physical coordination and did not appear

to have any of her mental faculties. And the complainant did not respond when

she was placed on the couch in the game room, was “[n]ot coherent at all,” and

was not conscious. When she last checked on the complainant during the party,

the complainant was “[n]ot moving, not coherent, [and remained] still.” And the

complainant did not respond when her sister would enter the game room.

At some point later that evening, Robert James Austin, who had been

staying at Hon’s house, tried to enter the game room, but the door was locked. The

complainant’s sister, concerned by this, began “banging on the door.” Hon’s

mother, Nancy Greer, was able to unlock the door, and when the door was opened,

the complainant’s sister “saw [appellant] on top of [the complainant],” who was

laying on the couch with her arm “dangling off,” “like, [it was] dead.” According

to the complainant’s sister, appellant was “raping” and “having sexual intercourse

with [the complainant],” who was unconscious, not moving, and not

“participat[ing] in any way” in the sexual intercourse.

When the complainant’s sister entered the game room, appellant, whose

pants were around his ankles, “jumped off” the complainant. When he did this, the

complainant did not move, communicate, or respond. Her sister shook the

complainant, who awoke after “a while.” However, after awakening, the

5
complainant still could not form coherent sentences and did not appear to know

what was happening.

The complainant’s sister subsequently called for emergency assistance, and

she went to the hospital with the complainant. On the way to the hospital, the

complainant still could not form sentences and did not appear to have her full

physical capabilities. And even after they arrived at the hospital, the complainant

still was not “fully aware of what [was] going on.”

Austin testified that at some point during the party at Hon’s house, he went

upstairs to the game room, in which he had been staying, to retrieve his wallet and

keys. When he entered, he saw the complainant “laying down on the couch,”

“passed out,” and “asleep.” Austin noted that she “had her clothes on” and did not

react to any noise that he made while he was in the game room.

Austin then left Hon’s house to go to a restaurant. When he returned, fifteen

minutes later, he again went back upstairs to the game room to put his wallet and

keys away, but found that the door to the game room was locked. Austin, noting

that it was unusual for the game-room door to be locked, knocked on the door.

After he received no response from the complainant, he went downstairs to tell the

complainant’s sister about the locked door. Subsequently, Austin heard screaming

and shouting, and he ran back upstairs to the game room, where he found the

complainant incoherent on the couch and her sister, Greer, and appellant. Austin

6
saw appellant pulling up his pants and that the complainant was not wearing any

pants or underwear. He explained that even after the complainant started “coming

to,” she “didn’t really know or comprehend what was going on,” and she asked

“[w]hat [had] happened.”

Greer testified that during the party, she noticed that the complainant had

become intoxicated and “had had too much to drink.” Later, the complainant’s

sister came to get Greer to unlock the game-room door. When she and the

complainant’s sister entered the game room, she saw the complainant “laying on

the couch asleep[] and [appellant] was on top of her.” The complainant “was not

moving at all.” Greer explained that she saw the appellant’s “rear end,” which was

not clothed, and he was engaging in sexual intercourse with the complainant, who

was not clothed from the waist down, while she slept.

When Greer and the complainant’s sister walked into the room, appellant

“got up.” Greer asked him, “What are you doing?” and he responded, “I don’t

know. I don’t know.” After pulling up his underwear, appellant then ran out of the

room. During this event, the complainant did not move at all, and she was not

conscious.

When Greer subsequently drove the complainant to the hospital, she did not

“appear to have a good understanding of what had gone on” or “appear to

comprehend the fact that she had just been sexually assaulted.” However, Greer

7
further explained that the complainant did not appear to be intoxicated on the way

to the hospital. Regardless, there was no doubt in Greer’s mind that appellant “was

sexually assaulting [the complainant] who was unconscious when [Greer] walked

into the game room.”

Hon testified that during the party she interacted with the complainant, saw

her drinking, and noticed that she became suddenly intoxicated. The complainant

began not “making sense” and “slurring” her words. Therefore, she, the

complainant’s sister, and Austin placed the complainant on a couch in the living

room downstairs. Subsequently, she and the complainant’s sister “carried” and

“dragg[ed]” the complainant upstairs to the game room, “so [that] she could have

her own room.” Hon explained that the complainant did not walk up the stairs on

her own; rather she was “dead weight.” Once upstairs in the game room, they

placed the complainant on the couch. Throughout this entire time, the complainant

remained “unconscious.”

Later in the evening, Hon heard screaming and ran upstairs. As she ran, she

encountered appellant running downstairs. When Hon reached the game room, she

saw the complainant’s jeans and underwear on the floor and the complainant’s

sister trying to awake the complainant, who was “unconscious” and laying “still”

on the couch. On the way to the hospital, the complainant “was in and out of it”

and “didn’t know what was going on.”

8
 Alexander testified that during the party, the complainant became “pretty

intoxicated” and “passed out” on the living-room couch. Alexander further

explained that the complainant was “passed out drunk,” “basically unconscious,”

and she did not think that she would “have been able to wake [the complainant] up

if [she] had tried.” Thus, Hon and Alexander moved the complainant upstairs to

the game room.

Alexander then went outside, where she had a conversation with appellant.

She and appellant had “a normal conversation about life” and “talk[ed] about

relationships.” During this conversation, Alexander “mentioned” to appellant that

her friend, the complainant, “had passed out inside [the house]” and “was

upstairs.” After Greer and the complainant’s sister saw appellant engaging in

sexual intercourse with the complainant, Alexander spoke to her, noting that she

was “distraught, confused, crying, [and] upset.” The complainant also did not

appear to understand or comprehend what was happening, and according to

Alexander, the complainant was not “looking to hook up with somebody” or “have

sex with guys” at the party.

Cynthia Brittain, a medical laboratory technician at Memorial Medical

Center Livingston (“MMCL”), testified that the complainant was admitted to the

hospital on May 29, 2010. Brittain administered an alcohol test on the

complainant’s blood to determine its alcohol concentration, which was 0.11.

9
 Sherry Keen, a sexual assault nurse examiner at MMCL, testified that she

was trained to provide comprehensive care to sexual assault victims and collect

forensic evidence. Keen performed a sexual-assault examination on the

complainant. Although the complainant could not give Keen “any details about the

sexual assault, Keen found “scratches” and “multiple lacerations,” which appeared

to be “fresh,” around the complainant’s anus. Keen explained that such trauma

would be consistent with “someone scratching the anal region with fingernails as

they were pulling underpants down from underneath a person that might be lying

[down].” And although Keen did not find trauma to the complainant’s vaginal

region, this was consistent with “somebody who was unconscious and not resisting

[a] sexual assault.” Keen also collected forensic evidence from the complainant.

Camille Stafford, a forensic scientist and technical supervisor with the Texas

Department of Public Safety (“TDPS”) Breath Alcohol Laboratory in Houston,

testified that she tested appellant’s blood, taken from him on May 29, 2010, to

determine its alcohol concentration. Appellant’s blood had “less than 0.01 grams

of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood.” Stafford also converted the alcohol

concentration of the complainant’s blood, which had been determined by the

hospital through testing serum, and it was “0.093 grams” of alcohol per 100

milliliters of blood.

10
 Angelina Temple, a forensic scientist with the TDPS Houston Regional

Crime Lab, testified that she performed serology testing and DNA analysis in this

case. She explained that the vaginal and anal swabs taken from the complainant

contained both appellant’s and the complainant’s DNA.

Appellant testified that he went to the party at Hon’s house on May 28,

2010, drank alcohol, and introduced himself to other guests. He explained that he

did not know the complainant, her sister, or Alexander before the party, but saw

them that night and introduced himself to them. Appellant had conversations with

the complainant and Alexander, and he saw the complainant, her sister, and

Alexander drinking at the party.

At one point in the evening, appellant went swimming. Prior to swimming,

he took off his jeans and shirt in the game room, where he left them. Appellant

swam for about “20 to 30 minutes,” and about an hour later, he went back upstairs

to the game room “[t]o change out of [the] shorts that [he] had [been] swimming

in.” In the game room, he found the complainant, alone, sitting on the couch, and

he closed the door behind him. Prior to entering the room, however, appellant did

not know that she was in the room.

After appellant entered the game room, he had a conversation with the

complainant, who had “woke up crying” and “sniffing,” with “tears running down

her face.” When he asked her, “Are you okay? What is wrong?,” the complainant

11
told him that “she had had problems with her boyfriend” and he “had just called

[her].” He and the complainant then engaged in sexual intercourse. Appellant

explained, “It wasn’t her saying, hey, let’s have sex. It was we sat and talked; and

then, one thing lead to another.” According to appellant, the complainant

consented to the sexual intercourse; she did not say “no” or “stop,” “yell out for

help,” or “struggle.” And the complainant was “conscious when [appellant] w[as]

in the [game] room with her.”

Appellant further testified that when the complainant’s sister and Greer

came into the game room, he “g[o]t off” of the complainant and “pulled up [his]

underwear and . . . shorts.” He then ran downstairs because he was “frightened”

and “trying to get away from everything.”

On cross-examination, appellant admitted that he had previously told law

enforcement officers that he had no recollection of what had happened in the game

room. He also explained that he had “accident[ally]” locked the game-room door

and did not respond to the people who were banging on the door. According to

appellant, the complainant “fak[ed]” or “pretended to be unconscious” when the

others came into the game room, but she was not unconscious when they engaged

in sexual intercourse.

To rebut appellant’s testimony on the issues of intent and consent, the State

presented evidence of an extraneous offense. Before admitting the extraneous-

12
offense evidence, the trial court instructed the jury: “[Y]ou may only consider

such evidence as evidence of intent or to refute the defensive theory of consent and

you may not consider those other offenses, wrongs or acts, if any, for any other

purpose.” 3

The extraneous-offense witness then testified that on December 25, 2011,

she engaged in a “text message conversation” with Josh Hooper regarding having

“sex . . . for money.” She explained that Hooper requested that she have sexual

intercourse with him and appellant for money; however, she agreed only to have

sexual intercourse with Hooper for $100. In his car, Hooper subsequently drove

the witness to a wooded area, where he told her that they were “alone.” After

Hooper gave the witness $50, she began performing “oral sex” on him in the front

seat of the car. At some point, the witness thought she heard the sound of

“something or somebody in the backseat moving around,” but she did not see

anything.

Hooper and the witness then engaged in sexual intercourse, with him

standing behind her outside of the car. The witness heard a “commotion” and

“realize[d] that someone else had come [up] behind [her].” A second man then

engaged in sexual intercourse with her. When the witness looked behind to see

him, she saw that it was appellant. She then told appellant to stop, which he

3
The trial court gave the jury the same instruction in its charge.

13
eventually did. Hooper then asked, “Where did [appellant] go? Where did he go?”

The witness explained that, although she had consented to having sexual

intercourse with Hooper, she did not consent to having sexual intercourse with

appellant, whom she told to stop “numerous times.”

Jenny Smith, a registered nurse at Memorial Medical Center, testified that

she is a certified “SANE examiner” and performed a sexual-assault examination of

the extraneous-offense witness. During the examination, Smith found trauma,

which was consistent with the witness’s description of an “aggressive” sexual

assault with “[m]ultiple assailants.”

In response to the rebuttal evidence, appellant testified that he was not with

the extraneous-offense witness on December 25, 2011 and did not know anything

about the incident.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first issue, appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support

his conviction because the State did not “prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [he]

caused the penetration of the sexual organ of [the complainant] with his sexual

organ, without her effective consent.”

We review the legal sufficiency of the evidence by considering all of the

evidence “in the light most favorable to the prosecution” to determine whether any

“rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

14
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19, 99 S. Ct. 2781,

2788–89 (1979). Our role is that of a due process safeguard, ensuring only the

rationality of the trier of fact’s finding of the essential elements of the offense

beyond a reasonable doubt. See Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1988). We give deference to the responsibility of the fact finder to fairly

resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from the facts. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). However, our duty requires us to “ensure that the evidence presented

actually supports a conclusion that the defendant committed” the criminal offense

of which he is accused. Id.

A person commits the offense of sexual assault if he, intentionally or

knowingly, causes the penetration of the sexual organ of another person by any

means, without that person’s consent. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(a)(1)(A)

(Vernon 2011). A sexual assault is without consent if “the other person has not

consented and the actor knows [that] the other person is unconscious or physically

unable to resist” or “the other person has not consented and the actor knows [that]

the other person is unaware that the sexual assault is occurring.” Id.

§ 22.011(b)(3), (5). Evidence that the complainant was unconscious due to

voluntary intoxication is sufficient to prove lack of consent. See Elliott v. State,

858 S.W.2d 478, 485 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

15
 Here, appellant admits to having engaged in sexual intercourse with the

complainant, but disputes that he did so without her consent. Appellant asserts that

the State did not establish that he “knew [the complainant] was unconscious or

physically unable to resist, or that . . . [he] knew [the complainant] was unaware

that the sexual assault was occurring.”

The complainant testified that she began drinking alcohol “around” 9:00 or

10:00 p.m., “had a lot to drink,” and “continu[ed] to drink” throughout night of the

party. And at a certain point, she began to “feel unusual,” “drunk,” and “pretty

intoxicated.” When she later awoke in the game room, she was no longer wearing

her pants and underwear, “still fe[lt] intoxicated” and “drunk,” and had difficulty

moving around on her own. The complainant explained that she did not remember

taking her clothes off, did not consent to having sexual intercourse with appellant,

and did not want to have sexual intercourse with appellant.

Other witnesses, including the complainant’s sister, Greer, Hon, and

Alexander, testified that during the party, the complainant drank alcohol, became

intoxicated, and did not “handl[e] her alcohol very well.” According to these

witnesses, the complainant was “drunk,” had “slurred” and “slow[] speech,”

“slow[] [motor] movements,” could not properly form words or sentences, and was

not “making any sense.” Her sister described the complainant’s level of

16
intoxication as “severe” and “[e]xtreme.” And Greer testified that the complainant

“had had too much to drink.”

At one point during the evening, Hon and the complainant’s sister carried

the complainant upstairs to the game room and placed her on the couch. The

complainant could not physically assist them in any way as she was carried and

“dragg[ed]” up the stairs, and Hon described her as “dead weight.” At this time,

the complainant was “[n]ot coherent at all,” was “unconscious,” and did not appear

to have any of her mental faculties. When her sister checked on the complainant

later in the evening, she was still “[n]ot moving, not coherent, [and remained]

still.” Austin also testified that when he went into the game room to retrieve his

belongings, he saw the complainant “laying down on the couch,” “passed out,” and

“asleep.”

When the complainant’s sister and Greer found appellant on top of the

complainant in the game room, the complainant was laying on the couch, with her

arm “dangling off,” “like, [it was] dead.” As Greer explained, the complainant was

“laying on the couch asleep[]” with appellant “on top of her.” The complainant,

who was not wearing pants or underwear, “was not moving at all,” not

“participat[ing] in any way” in the sexual intercourse, and was unconscious. When

appellant “jumped off” the complainant, she remained still, did not communicate,

and did not respond. Her sister had to shake the complainant to wake her up,

17
which took “a while.” When Hon subsequently entered the game room, the

complainant was “still unconscious” on the couch.

Moreover, the complainant’s sister testified that earlier during the party, the

complainant, while intoxicated, had a conversation with appellant, was “creeped

out” by him, and “got a weird vibe” from him. And Alexander testified that when

she spoke with appellant prior to the sexual assault, she specifically told him that

the complainant “had passed out inside [the house]” and “was upstairs” in the

game room.

Finally, Keen testified that when she examined the complainant, she found,

around the complainant’s anus, “scratches” and “multiple lacerations,” which

would be consistent with “someone scratching the anal region with fingernails as

they were pulling underpants down from underneath a person that might be lying

[down].” Keen also noted that the complainant had no trauma to her vaginal

region, which was consistent with a situation where “somebody who was

unconscious and not resisting [a] sexual assault.” Additionally, Stafford testified

that the complainant’s blood had “0.093 grams” of alcohol per 100 milliliters.

Appellant argues that because only he and the complainant were in the game

room at the time he had sexual intercourse with her, the complainant could not

remember what happened, and he “specifically and unambiguously testified that he

and [the complainant] engaged in consensual sexual intercourse,” the State could

18
not prove her lack of consent. However, the fact that the complainant did not

remember the sexual assault is not dispositive of the issue of consent. See, e.g.,

Ray v. State, No. 03-13-00085-CR, 2014 WL 4362969, at *2–4 (Tex. App.—

Austin Aug. 26, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding

evidence legally sufficient to support sexual assault conviction where complainant

“very intoxicated,” “passed out,” and awoke “naked from the waist down”); In re

E.I.G., 346 S.W.3d 644, 645–47 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, no pet.) (holding

evidence sufficient to support sexual assault conviction where complainant, who

“was only wearing her blouse” when she awoke, did not remember “if the male in

the room with her did anything,” but “[a]ppellant was seen on top of an

unconscious [complainant], and jumped off her when someone entered . . . the

room”); Everson v. State, No. 01-07-00510-CR, 2008 WL 2548843, at *3–6 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 26, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (upholding sexual assault conviction where complainant “became

voluntarily intoxicated by taking pills and passed out[] [and] remained unconscious

throughout the sexual intercourse”); see also Elliott, 858 S.W.2d at 485 (evidence

complainant unconscious due to voluntary intoxication sufficient to prove lack of

consent). And the complainant’s testimony that she did not consent to engaging in

sexual intercourse with appellant is sufficient, by itself, to establish a lack of

19
consent. See Everson, 2008 WL 2548843, at *4; Jensen v. State, 66 S.W.3d 528,

534 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d).

Further, from the evidence presented at trial, one reasonably could infer that

appellant knew that the complainant was unconscious, physically unable to resist,

or was unaware that he was engaging in sexual intercourse with her, and thus, also

knew that she did not consent. See Hughes v. State, 194 S.W.3d 649, 654 (Tex.

App.—Tyler 2006, no pet.) (concluding jury could infer defendant knew he did not

have complainant’s consent because he began sexually assaulting her while she

slept); see also Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789 (jury’s task to draw

“reasonable inferences” from evidence).

Moreover, to the extent that there is any discrepancy between appellant’s

testimony and the testimony of the complainant and the other witnesses, we note

that the jury was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses at trial, and we

defer to the responsibility of the fact finder to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony,

weigh evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts. Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 319, 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2789, 2793; Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750; see also

Hernandez v. State, 804 S.W.2d 168, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991,

pet. ref’d) (“[T]he jury had the ability to observe the witnesses carefully, . . . and to

evaluate the credibility of each witness and the overall sufficiency of the evidence

on the issue of consent.”).

20
 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we

conclude that it could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the complainant

did not consent to the penetration of her sexual organ by appellant. Accordingly,

we hold that the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction.

We overrule appellant’s first issue.

Extraneous Offense Evidence

In his second issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in “allowing

the State to present evidence of an extraneous sexual assault alleged to have been

committed [by appellant] after the alleged sexual assault” of the complainant

because such evidence was inadmissible and should have been excluded.

We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of extraneous offenses

for an abuse of discretion. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343–44 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009). We will not reverse a trial court’s ruling on evidentiary matters

unless the decision was outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Winegarner

v. State, 235 S.W.3d 787, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). If the trial court’s ruling

can be justified on any theory of law applicable to the ruling, the ruling will not be

disturbed. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 344. “When a trial court further decides not

to exclude the evidence, finding that the probative value of the evidence is not

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, this decision too shall be given

deference.” Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

21
 The admission of extraneous offenses to prove a person’s character or to

show that the person acted in conformity with that character is prohibited. TEX. R.

EVID. 404(b). Evidence of extraneous offenses may, however, be admissible to

show “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence

of mistake, or lack of accident.” Id.; see also Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d

372, 387 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). And evidence of extraneous acts may also be

admissible to rebut defensive theories. Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 519 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996). Nevertheless, even when the admission of extraneous evidence

is permissible under rule 404(b), such evidence may still be excluded if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See

TEX. R. EVID. 403; Blackwell v. State, 193 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d).

In addition to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in

admitting the extraneous-offense evidence, we must also engage in a harm

analysis. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); Jabari v. State, 273 S.W.3d 745, 754 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.). “Error in the admission of evidence is

non-constitutional error,” and we disregard any non-constitutional error that does

not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. See TEX. R APP. P. 44.2(b); Jabari, 273

S.W.3d at 754; see also Barshaw v. State, 342 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011). “A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and

22
injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Jabari, 273 S.W.3d

at 754 (citing Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)); see

also TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). We should not reverse a conviction for non-

constitutional error if, after examining the record as whole, we have “fair assurance

that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.” Jabari, 273

S.W.3d at 754 (citing Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998)).

In making this determination, we consider the entire record, including any

testimony and physical evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the nature

of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error, and how it

might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case. Haley v. State,

173 S.W.3d 510, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352,

355–56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The weight of evidence of the defendant’s guilt is

also relevant in conducting the harm analysis under rule 44.2(b). Neal v. State,

256 S.W.3d 264, 285 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 356–57;

Kamen v. State, 305 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet.

ref’d). And we may consider the closing statements and voir dire, jury

instructions, the State’s theory, any defensive theories, and whether the State

emphasized the alleged error. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355–56; Hankins v. State, 180

S.W.3d 177, 182 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. ref’d).

23
 Here, we do not address whether the trial court erred in admitting the

complained-of extraneous-offense evidence because even were we to conclude that

the trial court erred in admitting such evidence, appellant, in his brief, does not

argue that he was harmed by its admission. In order to assert an issue on appeal,

an appellant’s “brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions

made, with appropriate citations to authorities.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). And an

appellant waives an issue on appeal if he does not adequately brief that issue, i.e.,

by presenting supporting arguments and authorities. See id.; Cardenas v. State, 30

S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Because appellant has not adequately

briefed his extraneous-offense issue by identifying the harm that he suffered as a

result of the admission of the complained-of evidence, we hold that he has waived

the issue. See Cardenas, 30 S.W.3d at 393 (holding issue inadequately briefed

where “appellant d[id] not address the question of whether the alleged

error . . . was harmless”); see also Sierra v. State, 157 S.W.3d 52, 64 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2004) (holding issue of whether testimony was unfairly prejudicial

under rule 403 inadequately briefed where “appellant failed to show how he was

harmed by the testimony”), aff’d, 218 S.W.3d 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Allison

v. State, Nos. 01-01-00383-CR, 01-01-00384-CR, 01-01-00385-CR, 01-01-00386-

CR, 2002 WL 31388717, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 24, 2002, pet.

ref’d) (not designated for publication) (determining defendant waived complaint

24
where brief “offer[ed] no further analysis, legal authorities, or record

references . . . to explain how he was harmed by the alleged error”); Fremin v.

State, No. 14-01-00571-CR, 2002 WL 1315912, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] June 6, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (concluding issue of

whether extraneous act erroneously admitted waived, where “appellant’s brief

identifie[d] no evidence of harm”).

We overrule appellant’s second issue.

Closing Argument

In his third and fourth issues, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

“sustaining [the] objection[s] by the State to [his] [closing] argument . . . regarding

[the] testimony of [L]ieutenant Ken Bohnert” and Austin because his trial

counsel’s argument “was an accurate summary of th[eir] testimony.”

The following exchange took place during appellant’s closing argument:

[Appellant’s Trial Counsel]: Lieutenant Bohnert testified that
Nancy Greer told him in a statement
in June that she didn’t think -- that she
did not think that [the complainant]
was intoxicated.

[The State]: I’m going to object, Your Honor.
That’s a misstatement of the evidence.

The Court: Sustained.

[Appellant’s Trial Counsel]: It’s --

The Court: I sustained the objection.

25
 [Appellant’s Trial Counsel]: Lieutenant Bohnert testified that she
-- that Nancy Greer said that she
thought [the complainant] was asleep.
She thought [the complainant] had
been doing something that day.

And Robert James Austin testified
that when he saw [the complainant]
that night, she was not intoxicated.

[The State]: I’m going to object. That’s a
misstatement of the evidence.

[Appellant’s Trial Counsel]: Your Honor, that’s a flat-out
statement of the evidence. If the jury
heard it differently, they can consider
it.

The Court: I sustain the objection and ask you to
stick to the record.

Appellant asserts that the above statements of his counsel constituted “an

accurate summary of [Lieutenant Bohnert’s and Austin’s] testimony.” In response,

the State asserts that any error by the trial court in sustaining its objections to the

above argument was harmless.

A trial court has broad discretion in controlling the scope of closing

argument, but it may not prevent defense counsel from making a point essential to

the defense. Lemos v. State, 130 S.W.3d 888, 892 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2004, no

pet.). A defendant has the legal right to argue any theory supported by the

evidence, and all inferences from the evidence that are legal, fair, and legitimate

26
may be argued by the defense. Lemos, 130 S.W.3d at 892; Melendez v. State, 4

S.W.3d 437, 442 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.), overruled on

other grounds by Small v. State, 23 S.W.3d 549 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2000, pet. ref’d). Prohibiting counsel from making a particular jury argument

constitutes a denial of the defendant’s right to counsel when that argument is one

the defendant is entitled to make. Riles v. State, 595 S.W.2d 858, 861 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1980); Lemos, 130 S.W.3d at 892.

Assuming, without deciding, that the trial court erred in sustaining the

State’s objections noted above, we must determine whether the error was harmful.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a). Denial of the right to counsel is an error of

constitutional magnitude. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10;

United States v. DeLoach, 504 F.2d 185, 189–90 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (holding

restrictions on defendant’s closing argument violated constitutional right to

counsel). Accordingly, because any error by the trial court in sustaining the State’s

objections would be constitutional, we must determine whether the trial court’s

actions were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); see also

Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 194 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Cantu v. State,

395 S.W.3d 202, 210–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). In

applying the “harmless error” test, the primary question is whether there is a

27
“reasonable possibility” that the error might have contributed to the conviction.

Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

We note that our harmless error analysis does not focus on the propriety of

the outcome of the trial, but instead, we “calculate as much as possible the

probable impact of the error on the jury in light of the existence of other evidence.”

Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We are required

to evaluate the entire record in a neutral, impartial, and even-handed manner, not in

the light most favorable to the prosecution. Cantu, 395 S.W.3d at 211. We

consider the nature of the error, the extent that it was emphasized by the State, its

probable collateral implications, and the weight a juror would probably place on

the error. Snowden v. State, 353 S.W.3d 815, 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Cantu,

395 S.W.3d at 211. However, these factors are not exclusive; other considerations

may logically inform our harm analysis. Cantu, 395 S.W.3d at 211. As the Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals has emphasized: “At bottom, an analysis for whether a

particular constitutional error is harmless should take into account any and every

circumstance apparent in the record that logically informs an appellate

determination whether ‘beyond a reasonable doubt [that particular] error did not

contribute to the conviction or punishment.’” Snowden, 353 S.W.3d at 822

(alteration in original).

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 Here, the State made its objections after appellant’s trial counsel made his

argument to the jury regarding the testimony of Lieutenant Bohnert and Austin.

And the trial court merely sustained the State’s objections; it did not instruct the

jury to disregard the argument. See Requeno-Portillo v. State, No. 01-10-00242-

CR, 2011 WL 3820747, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 25, 2011,

pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding error in sustaining

objection to defense counsel’s argument harmless where objection not made until

after counsel had already made argument to jury and trial court did not instruct jury

to disregard); Wiltz v. State, 827 S.W.2d 372, 373–74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1992) (same), rev’d on other grounds, 863 S.W.2d 463 (Tex. Crim. App.

1993); see also Rische v. State, 746 S.W.2d 287, 291 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1988, no pet.) (noting court did not instruct jury to disregard defense

argument). Accordingly, we hold that any error committed by the trial court in

sustaining the State’s objections to the pertinent portions of the closing argument

of appellant’s trial counsel was harmless.

We overrule appellant’s third and fourth issues.

Comment on the Weight of the Evidence

In his fifth issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

“directing . . . [appellant’s trial counsel] to ‘stick to the record’ during [closing]

argument” because, by doing so, the trial court “suggested to the jury” that

29
appellant “had not . . . been sticking to the record” and “was engaging in deceit.”

(Emphasis added.) In response, the State argues that appellant “failed to preserve

this point of error for review” because he “never objected that [the trial court’s]

comment was an improper comment on the weight of the evidence.”

In ruling upon the admissibility of evidence, the judge shall not
discuss or comment upon the weight of the same or its bearing in the
case, but shall simply decide whether or not it is admissible; nor shall
he, at any stage of the proceeding previous to the return of the verdict,
make any remark calculated to convey to the jury his opinion of the
case.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.05 (Vernon 1979). “To reverse a judgment

on the ground of improper conduct or comments of the judge, we must find (1) that

judicial impropriety was in fact committed, and (2) probable prejudice to the

complaining party.” Dockstader v. State, 233 S.W.3d 98, 108 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d).

Ordinarily, a complaint regarding an improper judicial comment must be

preserved at trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Unkart v. State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 98

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013). When no objection is made, “remarks and conduct of the

court may not be subsequently challenged unless they are fundamentally

erroneous,” i.e., the error creates egregious harm. See Moreno v. State, 900

S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1995, no pet.); see also Powell v. State,

252 S.W.3d 742, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). A trial

court’s comments do not constitute fundamental error unless they rise to “such a

30
level as to bear on the presumption of innocence or vitiate the impartiality of the

jury.” Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413, 421 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (trial court’s

comments correcting defense counsel’s misrepresentation of previously admitted

testimony, showing irritation at defense attorney, and clearing up point of

confusion not fundamental error).

Here, appellant complains that during his closing argument, the trial court, in

regard to the State’s objection that he was “misstat[ing]” the evidence, remarked:

“I sustain the objection and ask you to stick to the record.” (Emphasis added.)

Notably though, appellant did not object to this statement by the trial court. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). Further, appellant does not argue, nor can we reasonably

conclude, that the trial court’s request that appellant’s trial counsel “stick to the

record” constitutes fundamental error, which would negate the need for an

objection. See Goforth v. State, No. 03-02-00487-CR, 2003 WL 21354498, at *5–

6 (Tex. App.—Austin June 12, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (holding trial court’s instruction to defendant to “[s]tick within the

evidence that has been presented, during [his] argument” “not a comment on the

weight of the evidence, nor did [it] result in a benefit to the State or prejudice or

harm appellant’s right to a fair and impartial trial”); see also Jasper, 61 S.W.3d at

421 (“[A] trial judge’s irritation at the defense attorney does not translate to an

indication as to the judge’s views about the defendant’s guilt or innocence.”); Tate

31
v. State, No. 01-13-00290-CR, 2014 WL 1678811, at *6–7 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Apr. 24, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(trial court’s expression of irritation with defense counsel not fundamental error).

We overrule appellant’s fifth issue.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Terry Jennings
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Huddle.

Justice Huddle, concurring.

Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

32