Gorre v. City of Tacoma

F ll E
1~1 Cl.i:RKS OFFICE

This opinion was flied for r'ecora
at ;' :ro· · : ·.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

EDWARD 0. GORRE, )
) No. 90620-3
Respondent, )
)
v. ) En Bane
)
CITY OF TACOMA, )
)
Petitioner, )
)
and )
)
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND )
INDUSTRIES, ) Filed AUG 2 7 2015
)
Defendant. )
_________________ )
Yu, J.--This is an appeal from a denial of a workers' compensation claim.

Under the Industrial Insurance Act (Act), Title 51 RCW, a worker injured in the

course of employment suffers from an "occupational disease" and is entitled to

certain benefits. The burden of proving an occupational disease generally falls on

the worker. That is, to receive benefits an injured worker typically must show that
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No; 90620-3

his or her injury arose naturally and proximately from employment. This case

involves an exception that shifts that burden in certain circumstances.

Under RCW 51.32.185(1), a firefighter who suffers from any of four

enumerated classes of injury receives a rebuttable evidentiary presumption that the

injury is an occupational disease. At issue here are two of those presumptive classes

of occupational disease:

( 1) In the case of firefighters . . . there shall exist a prima facie
presumption that: (a) Respiratory disease; . . . and (d) infectious
diseases are occupational diseases. . This presumption of
occupational disease may be rebutted by a preponderance of the
evidence ....

(4) The presumption [for infectious diseases] shall be extended
to any firefighter who has contracted any of the following infectious
diseases: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, all strains of hepatitis, meningococcal meningitis, or
mycobacterium tuberculosis.

RCW 51.32.185 (emphasis added). A firefighter who does not qualify for

RCW 51.32.185(1)'s presumption may still receive benefits, but he or she retains

the burden of proof.

Edward 0. Gorre, a firefighter employed by the city of Tacoma (City), suffers

from valley fever (coccidioidomycosis). Gorre's diagnosis is not disputed. At issue

instead is whether valley fever is a "respiratory disease" or an "infectious disease"

under RCW 51.32.185(1)(a) or (d) that shifts the burden of proving the disease's

2
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

proximate cause from Gorre to the employer City. The answer involves two

questions of statutory interpretation.

First, we must interpret "respiratory disease" in RCW 51.32.185(1)(a). Gorre

asks us to affirm the Court of Appeals, which adopted the term's ordinary dictionary

definition. The City urges us to interpret it as a term of art, limiting respiratory

diseases to what doctors diagnose as such. Second, we must interpret the scope of

RCW 51.32.185(1)(d)'s presumption for "infectious diseases" and specifically what

RCW 51.32.185(4) means by stating that the presumption "shall be extended to"

HIV and AIDS, hepatitis, meningitis, and tuberculosis. The issue is whether that list

of diseases is exclusive. The Court of Appeals held it was not, interpreting RCW

51.32.185(1 )(d) to cover every infectious disease, including valley fever.

We reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the superior court's judgment

in the City's favor. We conclude that "respiratory disease," as used in RCW

51.32.185(1 )(a), refers only to diseases that medical experts diagnose as respiratory

diseases. We also conclude that the "infectious diseases" qualifying for RCW

51.32.185(1)(d)'s evidentiary presumption are limited to those diseases specifically

enumerated in RCW 51.32.185(4 ). Because medical experts in Gorre's case testified

that valley fever is an infectious disease, not a respiratory one, and because it is not

one of the infectious diseases enumerated in RCW 51.32.185(4), the presumption

does not apply.

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Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

BACKGROUND

A firefighter employed by the City since 1997, Gorre fell ill shortly after

returning to Washington from a trip to Las Vegas, Nevada. His diagnosis was

initially a mystery. Doctors went through several tentative diagnoses before a skin

biopsy tested positive for valley fever. Valley fever is a fungal infection endemic to

the desert southwest, including Nevada and especially California's San Joaquin

Valley (where the name derives). The fungus favors warm, dry climates, and though

it lives in the desert's arid soil, it releases spores into the air if the soil is disturbed.

Humans acquire valley fever by inhaling those spores.

Gorre filed for workers' compensation benefits with the City and the

Department of Labor and Industries. After both entities rejected his claim, Gorre

appealed to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals (Board). His administrative

appeal included both procedural and factual components. As to procedure, Gorre

asserted that he had a "respiratory disease" and an "infectious disease" under RCW

51.32.185(1 ), which shifted the burden of proving a nonemployment cause of valley

fever to the City. As to fact, Gorre alleged that he was exposed to the fungus from

responding to emergency calls on Interstate 5, where he inhaled spores transported

by vehicles traveling north from California. 1

1
Gorre also argued that he suffered from eosinophilic lung disease, separate from and in
addition to valley fever. But after hearing medical testimony, the Board found Gorre's only
diagnosis was valley fever. The Court of Appeals affirmed. Gorre v. City of Tacoma, 180 Wn.

4
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

After hearing extensive motions, an industrial appeals judge (IAJ) ruled that

even if RCW 51.32.185 applied, the City's initial evidence had rebutted the

presumption. The IAJ then held an evidentiary hearing where Gorre retained the

burden of proving an employment-related exposure to valley fever. Following

several days of testimony, the IAJ proposed a decision and order finding that valley

fever was an infectious disease that Gorre likely acquired in Nevada. Expert

· testimony supported these findings, and the Board adopted them. The Board

affirmed rejection of Gorre's benefits claim. The Pierce County Superior Court

likewise affirmed after a bench trial.

The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for a new evidentiary hearing,

holding that Gorre was entitled to RCW 51.32.185(1 )'s presumptions for respiratory

and infectious diseases. Gorre v. City ofTacoma, 180 Wn. App. 729, 324 P.3d 716

(2014). We granted the City's petition for review. Gorre v. City of Tacoma, 181

Wn.2d 1033,343 P.3d 760 (2015).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A modified standard of review applies to workers' compensation appeals.

The Board's decision and order is presumed correct, and the party challenging that

decision carries the burden on appeal to the superior court. RCW 51.52.115. The

App. 729, 760, 324 P.3d 716 (2014). Since Gorre has not cross petitioned for review of that
finding, it is not before us.

5
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

superior court can make its own findings or reach a different result only if the judge

finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the Board's findings and decision are

erroneous. Ravsten v. Dep 't ofLabor &Indus., 108 Wn.2d 143, 146, 736 P.2d 265

(1987).

When reviewing the Board proceedings, we only examine "the record to see

whether substantial evidence supports the findings made after the superior court's

de novo review, and whether the court's conclusions oflaw flow from the findings."

Ruse v. Dep'tofLabor &Indus., 138 Wn.2d 1, 5-6,977 P.2d 570 (1999). However,

statutory interpretation remains a question of law we determine de novo. Cockle v.

Dep't ofLabor &Indus., 142 Wn.2d 801,807, 16 P.3d 583 (2001).

ANALYSIS

A. INTERPRETATION OF "RESPIRATORY DISEASE" INRCW 51.32.185(l)(a)

We first consider if valley fever is a "respiratory disease" under RCW

51.32.185(1 )(a). This is a question of statutory interpretation,2 so we begin with the

plain meaning of the term. Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d

1, 11, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). Plain meaning is "discerned from the ordinary meaning of

2
The briefing somewhat mischaracterizes the issue as whether a certain medical condition
is a "respiratory disease" is a question of law or fact. What "respiratory disease" means in RCW
51.32.185(1)(a) is undisputedly a question of law susceptible to judicial review. Cockle, 142
Wn.2d at 807. And whether a firefighter has a "respiratory disease"-whatever its statutory
meaning-is a fact question reserved for the fact finder. So the real dispute here is how to interpret
"respiratory disease" in RCW 51.32.185(1 )(a), and specifically if the legislature intended the term
to carry its ordinary or medically accepted meaning.

6
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

the language at issue, the context of the statute in which that provision is found,

related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole." Tingey v. Haisch, 159

Wn.2d 652, 657, 152 P.3d 1020 (2007). Our ultimate task, of course, is to ascertain

and carry out the legislature's intent. Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9.

Because the Act does not define "respiratory disease," the Court of Appeals

turned to an ordinary dictionary. The Court of Appeals merged the ordinary

definitions of "respiration" and "disease" and concluded the plain meaning of

"respiratory disease" is any "discomfort or condition of an organism or part that

impairs normal physiological functioning relating, affecting, or used in the physical

act of breathing." Gorre, 180 Wn. App. at 762-63. Dictionaries are an appropriate

source of plain meaning when the ordinary definition furthers the statute's purpose.

State v. Veliz, 176 Wn.2d 849, 854, 298 P.3d 75 (2013).

But the ordinary definition of a term is not dispositive of a statute's plain

meaning when the term is also a term of art. !d. "Respiratory disease" has a unique

meaning in the medical community, which uses the term to refer to a category of

specific diagnoses that share certain pathologies. This is different than the broad

ordinary definition, so we must ascertain the legislature's intent and choose the

meaning that best furthers the statute's intended purpose. Campbell & Gwinn, 146

Wn.2d at 9. Did the legislature intend to presume that any effect on breathing is an

occupational disease acquired while firefighting, consistent with the ordinary

7
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

definition of respiratory disease? Or did it intend the presumption to apply only to

specific diseases that doctors diagnose as respiratory diseases? For three reasons,

we hold that interpreting "respiratory disease" as a term of art better reflects the

legislature's purpose in enacting RCW 51.32.185(1)(a).

First, interpreting "respiratory disease" as a specific category of diagnoses

rather than a broad category of symptoms fits with the mechanics of RCW

51.32.185(1 )(a). The statute is simply a shortcut for proving medical causation-

i.e., that job conditions caused an occupational disease. Causation is a specialized

area where the legislature and the courts have always deferred to expert diagnosis.

See Dennis v. Dep 't of Labor & Indus., 109 Wn.2d 467,477,745 P.2d 1295 (1987);

Parr v. Dep 't ofLabor & Indus., 46 Wn.2d 144, 145,278 P.2d 666 (1955); Ehman v.

Dep't of Labor & Indus., 33 Wn.2d 584,600,206 P.2d 787 (1949). Gorre responds

that the ordinary definition of "respiratory disease" still requires evidence that his

breathing is impaired. But testimony about symptoms is a step removed from a

doctor's opinion about the symptoms' underlying cause. We do not believe the

legislature meant to minimize the significance of medical opinion to claims under

the Act when it drafted RCW 51.32.185(1)(a).

Second, the relationship between RCW 51.32.185(1)(a)'s presumption and

RCW 51.32.185(1 )(b)-( d)'s three presumptions supports interpreting "respiratory

disease" as a term of art. RCW 51.32.185(1)'s four presumptions vary in scope

8
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

depending on the specific injury. For example, the legislature created a presumption

for all respiratory diseases, but it limited the presumptions for cancers, heart

conditions, and, as discussed below, infectious diseases. RCW 51.32.185(1)(a)-(d),

(3), (4). Using the ordinary meaning of "respiratory disease," however, results in

RCW 51.32.185(1)(a) becoming a "super presumption" that undermines the express

limits on the ?ther presumptions.

For example, the legislature omitted lung cancer from the list of cancers

entitled to RCW 51.32.185(1)(c)'s presumption. RCW 51.32.185(3). Yet under the

ordinary definition, lung cancer would almost certainly qualify for the respiratory

disease presumption because it invades an organ critical to breathing. Likewise,

RCW 51.32. 185(1 )(b) applies only to heart problems experienced shortly after

certain firefighting activities. But if a heart problem occurs too late for that

presumption, it becomes a respiratory disease as long as breathing is also impaired.

In other words, the Court of Appeals interpretation allows claimants to plead around

the statutory limits in RCW 51.32.185. We believe the legislature intended RCW

51.32. 185(1 )(a) to cover only what doctors diagnose as a respiratory disease and not

what claimants strategically label as one.

Third, interpreting "respiratory disease" as a term of art is consistent with the

9
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

presumption's intended scope. When the legislature enacted RCW 51.32.185(1 )(a), 3

it justified the presumption by citing an evidentiary link between "respiratory

diseases," as the term is used in the statute, and firefighters' routine exposure to

"smoke, fumes, and toxic or chemical substances." LAWS OF 1987, ch. 515, § 1.

Thus, the legislature necessarily intended RCW 51.32.185(1)(a) to cover respiratory

diseases caused by exposure to smoke, fumes, and chemicals-hazards pervasive in

fighting fires.

Yet smoke, fumes, and chemicals do not cause valley fever. As an expert in

Gorre's case testified, valley fever results from exposure to a fungus that dies in

fire's extreme heat. This illustrates the problem with using the ordinary definition

of ''respiratory disease." Interpreting RCW 51.32.185(1)(a) to include respiratory

diseases unrelated to smoke and chemical inhalation broadens the scope of

presumption beyond the legislature's underlying evidentiary justification for it. It

leads to the presumption covering any impairment to breathing, even if the

condition-like valley fever-has no established connection to the risks inherent in

firefighting.

Unfortunately the dissent adopts an interpretation of"respiratory disease" that

3
The respiratory disease presumption was originally codified at former RCW
51.32~ 185(1 ). LAws OF 1987, ch. 515, § 2. As discussed below, the legislature amended the statute
in 2002 to add presumptions for cancers, heart problems, and infectious diseases, LAws OF 2002,
ch. 337, § 2, and the respiratory disease presumption was recodified at RCW 51.32.185(1)(a).

10
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

is not consistent with risks connected to fighting fire. Instead, the dissent concludes

that because firefighting is risky and because valley fever is acquired through

inhalation, the legislature must have intended the disease to be a "respiratory

disease" under RCW 52.31.185(1)(a). Dissent at 4-5. While the dissent assures us

that adopting a layperson's definition preserves the importance of doctors testifying

about a "disease's causation and its effects," id. at 5, interpreting valley fever as a

respiratory disease undercuts the value of that very testimony in Gorre's case:

Q. . .. Dr. Ayars is Valley Fever an infectious disease?
A. Yes.
Q. Is it an infectious disease that can cause respiratory symptoms?
A. Yes.

Q. In your professional medical opmwn what are the chances that
Lieutenant Gorre acquired Valley Fever in Washington State? Can you
assign a number or percentage?
A. Well, right now we have zero to start with. I guess, you could say one
in a million. The people that could potentially be at risk are people that
are gardeners .... [A]s far as trying to link it to firefighters, there is
absolutely no link there.

Tr. ofBd. Proceedings (June 14, 201 0) at 362-68 (emphasis added). Despite the fact

that the medical community does not consider valley fever either a respiratory

disease or a disease common to firefighting, the dissent concludes the legislature

would have intended the presumption to apply nonetheless. We believe otherwise. 4

4 The dissent also suggests that, though the layperson's definition of"respiratory disease"
is an appropriate interpretation here, it "may no longer be helpful" in other cases. Dissent at 4 n.2.
We agree that the triggering of RCW 51.31.185(1 )(a)'s presumption depends on the facts of each
case, but those differences go to application of the statute, not its interpretation. This supports
our view that "respiratory disease" is a term of art to be applied by medical experts.

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Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

There is no doubt firefighting is a dangerous profession, a fact the legislature

recognized by enacting RCW 51.32.185. But our appreciation for the work

firefighters do is not a license to discard the ample evidence that the legislature

nonetheless intended the statute's presumptions to be narrow. For all the above

reasons, we interpret "respiratory disease" in RCW 51.32.185(1)(a) as a term of art

to mean only those diseases the medical profession understands to be respiratory

diseases. In practice, this requires medical expert testimony that a claimant's disease

is a respiratory disease, not merely testimony that it affects breathing.

B. INTERPRETATION OF "INFECTIOUS DISEASES" IN RCW 51.32.185(1 )(d)

We turn next to the scope of RCW 51.32.185(1)(d)'s presumption for

"infectious diseases." The issue is whether that general reference to infectious

disease includes all infectious diseases (including valley fever), or whether the

presumption is limited by RCW 51.32.185(4):

The presumption established in subsection ( 1)(d) of this section shall
be extended to any firefighter who has contracted any of the following
infectious diseases: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome, all strains of hepatitis, meningococcal
meningitis, or mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The parties disagree about the effect ofRCW 51.32.185(4). Gorre argues it is merely

illustrative of possible infectious diseases; the City responds that the list is an

exclusive definition of"infectious diseases" qualifying under RCW 51.32.185(1 )(d).

This question turns on what the legislature intended by "extending" the infectious

12
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

disease presumption to certain diseases.

We again start with the statute's plain meaning. If the text has only one

reasonable meaning, it is unambiguous and we give it that effect. Campbell &

Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11-12. Unlike "respiratory disease," "extend" is not a term of

art in this context, so a dictionary is an appropriate starting point. Gorre reads

"extend" to mean "increase the scope, meaning, or application of," as in the diseases

enumerated in RCW 51.32.185(4) "increase the scope of' the infectious disease

presumption described in RCW 51.32.185(1 )(d). He bolsters his definition by noting

different verbs to modify the cancer and infectious disease presumptions in RCW

51.32.185. The legislature clearly drafted RCW 51.32.185(3) to restrict RCW

51.32.185(1)(c)'s cancer presumption, which "shall only apply to" the specific

cancers it identifies. Gorre argues that RCW 51.32.185(4) is not as unambiguously

limiting, perhaps indicating a different intended effect. The City responds with a

competing definition that means "to reach in scope or application," arguing RCW

51.32.185(4) therefore limits the scope ofRCW 51.32.185(1)(d).

Even with the benefit of context, however, there is not a single, reasonable

interpretation of "shall be extended to" that makes RCW 51.32.185(4)

unambiguous. 5 We must therefore resort to other aids of statutory interpretation to

5 For example, Gorre's interpretation is strained. Since the diseases listed in subsection (4)
are infectious diseases, they would already qualify under RCW 51.32.185(1)(d)'s presumption for
"infectious diseases." And if RCW 51.32.185(1 )(d) subsumes the diseases listed in RCW

13
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

resolve that ambiguity. State v. A.G.S., 182 Wn.2d 273, 277-78, 340 P.3d 830

(2014). And one of those aids-legislative history-ends our analysis. It offers

conclusive evidence that RCW 51.32.185(4) limits, not expands, RCW

51.32.185(1 )(d).

The legislature added the infectious disease presumption to RCW 51.32.185

in 2002 after extended negotiations between two primary stakeholders. Firefighters

lobbied in support, arguing that while they were routinely exposed to contagious

bodily fluids on the job, it was difficult to prove a specific employment-related

exposure. The firefighters' employers, cities and fire commissioners, were

concerned about the cost of insurance premiums increasing with the number of

presumptively covered diseases. H.B. REP. ON H.B. 2663, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess.

(Wash. 2002). The goal was to agree on a bill that "represent[ed] a compromise with

no opposition." S.B. REP. ON SECOND SUBSTITUTE H.B. 2663, at 2, 57th Leg., Reg.

Sess. (Wash. 2002).

The bill's three sequential drafts chronicle those negotiations. As first

introduced, House Bill (HB) 2663 was significantly broader than the presumptions

ultimately enacted. For example, the presumption for cancers, which was also added

51.32.185(4), it is hard to read it as increasing the presumption's scope. The scope of RCW
51.32.185(1 )(d), with or without RCW 51.32.185(4), is still any infectious disease. Likewise, the
City's interpretation that RCW 51.32.185(1)(d) "reaches" the diseases in RCW 51.32.185(4) does
not necessarily preclude the presumption from also reaching other diseases.

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Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

in 2002, originally covered all cancers affecting a number of organ systems, not just

the specific cancers in today's statute. Compare H.B. 2663, at 2, 57th Leg., Reg.

Sess. (Wash. 2002) (applying cancer presumption to "cancers affecting the ...

lymphatic, digestive, hematological, urinary, skeletal, oral, or reproductive

systems"), with RCW 51.32.185(3) (limiting cancer presumption to "prostate cancer

diagnosed prior to age fifty, primary brain cancer, malignant melanoma, leukemia,

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer, ureter cancer, colorectal cancer, multiple

myeloma, testicular cancer, and kidney cancer"). Likewise, HB 2663 did not

identify any specific infectious diseases. H.B. 2663, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash.

2002). The cities opposed this first draft as too expensive, their representative

expressing "concern . . . that right now [the presumption's language] is just

'infectious diseases.'" 6 A legislator who sponsored the bill agreed that "the scope .

. . need[ ed] to be narrowed." 7

The bill's second draft clearly addres~ed the concern that the infectious

disease presumption was too inclusive. Substitute HB 2663 limited the presumption

to four specific diseases by adding a subsection (4):

(4) For the purposes of this act, "infectious disease" means
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, all strains of hepatitis,
meningococcal meningitis, and mycobacterium tuberculosis.

6
Hr'g on H.B. 2663 Before the H. Commerce and Labor Comm., 57th Leg., Reg. Sess.
(Jan. 28, 2002), at 92 min., 57 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State's Public Affairs
Network, http://www.tvw.org.
7
Id. at 91 min., 48 sec.

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Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

SUBSTITUTE H.B. 2663, at 2, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002) (emphasis added).

Representatives for both sides testified they accepted this limitation. Their focus

then turned to narrowing the cancer presumption, which still broadly covered

cancers of many body systems. See H.B. REP. ON H.B. 2663, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess.

(Wash. 2002).

The bill's final draft, Second Substitute HB 2663, finally narrowed the list of

cancers. SECOND SUBSTITUTE H.B. 2663, at 3, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002)

(as passed by legislature). Yet it also modified subsection (4) to its current form:

The presumption established in subsection (1) (d) of this section shall
be extended to any fire fighter who has contracted any of the following
infectious diseases: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome, all strains of hepatitis, meningococcal
meningitis, or mycobacterium tuberculosis.

!d. (emphasis added). The addition of "shall be extended to" is not explained in the

written legislative record, which characterizes the change to subsection (4) only as

a "[t]echnical correction[ ] ... to clarify the references to ... HIV/AIDS." H.B.

REP. ON H.B. 2663, at 4, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002). The new language

may have come from a companion senate bill that also "extended" its infectious

disease presumption to the same diseases. 8 See SUBSTITUTE S.B. 6643, 57th Leg.,

Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002).

8
Notably, the senate interpreted subsection (4) in its bill as "limit[ing] the types of
infectious diseases for which a presumption of occupational disease is established." S.B. REP. ON
SUBSTITUTE S.B. 6643, at 1, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002). The first draft of the senate bill,
like HB 2663, left infectious diseases undefined. S.B. 6643, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002).

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Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

Gorre argues the change to subsection (4)-eventually codified at RCW

51.32.185(4)-signals that the legislature intended to enlarge the infectious disease

presumption. But that inference is at odds with the uniform interpretation of those

involved in drafting the law. See State v. Evans, 177 Wn.2d 186, 199, 298 P.3d 724

(2013) (using "probative committee hearings" to derive legislative intent). After the

house passed Second Substitute HB 2663, the sponsoring representative testified

before members of the senate to urge its passage in that chamber:

This bill passed unanimously out of the House ... due to the fact that
we sat down with the firefighter organizations, with the fire districts,
and with the cities and worked out a compromise .... [T]he compromise
on this bill is really in the last section of that bill ... where we basically
define the cancers ... and also restrict the infectious diseases and hence
we kind of reduce the cost ofthis. 9

The stakeholders echoed a restrictive interpretation of subsection (4). The

firefighters' representative testified that negotiations had "very much narrowed the

scope of this particular bill. ... The cancers have been limited ... [and] the infectious

diseases are limited to just those four diseases that have been listed in the text of the

bill." 10 The cities' representative likewise cited subsection (4)'s "narrowed

definition of infectious diseases" as a reason the cities withdrew their previous

9
Hr'g on Second Substitute H.B. 2663 Before the S. Labor, Commerce and Fin. Inst.
Comm., 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Feb. 25, 2002), at 25 min., 55 sec., audio recording by TVW,
Washington State's Public Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org (emphasis added).
10
Hr'g on Second Substitute H.B. 2663 Before the S. Ways and Means Comm., 57th Leg.,
Reg. Sess. (Mar. 1, 2002), at 51 min., audio recording by TVW, Washington State's Public Affairs
Network, http://www.tvw.org (emphasis added).

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Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

opposition to the bill. 11 The senate passed Second Substitute HB 2663 without

amendment, and it wasincorporated into RCW 51.32.185. LAWS OF 2002, ch. 337,

§ 2. The final bill report also treats subsection (4) as a limiting provision. FINAL B.

REP. ON SECOND SUBSTITUTE H.B. 2663, 57th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2002).

While curious, the change to RCW 51.32.185( 4) does not overcome the

conclusive history that the provision limits the infectious disease presumption. From

the outset, the stakeholders and legislators acknowledged the original bill was

overbroad. Each successive draft addressed that concern, first in Substitute HB 2663

by enumerating certain infectious diseases, and then in Second Substitute HB 2663

by narrowing the number of cancers. This is a clear trend of whittling the

presumptions, not expanding them. Cf Lewis v. Dep 't ofLicensing, 157 Wn.2d 446,

4 70, 139 P .3d 1078 (2006) (sequential drafts of a bill can indicate legislative intent).

Instead of interpreting the statute consistent with this trend, Gorre asks us to infer

that in the final stages of negotiation, the legislature eschewed compromise and

revived an expansive infectious disease presumption that it had already outright

rejected. Nothing in the legislative record supports such an abrupt shift in policy.

Considering the legislative record as a whole, we hold that RCW 51.32.185(4)

limits the presumption in RCW 51.32.185(l)(d) to the infectious diseases expressly

enumerated.

11
Id. at 52 min., 35 sec.

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CONCLUSION

RCW 51.32.185 is a narrow exception to the Act's general rule that workers

must prove they suffer from an occupational disease. Consistent with that intent, we

interpret "respiratory disease" in RCW 51.32.185(1)(a) to mean those diseases that

the medical profession understands to be respiratory diseases. We also interpret

RCW 51.32.185(4) as the exclusive list of "infectious diseases" qualifying under

RCW 51.32.185(1 )(d). This does not preclude firefighters with impaired breathing

or other infectious diseases from obtaining workers' compensation benefits; it just

requires them to prove causation just like any other injured worker.

We reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the superior court's judgmentP

12
Substantial evidence supports the superior court's findings and the court's legal
conclusions flow from those findings. See Ruse, 138 Wn.2d at 5-6. The superior court adopted
the Board's findings that valley fever was an infectious disease, not a respiratory one, and that
Gorre's exposure occurred in Nevada. The superior court concluded that Gone failed to show he
suffered an occupational disease under the Act.
Substantial evidence exists if a rational trier of fact could find the facts by a preponderance
of the evidence; unchallenged findings are verities on appeal. In re Welfare of A. W., 182 Wn.2d
689, 711, 44 P.3d 1186 (2015) (citing Merriman v. Cokeley, 168 Wn.2d 627, 631, 230 P.3d 162
(20 10)). Not only does Gorre fail to challenge valley fever's classification as an infectious disease,
his briefs rely on it. And the City's medical experts testified on a more probable than not basis
that Gorre was exposed to the fungus while golf1ng in Las Vegas.
The superior court's legal conclusion that Gorre's valley fever is not an occupational
disease flows from those two findings. An occupational disease must "arise[ ] naturally and
proximately out of employment." RCW 51.08.140. Golf1ng in Nevada is not naturally or
proximately connected to firefighting in Washington. Reinstatement of the superior court's
judgment is therefore the appropriate remedy.

19
Gorre v. City of Tacoma, No. 90620-3

WE CONCUR:

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~0
Gorre v. City of Tacoma
Dissent by Johnson, J.

No. 90620-3

JOHNSON, J. (dissenting)-This case involves the Industrial Insurance

Act's (IIA) 1 evidentiary exception designed to benefit and protect our state's

firefighters. In exchange for firefighters' willingness to compromise their own

health and safety as a part of their occupation, the legislature grants them a

rebuttable presumption that certain afflictions-respiratory diseases, certain

cancers, certain heart problems, and infectious diseases-are prima facie

occupational diseases under RCW 51.08.140. We are obligated to construe this

remedial exception broadly, in favor of those whose job puts them at higher risk

for disease and infection. But in applying that statute, the majority finds ambiguity

where there is none and arrives at an interpretation of the statute that contravenes

the statute's plain language and legislative intent. For the foregoing reasons, I

respectfully dissent.

1
Title 51 RCW.
Gorre v. City o.fTacoma, No. 90620-3
(Johnson, J., dissenting)

Statutory Interpretation

The IIA provides certain benefits to employees who suffer from

occupational diseases. To qualify for benefits, a claimant generally bears the

burden of establishing causation between the workplace conditions and the disease.

RCW 51.32.185(1) flips this burden with respect to those diseases firefighters are

most susceptible to as a class: relevant to this case, we presume that "[r]espiratory

disease[s]" and "infectious diseases" are caused by the nature of their work. RCW

51.32.185( 1)(a), (d). As discussed by the majority, the IIA does not provide a

definition for "respiratory diseases" or "infectious diseases," and it is our

obligation to interpret those terms in accord with legislative intent. We start that

analysis with the purpose of the statute at issue.

The legislature specifically recognized that firefighters as a class suffer a

higher rate of lung disease than the general public due to their regular exposure to

not just smoke and fumes but also toxic or chemical substances. LAws OF 1987, ch.

515, § 1. The legislature conferred this benefit in order to ease the evidentiary

burden for firefighters, whose employment puts their health and safety at risk.

Because the IIA "is remedial in nature," we are required to construe it "liberally

... in order to achieve its purpose of providing compensation to all covered

employees injured in their employment, with doubts resolved in favor of the

2
Gorre v. City ofTacoma, No. 90620-3
(Johnson, J., dissenting)

worker." Dennis v. Dep 't of Labor & Indus., 109 Wn.2d 467,470, 745 P.2d 1295

(1987).

Through that lens, the Court of Appeals correctly recognized that valley

fever--a disease that "is transmitted through inhalation" and "'impairs a person's

respiratory system"--constitutes both a "respiratory disease" and an "infectious

disease" under the statute. 2 Gorre v. City ofTacoma, 180 Wn. App. 729, 763, 324

P.3d 716 (2014), review granted, 181 Wn.2d 1033, 343 P.3d 760 (2015). I agree

with the Court of Appeals that valley fever constitutes both types of diseases and

that both exceptions qualify Gorre for the rebuttable presumption.

Respiratory Disease

It is well settled that when a term is not defined by statute, the court may

look to the dictionary to give the undefined term meaning. Ultimately, the court

will adopt the interpretation that best advances the legislative purpose, but so long

as the dictionary provides a definition consistent with legislative intent, it is an

(.).ppropriate source for interpretative guidance. LaCoursiere v. Camwest Dev., Inc.,

181 Wn.2d 734, 742, 339 P.3d 963 (2014).

2
These statutory terms do not purport to be mutually exclusive, and this court should
refrain from reading a nonexistent limitation into what should have been a broad reading of the
statutory exception.

3
 Gorre v. City ofTacqrna, No. 90620-3
(Johnsori, J., dissenting) ·

Here, the Court of Appeals looked to the dictionary, which defines (1)

'"respiratory' as 'of or relating to respiration,"' wherein "respiration" means the

"'single, complete act of breathing,"' and (2) "'disease' as a 'cause of discomfort

or harm,' or 'an impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body

or any of its components that interrupts or modifies the part of the vital functions.'"

, Gorre, 180 Wn. App. at 762 (footnote omitted) (quoting WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW

INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1934, 648 (2002)). Thus, "respiratory disease" is a

condition of the respiratory system that causes discomfort or harm, impairing the

normal physiological functioning relating to, affecting, or used in the physical act

of breathing.

The dictionary definition reflects a common, layperson's understanding of

"respiratory disease," and here it serves as an appropriate guide for interpretation.

Where the legislative intent is to afford an exception to firefighters in recognition

that they expose their lungs to all sorts of chemicals and substances, it follows that

the legislature would intend to include those diseases, like valley fever, that are

contracted through inhalation, infect the lungs, and cause serious damage to the

respiratory system. 3

---------------
3Vve address only the cases before us, but to the extent the dictionary definition could be
applied to different facts in a manner that is incongruous with legislative intent, the dictionary
definition may no longer be helpful. Here, the dictionary definition aptly serves as an

4
Gorre v. City o.fTacoma, No. 90620-3
(Johnson, J., dissenting)

The majority adopts a much narrower definition, reasoning in part that the

exception serves as a shortcut to proving causation, which typically requires a

plaintiff to present extensive medical expert testimony. Therefore, the legislature
. . .
must have fntended that "respiratory disease" consists of only those diseases that

fall within the technical, medical definition.

The rnajority's analysis diminishes the larger purpose of the statute by

focusing instead on its ancillary features. As discussed by the majority, the

importance of expert medical testimony can certainly be inferred from the statute

and legislative history; but the primary goal of the statute is to provide an

evidentiary shortcut for certain diseases in recognition that airborne contaminants

are a comm~m cause of ~isease among firefighters. The majority's definition of

"respiratory disease" could potentially exclude a whole host of other diseases, like

valley fever, that are caused by inhaling contaminated air, but may be

characterized by the medical community in a way that the legislature could not

have predicted. This is why it is the role of medical experts to testify as to the

medical aspects of the disease-such as the disease's causation and its effects-but

it is within the proper ambit of the court to determine whether the legislature likely

interpretative guiding tool for determining whether valley fever constitutes "respiratory disease"
under the statute. ·

5
Gorre v. City ofTacoma, No. 90620-3
(Johnson, J., dissenting)

intended the exception to apply. Here, expert medical testimony established that

valley fever is caused by the inhalation of toxic spores into the lungs, which causes

serious respiratory and pulmonary symptoms. The me~ical community may

categorize the disease differently, but a broader, ordinary interpretation of the term

confirn1s· our commitment to reading remedial statutes broadly and better reflects

.lt'equires that the term "infectious diseases" extend to four enumerated diseases. As

recognized by the Court of Appeals, the phrase "shall be extended to" evinces the

clear legislative intent to ensure the inclusion of four specific types of infectious

diseases. Nothing within this subsection should be read to limit the coverage of

infectious diseases generally.

Instead of ~pplying the statute's plain meaning, the majority delves into

legislativ~ history_, insisting that.the statute is ambiguous because subsection (4)

coul.d be read as creating an exclusive list. But the majority manufactures this

ambiguity. The language of this subsection does not contain any limiting phrases,

nor by its terms does the subsection even suggest a limitation of the exception to

the enumerated list. Subsection (4) purports to do nothing more than ensure

coverage for four specified types of infectious diseases. The majority disagrees,

reasoning
.
that when the. legislature said "shall extend to," it might have actually
' .

meant "shall only extend to." But this interpretation of the statute requires an

7
Gorre v. City o.fTacoma, No. 90620-3
(Jbhnson, J., dissenting)

infere.nce that the legislature omitted the word "only" out of either sloppiness or

mistake.

I disagree that such ambiguity exists. The legislature is perfectly proficient

at drawing statutes carefully and will include limiting language when it intends to

create a limitation. In fact, the legislature demonstrated its ability to do so in the

dwo subsections immediately preceding subsection (4):

(2) The presumptions established in subsection (1) of this
section shall be extended to an applicable member following
termination of service for a period of three calendar months for each
year of requisite service, but may not extend more than sixty months
following the last date of employment.
(3) The presumption established in subsection ( 1)(c) of this
section[, cancer,] shall onjy_ apply to any active or former firefighter
tvho has cancer that develops or manifests itself after the firefighter
has served at least ten years .... The presumption within subsection
(I)( c) of this section shall9nly apply to prostate cancer diagnosed
prior to the age of fifty, primary brain cancer, malignant melanoma,
· leukemia, non.:.Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer, ureter cancer,
colorectal cancer, multiple myeloma, testicular cancer, and kidney
cancer.

RCW 51.32.185 (emphasis added).

It is unlikely that the legislature, having expressly limited the exception's

scope in both subsections (2) and (3), suddenly forgot how to do so when drafting

subsection (4 ). It is also an unreasonable interpretation of the statute to assume this

to be the·case. The language ofthese preceding subsections is the strongest

8
GQrre v. City.ofTacoma, No. 90620--3
(Johnson; J., dissenting)

conceivable evidence that the legislature knows how to create an exclusive list

when it wants to but that it chose not to do so with respect to infectious diseases. It

is inappropriate to delve into legislative history when the meaning of this provision

is plain on its face. To replace the plain meaning of the statute with our own

derived interpretation is to deprive the legislature of its own chosen words and

:iCarefully selected omissions and, in essence, rewrites the statutory language.

I would hold that the statute plainly covers infectious diseases and provides

only an additional assurance that certain diseases fall within the statutory definition

of "infectious disease." If the legislature intends to limit the scope of the exception

with respect to infectious diseases, it is within its proper authority to revise the

statute as h sees fit. But it is not the role of the court to read in language not

present in the statute. Because it is undisputed that valley fever constitutes an

"infectious disease," it is covered by the statute and Gorre should have been

9
Gorre v. City ofTacoma, No. 90620-3
(Johnsori, J., dissenting)

entitled to the presumption in his favor. I respectfully dissent.

10