Opinion issued October 1, 2009
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-08-00582-CR
____________
JOHN PAUL MCINTOSH, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 434th District Court
Fort Bend County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 46,344
O P I N I O N
Under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 50, we withdraw our July 23, 2009 opinion, substitute this opinion in its place, and vacate our July 23, 2009 judgment. (1) A jury found appellant, John Paul McIntosh, guilty of the offense of burglary of a habitation, (2) and the trial court, after finding true the allegation in one enhancement paragraph that appellant had one prior felony conviction, assessed his punishment at confinement for ten years. In three points of error, appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction and that the trial court, in its charge, erroneously instructed the jury on the law of burglary of a habitation, the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass, and the facts regarding mistake of fact.
We affirm.
Factual Background
Fort Bend County Sheriff's Deputy V. Garcia testified that on February 26, 2007, he was dispatched to the home of the complainant, Maria Alcantar. Upon his arrival, the complainant, in a recorded statement, told Garcia that she lived in the home with her parents, siblings, and daughter. She also told Garcia that appellant, the father of her three-year-old daughter, had broken into the house through the kitchen window and kicked in the door of the bathroom, where she had been hiding with her daughter and her younger sister, Daisy Alcantar ("Alcantar").
Alcantar testified that on February 26, 2007, she stayed home from school because she "had a pink eye." That morning, she heard appellant knocking on the front door, and then he went around to the back door. The complainant did not want to open the door for him, so Alcantar and the complainant and her daughter hid in the bathroom, locked the bathroom door, and called for emergency assistance. From the bathroom, Alcantar heard appellant break the kitchen window. Then, when appellant broke open the bathroom door, Alcantar began "panicking." When he entered the bathroom, appellant said, "I thought there was another dude in here" and looked around the house before leaving. Alcantar explained that appellant is "pretty jealous." She described appellant as "a jealous guy," who would be angry if he found out that the complainant was dating someone else.
The complainant testified that she had been in a dating relationship with appellant for seven years but that there had "been times when [they had not] been dating." Prior to February 26, 2007, they had ended their relationship, and the complainant was "scared" when she heard someone knocking on the front door. The complainant took her daughter and Alcantar to the master bathroom, where they waited for about ten minutes until the knocking stopped. She then heard appellant in the backyard yelling, "Maria, open the door. I know you're in there because I hear [our daughter] yelling and screaming." The complainant "panicked," ran to the front bathroom with her sister and daughter, and locked the bathroom door. When she heard appellant break the kitchen window, she was frightened. She explained that appellant then walked to the bathroom door and "kicked the door in." When the State played a tape recording of her statement to Officer Garcia that appellant would have "killed her" if he had found her with "another guy," the complainant stated that she had "exaggerated."
Harris County Sheriff's Deputy R. Delano testified that on June 14, 2006, he was dispatched to interview the complainant about an incident that had occurred the previous evening. The complainant told Delano that appellant had arrived at her house, told her to get into his car, and drove her to a barber shop, where he "made her go inside" and "closed and locked the door behind them." After he had locked the door, appellant started drinking alcoholic beverages until he became intoxicated and fell asleep. The complainant tried to wake him up and "get him to take her home," but when he woke up around midnight "he became angry with her, and he struck her one time on the left side of her face." Finally, sometime around 7:30 a.m., appellant allowed her to leave. When Delano interviewed the complainant, she "had a swollen nose, the left side of her face was swollen," and he saw "blood on her clothes."
Appellant testified that he went to the complainant's house on February 26, 2007 because he had heard that there were "some people after" the complainant's brother. After knocking on the door, ringing the doorbell, and calling the complainant on his cellular telephone without getting any response, appellant went to the back of the house because he thought that the back door might be unlocked. When he "got back there, [appellant] heard his daughter crying and screaming," so "[w]ithout hesitation, [he] broke the window" and entered the house. Appellant "thought something was going on, thought something was wrong." Finding the bathroom door locked, appellant "[s]houldered the door in." Regarding Delano's testimony that the complainant had stated that appellant had previously taken her to a barber shop and struck her face, appellant stated that he could not dispute the statement because he "was drunk" and could not remember what had happened. On cross-examination, appellant agreed that he would have "been really angry" if the complainant had been in the house with another man and that he is "a jealous guy." He explained that he left the house because he saw Alcantar "on the phone, and [he] had a warrant for [his] arrest."
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first point of error, appellant argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction because he "lacked the requisite mental state to intend to commit assault against the complainant." In his second point of error, appellant argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction because the "evidence of intent to commit assault is so weak as to undermine . . . confidence in the jury's determination."
We review the legal sufficiency of the evidence by considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89 (1979)). In doing so, we give deference to the responsibility of the fact-finder to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from the facts. Id. However, our duty requires us to "ensure that the evidence presented actually supports a conclusion that the defendant committed" the criminal offense of which he is accused. Id.
In a factual sufficiency review, we view all the evidence in a neutral light, both for and against the finding, and set aside the verdict if the proof of guilt is so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination, i.e., that the verdict seems "clearly wrong and manifestly unjust," or the proof of guilt, although legally sufficient, is nevertheless against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We note that a jury is in the best position to evaluate the credibility of witnesses, and we afford due deference to the jury's determinations. Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Although we should always be mindful that a jury is in the best position to decide the facts and that we should not order a new trial simply because we disagree with the verdict, it is "the very nature of a factual-sufficiency review that . . . authorizes an appellate court, albeit to a very limited degree, to act in the capacity of a so-called 'thirteenth juror.'" Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 416-17. Thus, when an appellate court is "able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the (albeit legally sufficient) evidence contradicts the jury's verdict[,] . . . it is justified in exercising its appellate fact jurisdiction to order a new trial." Id. at 417.
An individual commits the offense of burglary of a habitation if, without the effective consent of the owner, he enters a habitation with the intent to commit an assault. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). A person commits the offense of assault if he intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another or if he intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury. Id. § 22.01(a)(1), (2). Juries may infer intent from a defendant's conduct and the surrounding facts and circumstances. Lapoint v. State, 750 S.W.2d 180, 182 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); McGee v. State, 923 S.W.2d 605, 608 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no pet.).
Regarding the legal sufficiency of the evidence, appellant admitted that he broke a window to gain entry into the complainant's house when no one would open the door and, finding the bathroom door locked, broke the door to get into the bathroom. Appellant admitted that he would have been angry if another man had been in the house with the complainant, and Alcantar testified that appellant said, "I thought there was another dude in here," after he broke into the bathroom. Deputy Delano testified that appellant had assaulted the complainant in the past. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence supports the jury's finding that appellant entered the house with the intent to assault the complainant. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support appellant's conviction.
In support of his argument that the evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction, appellant relies on the fact that the complainant "never testified to being assaulted or being in fear of imminent assault from [a]ppellant." However, there is evidence that the complainant feared an imminent assault from appellant. Deputy Garcia recorded the complainant's statement in which she said that if appellant thought there was another man in the house with her, she believed "he would have killed [her]." Additionally, after recognizing appellant's voice, the complainant testified that she was frightened and locked herself in the bathroom. Nevertheless, even if the complainant did not fear an imminent assault, the jury could have found either that appellant intended to cause bodily injury to the complainant or that he intended to threaten the complainant with imminent bodily injury by inferring appellant's intent from the surrounding facts and circumstances that are discussed in the previous paragraph. See Lapoint, 750 S.W.2d at 182; McGee, 923 S.W.2d at 608. Appellant did not dispute any of the facts discussed above except for Alcantar's testimony that he had said, "I thought there was another dude in here," and he testified that he did not intend to assault the complainant. Nevertheless, the jury was free to disbelieve appellant's testimony. See Marshall, 210 S.W.3d at 625 (requiring appellate courts to defer to jury determinations of credibility).
We conclude that the evidence is not so obviously weak as to make the jury's verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, nor is the proof of guilt against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to support appellant's conviction.
We overrule appellant's first and second points of error.
Jury Charge
In his third point of error, appellant argues that he suffered egregious harm in the guilt phase of the trial because the trial court, in the application portion of its charge, did not explain to the jury that it was required to determine whether appellant intentionally or knowingly entered the habitation with intent to commit assault, instruct the jury on the elements of the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass, and "properly set out those facts adduced at trial in its application paragraph applying the law of mistake of fact."
The trial court prepared the charge and submitted it to counsel for both parties. The application portion of the charge reads as follows:
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about February 26, 2007, in Fort Bend County, Texas, the defendant, JOHN PAUL MCINTOSH, did enter a building then and there owned, occupied or used as a habitation by Maria Alcantar, without the effective consent of the Maria Alcantar, with the intent to assault, then you will find the defendant guilty as charged.
Unless you so find beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the defendant and say by your verdict "Not Guilty" and consider the lesser included offense of criminal trespass.
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about February 26, 2007 in Fort Bend County, Texas, the defendant, John Paul Mcintosh [sic] did intentionally or knowingly did [sic] enter a building then and there owned, occupied or used as a habitation by Maria Alcantar, without the effective consent of the [sic] Maria Alcantar, then you will find the defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of criminal trespass. Unless you so find beyond a reasonable doubt, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the defendant and say by your verdict "Not Guilty."
You are instructed that it is a defense to prosecution that a person through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if her [sic] mistaken belief negated the kind of culpability required for commission of the offense charged.
By the term "reasonable belief" is meant a belief that would be held by an ordinary and prudent person in the same circumstances as the defendant.
Therefore, if you believe from the evidence that on the occasion in question the defendant, JOHN PAUL MCINTOSH through mistake, formed a reasonable belief and did believe that Maria Alcantar was held hostage by another person and JOHN PAUL MCINTOSH believed that his entry was solely for that purpose, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, then you will find the defendant not guilty of burglary of a habitation with the intent to commit assault.
Although the defendant's alleged mistake of fact may constitute a defense to the offense charged--burglary of a habitation with intent to commit assault--he may nevertheless be convicted of a lesser included offense of which he committed if the fact was as he believed.
At the charge conference, appellant's trial counsel stated, "[W]e have no requested further charges, nor do we have any objections to the charge as it stands right now. The State has added what we requested, the lesser included offense of criminal trespass and mistake of fact, and we're satisfied with the charge as it stands."
The trial court must instruct the jury by "a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the case." Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (Vernon 2007). When reviewing alleged errors in a trial court's charge, we must first determine whether error actually exists in the charge, and, if error does exist, we must determine whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731-32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). When, as here, a defendant fails to object or states that he has no objection to a charge, an error in the charge does not require reversal unless the record shows "egregious harm" to the defendant. Id. at 731-32; see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006); Bluitt v. State, 137 S.W.3d 51, 53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Egregious harm exists when the record shows that a defendant has suffered actual, rather than merely theoretical, harm from jury-charge error. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. Egregious harm consists of error affecting the very basis of the case or depriving the defendant of a valuable right, vitally affecting a defensive theory, or making the case for conviction or punishment clearly and significantly more persuasive. Saunders v. State, 817 S.W.2d 688, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Martinez v. State, 190 S.W.3d 254, 259 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref'd). To determine whether a defendant has sustained harm from a non-objected-to instruction, we consider (1) the entire charge, (2) the state of the evidence, (3) arguments from counsel, and (4) any other relevant information. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
Appellant's Intent
Appellant first complains that "the application paragraph does not incorporate or refer to any culpable mental state for the offense of burglary of [a] habitation with intent to commit assault." He asserts that "the jury was left with nothing but inference because there was no requirement to find [that] [a]ppellant intentionally or knowingly entered the habitation of [the complainant], with the intent to commit assault, in the application paragraph of the charge."
Regarding the intent to assault, the charge expressly states that the jury had to find that appellant entered the complainant's house "with the intent to assault" in order to find him guilty of the offense of burglary of a habitation. Based on this language, the jury was required to find that appellant entered the house with the intent to commit the offense of assault.
It is true that the application paragraph does not include the word "intentionally" or "knowingly" before the word "enter." Rather, it instructed the jury to find appellant guilty of the offense of burglary if he "did enter" the house "with the intent to assault." (3) In order to establish the commission of the offense of burglary of a habitation, the evidence must show "that the entry was either knowingly or intentionally done." Devaughn v. State, 749 S.W.2d 62, 64 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). However, this "general culpable mental state is subsumed into the specific intent to commit a felony, theft, or assault." Id.; Martinez v. State, 269 S.W.3d 777, 781-82 (Tex. App.--Austin 2008, no pet.).
Appellant makes the same complaint made by the defendant in Sylvester v. State, 615 S.W.2d 734, 735 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). There, the defendant complained that the "charge [regarding burglary] was fatally defective and fundamentally erroneous in that it did not include an instruction on the required culpable mental state." Id. The jury was instructed that
they must find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused did enter a building not then open to the public, occupied, controlled, and in the possession of the complainant, owner, without the effective consent of said owner, with the intent then and there to commit theft, "then you will find the defendant guilty as charged." Unless they did so find beyond a reasonable doubt, they were instructed to find the defendant not guilty.
Id. n.2. The court, citing to Teniente v. State, 533 S.W.2d 805, 805 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976), held the charge sufficient because it required the jury to find the requisite culpable mental state to sustain the conviction, that mental state being entry "with the intent then and there to commit theft." Id. at 736; see also Smith v. State, 642 S.W.2d 253 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, pet. ref'd, untimely filed).
In Teniente, the defendant complained that the indictment for burglary did not contain the element of culpability required by the Penal Code. 533 S.W.2d at 805. He asserted that the indictment should have contained the element that the entry be "knowingly and intentionally done." Id. The application paragraph of the indictment read "did then and there, with intent to commit theft, enter a habitation without the effective consent of [the complainant], the owner." Id. at 805-06. The court held that "[t]he indictment alleges the culpable mental state with which the appellant entered the habitation; it alleges he entered the habitation 'with the intent to commit theft.'" Id. at 806. The court later explained its holding in Ex parte Santellana: "The gist of burglary was held in Teniente to be the entry . . . . Since the alleged intent . . . clearly applied to the act constituting the gist of the offense, the indictment[] [was] held sufficient." 606 S.W.2d 331, 332-333 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).
Here, as in the charge in Sylvester and in the indictment in Teniente, both the instruction paragraph and the application paragraph included the element of appellant's culpable mental state. In order to find appellant guilty, the jury was required to find that appellant entered the house "with the intent to assault." Accordingly, we hold that the jury was properly instructed on the law of burglary, and the application paragraph regarding burglary contained the required culpable mental state and is, therefore, not deficient.
Elements of Criminal Trespass
Appellant next complains that the trial court, in its charge, did not "provide jurors with the law on criminal trespass such that they could consider [a]ppellant's guilt of the lesser included offense."
An individual commits the offense of criminal trespass if he "enters or remains in a building of another without effective consent" when he "had notice that the entry was forbidden" or "received notice to depart but failed to do so." Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.05(a) (Vernon 2003).
Here, the trial court did not include a definition of criminal trespass in the first section of the charge, but it did refer to the offense of criminal trespass in the application paragraph. However, this reference did not instruct the jury that in order to find appellant guilty of the offense of criminal trespass it had to find that appellant either had notice that entry was forbidden or had received notice to depart and failed to do so. See id. Although the charge is deficient for not including this element of the lesser-included offense, it is not deficient in any way that would prejudice appellant's rights. See Martin v. State, 200 S.W.3d 635, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
If the jury had convicted appellant of criminal trespass without being required to find all the elements of the offense, appellant could have been egregiously harmed. See Woods v. State, 653 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). However, the jury convicted appellant of the greater offense of burglary. The Court of Criminal Appeals has stated that when a jury finds a defendant guilty of a greater offense, any "errors in the charge on the lesser included offense, for which the appellant was not convicted, could not so have misled the jury as to constitute fundamental error." Clark v. State, 717 S.W.2d 910, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); see also Saunders v. State, 913 S.W.2d 564, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Starks v. State, 127 S.W.3d 127, 133 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. dism'd). Once the jury convicted appellant of burglary, having been properly charged on that offense, it had no reason to consider whether appellant might be guilty of the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass. See Clark, 717 S.W.2d at 918; Starks, 127 S.W.3d at 133.
Moreover, here, the unrefuted evidence conclusively establishes that appellant entered the house of the complainant by breaking in through the kitchen window.
We hold that appellant was not egregiously harmed by the error in the application paragraph of the charge regarding the lesser-included offense of criminal trespass.
Mistake of Fact Charge
Finally, appellant complains that the trial court, in its charge, "improperly required the jury to find that the only mistaken fact believed by [a]ppellant at the time of the incident was that he believed that [the complainant] was being held hostage" when "the evidence at trial revealed that [a]ppellant acted under a mistaken belief that an emergency existed."
In its charge, the trial court instructed the jury that it should "find [appellant] not guilty of burglary" if it found that appellant "formed a reasonable belief and did believe that [the complainant] was held hostage by another person and [appellant] believed that his entry was solely for that purpose, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof . . . ."
Appellant testified generally that he entered the house because he thought "something was wrong." However, his trial counsel then asked him, "When you say something was wrong, what do you mean by something was wrong?" Appellant answered, "I thought somebody was holding them, or I didn't even know."
In light of appellant's testimony that he thought somebody was "holding them" we conclude that the mistake-of-fact portion of the jury charge did not vitally affect a defensive theory of the case. See Saunders, 817 S.W.2d at 692; Martinez, 190 S.W.3d at 259.
Accordingly, we hold that the record does not show that the jury charge egregiously harmed appellant.
We overrule appellant's third point of error.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Terry Jennings
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Alcala, and Higley.
Publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
1. 2. 3. Additionally, we note that although appellant now complains about this omission in
the jury charge, appellant testified that he intentionally entered the house by breaking
the kitchen window.