AT AUSTIN
NO. 3-92-526-CR
LLOYD EDWARD WRIGHT,
APPELLANT
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. CR91-411, HONORABLE FRED A. MOORE, JUDGE PRESIDING
After finding appellant guilty of the offense of burglary of a building, Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02 (West 1989), the jury assessed punishment, enhanced by prior felony offenses, at confinement for fifty years. In points of error one through three, appellant contends the trial court erred in: (1) finding the evidence sufficient to sustain the conviction; (2) failing to instruct the jury on a lesser included offense; and (3) failing to instruct the jury on mistake of fact. In a fourth point of error, appellant asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel during the punishment phase of the trial. We will overrule appellant's points of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Ernest Hurtado, an employee of Edwards Furniture Store in San Marcos, testified that when he returned from lunch on December 11, 1991, he saw appellant leaving the back of the store with a box of the type that contains a television set. Hurtado asked appellant, "You bought a T.V.?," and appellant responded, "Yeah." Hurtado was suspicious because he didn't see a receipt and "nobody carries things out from the back." Hurtado proceeded to check with employees to determine if anyone had sold a television set. After learning that no sale had been made, Hurtado was able to exit the store and write down the license number of a truck being driven away by appellant. The license number was called to police who were able to pursue appellant, stop his vehicle, recover the television set, and arrest appellant. Both Hurtado and store manager Dean Sobolik testified that the store had a sales floor open to the public and a back area that was not open to the public. Sobolik described the back portion as a "receiving and storage area." It is undisputed that appellant entered the storage area through the alley entrance at the back of the store that remained open during business hours. While there was no sign limiting persons who might enter from the back of the store, Sobolik states that, "It's obvious that it was not a public entrance." Appellant testified that he was looking for a job on the occasion in question. After seeing no sign on the alley side of the building, and noticing boxes in the back of the store, appellant stated that he thought it was some kind of packing company and entered the building to seek employment. To gain entry, appellant had to "slide through" boxes lined up in front of the door. Appellant testified that it was not until he had called out four times without receiving an answer that he decided to steal a television set. Appellant stated he had a number of prior felony convictions, including a conviction for burglary.
Appellant urges that the evidence was insufficient to prove the requisite elements of the offense of burglary, to wit: (1) that the entry was made with the intent to commit theft; and (2) that the door where he gained entrance to the building was not open to the public. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02(a)(1) (West 1989). In reviewing the evidence as an appellate court, we must determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the conviction, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). The jury can accept or reject any or all of a witness' testimony. Hemphill v. State, 505 S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). An appellate court does not resolve issues of factual sufficiency as a super or thirteenth juror, reweighing the evidence; rather, we act only "as a final, due-process safeguard ensuring only the rationality of the fact finder." Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Since this cause was tried after the effective date of Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), we do not utilize the analytical construct of excluding every reasonable hypotheses in determining the sufficiency of the evidence.
A succinct analysis of factors to be considered in determining whether an accused entered a building with intent to commit theft is made in Williams v. State, 796 S.W.2d 793 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1990, no pet.). The Williams court stated:
Intent can be inferred from acts, words and conduct by the accused. Intent, of course, may be established by circumstantial evidence. It is a question of fact to be determined by the trier of facts from all the circumstances and facts in evidence. Thus, the intent with which an accused enters a building is a question of fact for the jury to resolve from the circumstances surrounding the conduct of the accused.
Id. at 797 (citations omitted).
In the instant cause, appellant entered the building through an entrance on the alley side of the store. After having to "slide through" boxes to enter, appellant went to a point in the storage area where he could see a desk with papers on it before he took the television set. The evidence shows that three employees were present in the store at the time appellant testified that he called out without receiving an answer. While appellant's prior felony record is not probative evidence of the instant offense, it is logical to conclude that it tended to undermine the credibility of his testimony with the jury. It is undisputed that appellant did not have consent to enter the building. A person can make an unlawful entry by walking through an open door when the entry is without the owner's consent. See Johnson v. State, 664 S.W.2d 420, 422 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1983, pet. ref'd); Searcy and Patterson, Practice Commentary, Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02 at 505 (West 1989). Signs forbidding entry are not determinative of whether a portion of a building is open to the public. See Evans v. State, 677 S.W.2d 814, 818 (Tex. App.--Ft. Worth 1984, no pet.). When we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the conviction in the instant cause, we find that any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Appellant's first point of error is overruled.
In his second point of error, appellant contends the court erred in refusing to grant his requested charge on the lesser included offense of theft. Appellant was charged with the offense of burglary with intent to commit theft. If the burglarious entry is made with the intent to commit theft, the offense is complete whether any theft subsequently occurs. See Garcia v. State, 571 S.W.2d 896, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). Therefore, theft is not a lesser included offense of the burglary alleged in the indictment in the instant cause. See Garcia, 571 S.W.2d at 899; Stewart v. State, 830 S.W.2d 771, 774 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no pet.). Appellant's second point of error is overruled.
In his third point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in refusing to grant his requested defensive issue of mistake of fact. Appellant directs our attention to his testimony about seeing that the back door of the store was open, and seeing no sign that prohibited entry, and entering the building for the purpose of seeing if he could get a job. "It is a defense to prosecution that the actor through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated the kind of culpability required for commission of the offense." Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 8.02(a) (West 1974). "Reasonable belief" is defined as a "belief that would be held by an ordinary and prudent man in the same circumstances as the actor." Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(31) (West 1974).
In order for an instruction on mistake of fact to be warranted in the instant cause, we must determine whether through mistake appellant formed a belief, such as would be held by an ordinary and prudent man in the same circumstances as appellant, that the rear entrance to the building through which he gained entry to the store was open to the public. In Thibodeaux v. State, 726 S.W.2d 601, 604 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, pet. ref'd), the defendant urged that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his requested instruction on mistake of fact in light of his testimony that he did not know the gun that killed the deceased was loaded. The defendant testified that he had removed a fully loaded clip from the pistol; that he did not point the gun toward the deceased nor did he place his finger inside the trigger guard; and that the gun discharged when the deceased grabbed his (defendant's) hand. The Thibodeaux court rejected the defendant's contention, stating:
We find appellant's failure to look in the chamber of the pistol unreasonable under the circumstances. His alleged mistake of fact would have been easily discernible by the simple empirical method of checking the chamber. Moreover, appellant's testimony that he neither pointed the gun at the deceased nor placed his finger inside the trigger guard does not comport with his purported belief of an empty gun. We hold appellant did not form a reasonable belief that the gun was not loaded.
Id. at 604 (citations omitted).
In the instant cause, appellant looked no further than an alley door that was lined with boxes in seeking the public entrance to the building. Appellant's failure to exercise greater diligence in locating the place of public entry to the store was unreasonable under the circumstances. In addition, appellant's theft of the television set after entering the building does not comport with his purported belief that the rear entrance of the store was open to the public and that he had no intent to commit theft when he entered the building. We hold that the trial court did not err in refusing appellant's requested instruction on mistake of fact. Appellant's third point of error is overruled.
In his fourth point of error, appellant contends that he did not receive effective assistance of counsel during the punishment phase of the trial in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution. Appellant directs our attention to trial counsel's failure to object to the testimony of police officers J. W. Bohner and Warren Gilstrap about details underlying appellant's two prior convictions for the offense of aggravated assault of a peace officer.
The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the two-pronged test set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1989) is not applicable when analyzing the effectiveness of counsel during the punishment phase of a non-capital offense. Craig v. State, 825 S.W.2d 128, 130 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Ex parte Cruz, 739 S.W.2d 53, 58 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Instead, the effectiveness of counsel is to be judged by a single standard under the Sixth Amendment: "reasonably effective assistance of counsel." Ex parte Cruz, 739 S.W.2d at 58. The Cruz court elaborated on this standard:
Under this standard [reasonably effective assistance of counsel] the sufficiency of an attorney's assistance is gauged by the totality of the representation of the accused. This constitutional right to counsel does not mean errorless counsel or counsel whose competency is to be judged by hindsight. The right to effective assistance of counsel means counsel reasonably likely to render reasonably effective assistance of counsel.
Id. at 58 (citations omitted).
The State is not permitted to bring before the jury the details of an offense which resulted in a prior conviction, the existence of which is admitted against the accused. Stevens v. State, 671 S.W.2d 517, 522 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). J. W. Bohner, an officer with the San Antonio police department, testified at the punishment phase of the trial that he was the victim named in the indictment which resulted in one of appellant's convictions for the offense of aggravated assault on a peace officer. Bohner stated that he sustained injuries to an arm and a knee that required medical treatment as a result of appellant's assault; that he had to spend two weeks in a soft cast. San Antonio police officer Warren Gilstrap testified that he was the complainant in appellant's other conviction of aggravated assault on a police officer; that he was one and the same person named as the victim in an indictment charging appellant with aiming a handgun at an officer. Appellant urges that these inadmissible prejudicial facts, as well as further details of the offense elicited by trial counsel on cross-examination of the officers, harmed appellant's chances of receiving a fair trial at the punishment stage.
At the guilt-innocence stage of the trial, defense counsel elicited information from appellant about his prior felony convictions. Appellant testified that he had two prior convictions for credit card abuse, one conviction for burglary, and one conviction for aggravated assault on a peace officer. When asked by defense counsel if any policeman ever got hurt, appellant replied, "No, sir . . . I got a cut over my eye." Under cross-examination by the prosecutor, appellant identified records showing that he had five prior felony convictions, two for burglary, one for credit card abuse, and two for aggravated assault on a peace officer.
Appellant was caught in the act of leaving the store with the television set. Trial counsel can not be faulted for having appellant testify because appellant's entire defense was based on his testimony. Counsel could have reasonably concluded that objections to Bohner's and Gilstrap's testimony would be overruled. Bohner's testimony relative to his injuries was in response to earlier testimony of appellant that no officer had been injured. Gilstrap's testimony was limited to identifying himself as the victim named in the indictment supporting one of appellant's convictions. The indictment had previously been admitted as a part of appellant's pen packet.
Hindsight may suggest that appellant's trial counsel should have conducted more extensive investigation before opening the door to possibly damaging testimony by asking appellant if an officer had ever been injured. However, when counsel's assistance is gauged by the totality of his representation, we are unable to conclude that this possible oversight or counsel's failure to object to the officer's testimony deprived appellant of the effective assistance of counsel. Appellant's fourth point of error is overruled.
The judgment is affirmed.
Tom G. Davis, Justice
Before Justices Powers, Aboussie and Davis*
Affirmed
Filed: August 31, 1994
Do Not Publish
* Before Tom G. Davis, Judge (retired), Court of Criminal Appeals, sitting by assignment. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1988).