Opinion issued July 1, 2010
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
NO. 01-09-01144-CV
ELIZABETH HARPER, Appellant
V.
MAC HAIK FORD, LTD., Appellee
On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. 4
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 910257
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Almost four years after she purchased a new Ford F-150 truck, Elizabeth Harper sued Mac Haik Ford, Ltd. (“Mac Haik”) for fraud, negligent misrepresentation, tortious interference with prospective business relations, and violations of the Texas Finance Code and Deceptive Trade Practices Act. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Mac Haik on all of Harper’s claims. On appeal, Harper contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because Harper filed her claims within the applicable statutes of limitation and fact issues exist to support them.[1] We hold that limitations bars Harper’s claims and therefore affirm.
Background
On March 18, 2004, Harper bought a new Ford F-150 from Mac Haik. She financed the purchase through MemberSource Credit Union (“MemberSource”) at a 10.5% interest rate. During the purchase negotiations, a Mac Haik representative allegedly informed Harper that the dealership would obtain the “lowest price available” from MemberSource.
Harper also purchased an extended service contract and financed the price of this contract as part of the total purchase price. The extended service contract charge appeared in an itemized section of the installment contract entitled “Other Charges Including Amounts Paid to Others on Your Behalf.” The caption of this section notes that the “Seller may keep part of these amounts.” In a subsection, Mac Haik identified “Ford ESP” as a payee for a “service contract” in the amount of $2700.
On December 21, 2007, Harper sued Mac Haik, claiming that (1) it did not give her the lowest available financing rate, (2) it misrepresented the amount paid to Ford ESP, and (3) it pocketed the difference in both cases. Harper’s counsel requested that the clerk issue a citation and return it to counsel for service at a later date. Harper served Mac Haik with citation about three months later, on March 19, 2008. In 2009, Harper amended her petition to add claims against Mac Haik for negligent misrepresentation, tortious interference with prospective business relations, and for violation of the DTPA laundry list.
Mac Haik moved for summary judgment on all of Harper’s claims. Mac Haik contended that Harper could present no evidence of any element of her claims and further contended that limitations barred Harper’s claims because Harper did not file suit within two years of her alleged injury, and did not serve Mac Haik within four years of her injury.
Harper responded on September 21, 2009, four days before the hearing on Mac Haik’s summary judgment motions. Harper contended that she sued and served Mac Haik within the limitations period because the discovery rule applied to all of her claims due to Mac Haik’s “fraudulent and deceptive conduct.” She further contended that her causes of action did not accrue when she purchased the vehicle, but instead accrued when she consulted her attorney about the purchase, “well after the March 18, 2004 purchase date.”
As summary judgment evidence, Harper attached her affidavit, describing the representations made to her by Mac Haik, and the deposition of Jeffrey Heath, chief financial officer of Mac Haik. Harper stated that Mac Haik representatives told her that 10.5% was the lowest available interest rate from MemberSource, even though MemberSource actually had approved a 7.5% rate. Heath testified that, usually, Mac Haik contracts with the customer for a 10.5% interest rate before it submits the credit application to the lender. The interest rate contracted for is higher than the MemberSource rate; MemberSource keeps a portion of that differential, generally 25%, and pays the remainder to Mac Haik as a fee. Harper also contended that Mac Haik intentionally interfered with her prospective business relationship with MemberSource, because MemberSource approved financing Harper’s purchase at a 7.5% rate, but Mac Haik induced Harper to sign the contract at 10.5%.
Harper further stated that Mac Haik representatives told her that the extended service contract cost $2700, but Mac Haik only paid $725.71 to Ford ESP and retained the remainder. Heath confirmed that, although the contract stated that the cost of an extended service contract, payable to Ford ESP, was $2700, Mac Haik paid Ford ESP $725.71 and kept a portion of the remainder. Harper contended that Mac Haik’s misrepresentations violated the DTPA’s prohibition against failing to disclose information concerning goods or services when the defendant intends this failure to induce the consumer into the transaction. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.46(b)(24) (Vernon Supp. 2009).
In its supplemental reply, Mac Haik requested that the trial court strike Harper’s response and affidavit because Harper failed to file and serve these documents at least seven days before the summary judgment hearing and she did not obtain leave of court to late-file.
The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Mac Haik on all of Harper’s claims.
Discussion
Standard of Review
We review de novo the trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). After an adequate time for discovery, a party may move for no-evidence summary judgment if no evidence exists of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which the adverse party bears the burden of proof at trial. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); see also Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 426 (Tex. 2008). The trial court must grant a no-evidence summary judgment motion unless the non-movant produces competent summary judgment evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact on each element specified in the motion. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006). In a traditional motion for summary judgment, the movant must establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the movant is thus entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). To determine if the non-movant raised a fact issue, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could do so, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. See Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848 (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005)).
Late-Filed Summary Judgment Response
Mac Haik first contends that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment on Harper’s claims because she filed and served her response, affidavit, and supporting evidence four days before the hearing on Mac Haik’s motions and did not request leave of court to late-file these documents. Except on leave of court, the non-movant may file and serve its summary judgment response and any opposing affidavits “not later than seven days prior to the day of hearing.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). We presume that the trial court does not consider a late-filed summary judgment response and supporting evidence when “the record contains nothing indicating the trial court considered a late-filed response.” Neimes v. Ta, 985 S.W.2d 132, 138 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. dism’d) (citing Benchmark Bank v. Crowder, 919 S.W.2d 657, 663 (Tex. 1996)); INA of Tex. v. Bryant, 686 S.W.2d 614, 615 (Tex. 1985) (“Bryant’s response to INA’s motion for summary judgment was not timely filed, and nothing appears of record to indicate that the late filing was with leave of court. Therefore, we must presume that the trial court did not consider it in rendering a take nothing judgment in favor of INA.”). The trial court can grant permission to late-file a response in “a separate order, a recital in the summary judgment, or an oral ruling contained in the reporter’s record of the summary judgment hearing. In any event, the record must contain an affirmative indication . . . that the trial court permitted the late filing of the response.” Neimes, 985 S.W.2d at 138; see also Pinnacle Data Servs., Inc. v. Gillen, 104 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (holding that merely mentioning response in summary judgment does not defeat presumption that trial court did not consider response).
Here, Harper filed her response, affidavit, and supporting deposition testimony four days before the summary judgment hearing. She did not move the trial court for leave to late-file the response. The trial court, however, stated the following in its summary judgment: “After considering the Motion, the response, the evidence presented and the arguments of counsel, the Court is of the opinion that the Motion is well-taken and is hereby GRANTED.” This recitation in the summary judgment reflects that the trial court considered Harper’s response and supporting evidence, despite its untimely filing. We therefore hold that Harper’s summary judgment response and evidence was properly before the trial court.
Statute of Limitations
Statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, and thus a defendant moving for summary judgment on this basis must (1) conclusively prove when the cause of action accrued, and (2) negate the discovery rule, if it applies and the plaintiff has pleaded or raised it, by proving that no fact issue exists regarding when the plaintiff discovered, or should have discovered through reasonable diligence, the nature of her injury. KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison County Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999). Generally, a cause of action accrues when a party is injured by the acts or omissions of another, even if “the fact of injury is not discovered until later, and even if all resulting damages have not yet occurred.” S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. 1996); see also Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 311 (Tex. 2006). For the discovery rule to apply, the nature of the injury must be inherently undiscoverable and the injury must be objectively verifiable. Barker, 213 S.W.3d at 312. Discovery of a particular injury depends on the nature of the injury, as well as the circumstances in which the injury occurred and the plaintiff’s diligence. S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 7. An injury is inherently undiscoverable if, by its nature, it is unlikely to be discovered within the particular limitations period despite due diligence by the plaintiff. Id.; see also Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453, 456 (Tex. 1996).
If the movant establishes that limitations bars the action, the non-movant must present evidence raising a fact issue on the applicability of the discovery rule to avoid limitations. See KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748. The plaintiff bears the burden of pleading and proving facts supporting the discovery rule. See J.M. Krupar Constr. Co. v. Rosenberg, 95 S.W.3d 322, 329 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
A. DTPA and Tortious Interference Claims
A plaintiff must bring suit under the DTPA within two years after the date on which the false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice occurred, or within two years after the consumer discovered, or should have discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence, the occurrence of the false, misleading, or deceptive act or practice. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.565 (Vernon 2002); KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 749 (noting that discovery rule applies to DTPA claims). The statute of limitations for tortious interference with prospective business relations is also two years from accrual of the cause of action. See First Nat’l Bank v. Levine, 721 S.W.2d 287, 288–89 (Tex. 1986) (holding that tortious interference falls within the definition of “trespass” under section 16.003(a) of Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which provides for two-year limitations period). A cause of action for tortious interference with prospective business relations accrues when “existing negotiations, which are reasonably certain of resulting in a contract, are interfered with such that the negotiations terminate and harm to the plaintiff results.” Hill v. Heritage Res., Inc., 964 S.W.2d 89, 116 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, pet. denied).
Harper first asserted her DTPA and tortious interference claims in her first amended petition, filed in July 2009. Her amended petition relates back to her original petition, filed on December 21, 2007, because these claims are based on the same transaction or occurrence. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.068 (Vernon 2008). Even relating these claims back to the filing date, however, they come more than two years past the purchase of the car. Harper thus urged that the discovery rule applies to defer the accrual date for these causes of action to some point that is within two years of the date of filing the suit.
As the party asserting the discovery rule in response to Mac Haik’s limitations affirmative defense, Harper bears the burden to raise a fact issue regarding application of the rule. See KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d at 748; J.M. Krupar Constr. Co., 95 S.W.3d at 329. In her affidavit, Harper stated: “I was not aware of my claims against [Mac Haik] until such time as I sought legal advice from my attorney.” Harper offered nothing else to support her contention that the discovery rule applies. Harper does not state when she consulted her attorney, nor does she detail any attempts she made to discover her injury or the impetus behind consulting an attorney regarding this purchase.
An affidavit that states conclusions without admissible supporting facts is not proper summary judgment evidence. See Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 122 (Tex. 1996) (“Conclusory affidavits are not enough to raise fact issues. They are not credible, nor susceptible to being readily controverted.”); Prime Prods., Inc. v. S.S.I. Plastics, Inc., 97 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (holding that affidavits opposing summary judgment motions must set forth facts admissible in evidence). We hold that Harper did not raise a fact issue about the discovery rule so as to toll the limitations beyond March 18, 2006 for a car purchase that took place on March 18, 2004, with a statement that she learned of her claim when she consulted an attorney on an unidentified date. The trial court correctly ruled that Harper’s DTPA and tortious interference claims are barred by limitations.
B. Fraud and Finance Code Claims
The Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides that a plaintiff must bring suit for a fraud claim within four years from the date the cause of action accrues. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.004(a)(4) (Vernon 2002); see also Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 349.402(a) (Vernon 2006) (“[A]n action under this chapter must be brought before the later of (1) the fourth anniversary of the date of the loan or retail installment transaction with respect to which the violation occurred; or (2) the second anniversary of the date on which the violation occurred.”). In fraud cases, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until the plaintiff discovers the fraud or might have discovered it through the exercise of reasonable diligence. Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 420 (Tex. 1997); Computer Assocs., 918 S.W.2d at 455 (“Similar to the discovery rule exception, where fraud is alleged, we have granted the claimant the benefit of deferring the cause of action until the claimant discovered or should have discovered the fraud.”).
Harper’s summary judgment evidence does not create a fact issue on when she discovered the nature of her injury beyond the date she purchased the car. Mac Haik’s alleged misrepresentations occurred when Harper purchased the vehicle on March 18, 2004. Harper offers no evidence as to when she discovered their fraudulent nature save for her affidavit that she “was not aware of my claims against Defendant until such time as I sought legal advice from my attorney.” Such an affidavit does not defer limitations because it does not set forth facts establishing that Harper did not discover, and with reasonable diligence, could not have discovered the fraudulent nature of the representations so as to defer the accrual date beyond when Mac Haik made the misrepresentations.
Second, no evidence exists that Mac Haik “deceitfully conceal[ed its] wrongdoing until limitations [had] run.” See S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 6. Harper discovered the fraud and asserted fraud claims within the original limitations period. Harper has not raised a fact issue that the injury here was inherently undiscoverable. An injury is “inherently undiscoverable” if, due to the nature of the injury, it is “unlikely to be discovered within the prescribed limitations period despite due diligence” by the plaintiff. Id. at 7. Here, Harper discovered her injury within the four-year limitations period, and brought suit within that period.
C. Service of Suit and Limitations
Because we hold that the record raises no issue of fact to apply the discovery rule to defer the accrual of Harper’s fraud and Finance Code claims, we must determine whether Harper exercised diligence in serving Mac Haik. A timely filed suit does not interrupt the applicable statute of limitations unless the plaintiff “exercises due diligence in the issuance and service of citation.” Proulx v. Wells, 235 S.W.3d 213, 215 (Tex. 2007) (citing Murray v. San Jacinto Agency, Inc., 800 S.W.2d 826, 830 (Tex. 1990)); Ashley v. Hawkins, 293 S.W.3d 175, 179 (Tex. 2009) (“[S]ervice outside the limitations period may still be valid if the plaintiff exercises diligence in procuring service on the defendant.”). If the plaintiff diligently effects service after limitations expires, the date of service relates back to the date of filing. Proulx, 235 S.W.3d at 215.
Once the defendant affirmatively pleads limitations and demonstrates that it was not served until after limitations expired, the summary judgment burden shifts to the plaintiff to explain the delay. Id. at 216. The plaintiff must present evidence demonstrating the efforts made to serve the defendant and explaining “every lapse in effort or period of delay.” Id.; Brown v. Shores, 77 S.W.3d 884, 887 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (“Lack of diligence may be shown as a matter of law based on unexplained lapses of time between the filing of the petition and service on the defendant.”). Here, Harper sued Mac Haik on December 21, 2007 and requested that the clerk issue and return citation to her attorney’s office for service at a later date. The clerk issued citation on December 27; however, Harper did not serve Mac Haik until March 19, 2008, one day after the expiration of limitations. In her summary judgment response, Harper asserted the discovery rule, but did not offer any explanation for her delay in serving Mac Haik. Without an explanation for her delay in serving Mac Haik, Harper’s claims are barred by limitations. The trial court thus properly granted summary judgment.
Conclusion
We hold that limitations bars Harper’s claims. We therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Jane Bland
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Bland and Sharp.
[1] Harper does not challenge the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on her negligent misrepresentation claim.