TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-06-00218-CV
Rox Covert, Duke Covert and Danay Covert, Appellants
v.
Williamson Central Appraisal District, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 277TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 01-466-C277, HONORABLE KEN ANDERSON, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
In this appeal, we decide whether a taxpayer is entitled under section 42.26 of the tax
code to challenge only the land component of an ad valorem property tax appraisal of improved land,
without claiming that the total appraised value of the property is unequal. See Tex. Tax Code Ann.
§ 42.26(a)(3) (West Supp. 2007).1 Appellants Rox Covert, Duke Covert and Danay Covert sued
Williamson Central Appraisal District (“WCAD”)2 in district court, challenging WCAD’s appraisal
of five separate tracts of land, three of which are improved with car dealerships, on the grounds that
they were not appraised equally and uniformly. See Tex. Const. art. VIII, § 20; Tex. Tax Code Ann.
1
Both the original lawsuit and the later consolidated lawsuits were filed before the
amendment to section 42.26, whereby the substantive provisions of subsection (d) were incorporated
into subsection (a)(3). For the sake of clarity, we will hereafter refer to the former section 42.26(d)
in force at the time the action was commenced and not the current section 42.26(a)(3). See Act of
June 20, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 1041, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2998-99 (amended 2003) (current
version at Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 42.26(a)(3) (West Supp. 2007)).
2
We note that the name of the appraisal district is Williamson Central Appraisal District,
and not Williamson County Appraisal District as indicated in the parties’ briefs.
§ 42.26(d) (West 2001). WCAD filed a special exception, contending that the Coverts’ pleadings
failed to state a cause of action with respect to the three improved properties because the Coverts had
alleged that only the land components, and not the entire properties, had been appraised unequally.
The trial court granted WCAD’s special exception and ordered the Coverts to replead. The Coverts
refused, and their case was dismissed. The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in
granting WCAD’s special exception and in dismissing the claims after ruling that the Coverts had
omitted an element of their cause of action, namely that their property was appraised unequally under
section 42.26 of the tax code. Holding that the trial court did not err because the statute requires a
taxpayer to challenge the appraised valuation of the entire improved property and not merely its
component values, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
The properties involved in this litigation are five tracts ranging from approximately
5 to 87 acres, three of which are improved with Covert car dealerships, located on Highway 79 in
Williamson County.3 Each property was listed on WCAD’s appraisal roll in a separate account. For
each of the improved properties, WCAD separately listed values for the land and for the
improvements in its records, as is required by section 25.02 of the tax code. See Tex. Tax Code Ann.
§ 25.02(a) (West 2001). Deposition testimony from WCAD appraisers explained that all three
improved properties had extensive “site improvements,” including parking lots and landscaping, that
were constructed in order to prepare the properties for use as car dealerships. WCAD offered further
3
Besides the three tracts that are improved with car dealerships, there is also a “wraparound”
tract that connects each of the three dealership properties to a back road and provides drainage for
the other tracts. The largest tract is unimproved and is currently designated for agricultural use.
2
testimony that it includes site-improvement values in its computation of the land
component of an appraisal.
This case began when the Coverts filed suit in district court challenging WCAD’s
valuations of the five tracts for the 2001 tax year. The next year, while the 2001 case was pending,
the Coverts filed an amended petition adding a challenge to the valuations for the 2002 tax year. In
a different case later consolidated with the original, the Coverts appealed for tax years 2003 and
2004. Therefore, the case before us involves four tax years.
Following consolidation, the Coverts’ second amended petition modified their
challenge to appeal the valuation of “the land portion only” of each of the properties. They argued
that, when compared to other vacant, unimproved parcels of land along Highway 79, the land
underlying their car dealerships had been appraised unequally. WCAD responded by filing a special
exception, alleging that the tax code does not provide a remedy for a taxpayer who claims unequal
appraisal only as to the land portion of an improved property and that, because the Coverts had
abandoned their claim that the entire properties were unequally appraised, their pleadings failed to
state a cause of action with respect to the three improved properties. The trial court granted
WCAD’s special exception and ordered the Coverts to replead their cause of action that the subject
property—“the entire property”—is appraised unequally under section 42.26 of the tax code. Upon
the Coverts’ refusal to replead, the trial court dismissed the case.4
4
At the hearing, the parties discussed but do not appear to have resolved the issue of whether
granting WCAD’s special exception would have any effect on the Coverts’ challenge as to the two
unimproved properties. When asked by the trial court if they would pursue their claim on those two
tracts, the Coverts admitted, “the money in this is in [the improved parcels]” and that without a
favorable ruling allowing them to plead and prove the theory that the land component could be
challenged separately, they “would be dead essentially” on their entire case. The order granting
3
DISCUSSION
Standard of review
The Coverts argue on appeal that the trial court erred in dismissing their case upon
granting WCAD’s special exception. When a trial court dismisses a case upon special exceptions
for failure to state a cause of action, we review that issue of law de novo. Butler Weldments Corp.
v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 3 S.W.3d 654, 658 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.). In so doing, we must
accept as true all material factual allegations and all factual statements reasonably inferred from the
allegations set forth in the respondent’s pleadings. Id. If a pleading does not state a cause of action,
the trial court does not err in dismissing the entire case. Id.
In this case, both the trial court’s ruling on the special exception and its dismissal of
the Coverts’ claim were premised on its interpretation that section 42.26 requires a taxpayer to
challenge the entire appraisal of improved property. Addressing whether this was the intent of the
legislature is a matter of statutory construction, which we review de novo. See Texas Dep’t
of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex. 2004).
Plain meaning of section 42.26
The issue of whether section 42.26 authorizes a taxpayer to challenge a single
component of the assessor’s appraisal of improved land is one of first impression.5 In our
dismissal referred to all five of the properties in the consolidated case; however, because the Coverts
failed to raise an appellate point concerning either the unimproved agricultural tract or the
wraparound tract, they have waived error with respect to the dismissal of their appeal of those two
properties. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).
5
The same claim appears to have been raised in only one other Texas case,
Reliance Insurance Co. v. Denton Central Appraisal District, 999 S.W.2d 626 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1999, no pet.). The court did not reach the issue, however, having decided that case on other
grounds. Id. at 627.
4
interpretation of this section, we are bound by well-settled rules of statutory construction. First and
foremost, we are required to follow the plain meaning of the statute. Meno v. Kitchens, 873 S.W.2d
789, 792 (Tex. App.—Austin 1994, writ denied). If the language of the statute is unambiguous, then
we must seek the legislative intent as found in the plain and common meaning of the words and
terms used. Sorokolit v. Rhodes, 889 S.W.2d 239, 241 (Tex. 1994). In applying the plain and
common meaning of the language, we may not enlarge the meaning of any word in the statute
beyond its ordinary meaning; such implication is inappropriate when intent may be gathered from
a reasonable interpretation of the statute as it is written. Id. at 241.
Section 42.26 provides:
The district court shall grant relief on the ground that a property is appraised
unequally if the appraised value of the property exceeds the median appraised value
of a reasonable number of comparable properties appropriately adjusted.
Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 42.26(d) (West 2001).
The Coverts argue that nothing in the language of 42.26 requires them to challenge
the appraised value of every item that comprises “property” in order to state a claim under that
section. Noting that the indefinite article “a” precedes the first mention of the word “property” in
section 42.26, but that the definite article “the” comes before the second mention, the Coverts
conclude that the clear intent of the legislature was to narrow the median test “to whichever matter
or thing was selected for challenge by the property owner.” In other words, if a property owner
elects to challenge as “a” property only the land portion of improved property, then the median test
must be applied exclusively to the land as “the” property in issue.
5
We do not agree, however, that the choice of article antecedent to the word “property”
in section 42.26 is clear evidence of the legislature’s intent in this regard. Rather, we conclude from
the plain language of the statute that whatever property is appraised must be valued equally in
relation to other comparable properties. In the case of an improved property, such as one of the
Covert car dealerships, a single appraised value is given to the entire property, which represents the
total value of the land, the buildings, and the various site improvements, including all parking lots,
curbing, and landscaping. So long as that valuation is an equal and uniform assessment, we cannot
support overturning it because the land component is valued too high or the improvement component
too low. While evidence that only the land or only the improvements were assessed unequally is
certainly relevant to the taxpayer’s challenge, he cannot prevail unless he can show that the appraised
value of the improved property is not equal or uniform.
In deposition testimony read at the hearing on the special exception, the Coverts’
independent appraiser admitted that even if the land component of a property is appraised unequally,
the entire property is “not necessarily” appraised unequally. We agree with the trial court that
completely fair appraisals should not be overturned simply “because one component or the other is
subject to attack without some showing that the overall appraisal is incorrect.” We emphasize,
however, that a taxpayer need not bring evidence concerning every component in a challenge under
section 42.26; rather, he may take issue only with the value given to the land or only with the value
given to the improvement, so long as he can show that, as a result, his entire improved property was
appraised unequally in violation of the statute.
In support of their position, the Coverts point to a provision in the tax code wherein
the appraisal district is required to separately list values for land and improvements in its own
6
records as evidence that the legislature contemplated allowing separate challenges to these
component values. See id. § 25.02(5), (6) (West 2001). They also argue that the predecessor statute
to section 25.02, which did not require the separate listing of the land and improvement components
on the appraisal roll, should be viewed as evidence that the legislature intended for each appraised
component value to give rise to a separate challenge. Again, however, we note that although the
appraisal roll may contain two or more component values in its record for a single property, there
is only one assessed value to which the taxpayer may bring a challenge. The separate values for land
and improvements are not certified to the taxing units that impose the tax, nor are they included in
the tax bill to the property owner. See id. §§ 26.01(c), 31.01 (West 2001). Although the land and
improvement values may present contestable issues, we hold that the total improved property
value—which includes both the land and improvement components—is the only appraised value that
the taxpayer may appeal.6
In support of our reading of the plain language of section 42.26, we note that under
the tax code, “appraised value means the value determined as provided by Chapter 23 of this code.”
Id. § 1.04(9) (West 2001). Chapter 23 dictates that all taxable property is appraised at its market
value. Id. § 23.01(a), (b). Moreover, each property shall be appraised based upon the individual
characteristics that affect the property’s market value. Id. § 23.01(b). Land that is improved with
a car dealership, as well as other site improvements, has different individual characteristics affecting
6
As mentioned above, our holding in this case does not require a taxpayer to allege that
every component value is incorrect in order to state a claim under section 42.26. If the Coverts had
pled that their land was valued unequally and that this resulted in an unequal assessment for the
entire appraised value given to their respective car dealerships, they would have satisfied the
statutory requirements. They were not required to plead and prove that both the land and the
improvements were valued unequally.
7
its market value than undeveloped, “raw” land. Because section 42.26 uses the “appraised value”
of the subject property as the basis for comparison and, by statute, appraised value is market value,
we do not agree with the Coverts that the legislature intended to allow taxpayers to challenge the
component values of their property in isolation from a consideration of the total assessed value
of the property.
In holding that “appraised value” encompasses both the land and the improvement
value for the purpose of challenges brought under section 42.26, we find persuasive the reasoning
of the Dallas court in its interpretation of “appraised value” under section 23.23 of the tax code. See
Bader v. Dallas County Appraisal Dist., 139 S.W.3d 778 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied).
Bader concerned the application of that section’s ten percent cap on appraised valuation, which
provides that the appraised value of a residence homestead may not increase more than ten percent
annually. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 23.23 (West Supp. 2007). Bader had argued that the cap ought
to be applied separately to the land and the improvement components of his property, claiming that
section 23.23 must be read in conjunction with the definitions of “property” in section 1.04 and in
light of the separate listing requirement of section 25.19(f). Bader, 139 S.W.3d at 781.
Rejecting this interpretation, the Dallas court held that the legislature did not intend
the cap to be applied separately to the land and the improvements, despite the fact that the legislature
required the separate listing of land and improvement values in the notice of appraised value under
section 25.19(f). Id. The court found no language linking section 25.19(f) to the cap provisions in
section 23.23 and concluded that the separate listing requirement in section 25.19(f) exists only so
that the property owner can identify the value set for the component parts of his real property to
determine whether he should contest an appraised value set by the appraisal district. Id. at 781-82.
8
“That purpose, to give ‘notice’ of the appraised value, does not translate into a requirement that an
appraisal district apply the ten percent cap separately to the land and then to the improvements.” Id.
Likewise, there is no evidence in this case that the legislature intended the separate
listing requirement contained in section 25.02 to have any effect on challenges to appraised value
brought under section 42.26. There is no language linking section 25.02 to section 42.26, and
section 25.02 itself appears to be only an administrative provision addressing the “form and content”
of records maintained by the appraisal district. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 25.02 (West 2001). The
Coverts cite to no authority suggesting that section 25.02 provides a basis for bringing separate
challenges to land and improvement values as separate “appraised values” under section 42.26 or
that section 25.02 is anything but a clerical or administrative requirement.
The Coverts further argue that this construction of section 42.26 will lead to absurd
results with regard to the appraisal of mineral interests and timber. They allege that someone who
owns such an interest would never be able to challenge the equality and uniformity of the tax
assessment of the minerals or timber without also having to challenge the land and any
improvements on the land. We disagree. The tax code provides that where timber or mineral
interests are held as separate estates by someone other than the landowner, they are listed separately
on the tax rolls in their respective owner’s name. See id. §§ 25.10, .12. It is clear that in these
circumstances, the legislature contemplated that separate challenges could originate from the owner
of a mineral or timber interest, unrelated to an action concerning the valuation of the overlying land.
Had the legislature intended the same result in the case of improved property as it did in cases
involving separately-owned mineral or timber interests, it would have explicitly provided that
remedy in the code.
9
We therefore hold that a taxpayer challenging the equal and uniform assessment of
an improved property under section 42.26 must allege that the overall appraised value of the property
is unequal. While he is not prevented from bringing evidence that only the land or only the
improvement was unequally assessed, the taxpayer must allege that the value of the improved
property was appraised unequally in order to state a cause of action under section 42.26.
CONCLUSION
Because the trial court did not err in granting the dismissal, we affirm.
_____________________________________
Diane Henson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Puryear and Henson
Affirmed
Filed: November 30, 2007
10