TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-07-00019-CR
NO. 03-07-00020-CR
Paul Douglas Archer, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NOS. CR2006-106, CR2006-107, HONORABLE JACK H. ROBISON, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
After a consolidated trial of two indictments that alleged sexual offenses against two
child victims, a jury convicted Paul Douglas Archer of nine counts of indecency with a child by
contact, see Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(1) (West 2003), two counts of indecency with a child
by exposure, see id. § 21.11(a)(2), and seven counts of aggravated sexual assault, see id.
§ 22.021(a)(1)(B), (a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2006). Archer elected to have the jury assess punishment.
The jury assessed the maximum term of incarceration for each offense—twenty years for each count
of indecency by contact, ten years for each count of indecency by exposure, and life for each count
of aggravated sexual assault. The trial court ruled that each sentence in cause number CR2006-106
will be served concurrently, as will each sentence in cause number CR2006-107, but ruled that the
sentences in CR2006-107 will be served consecutively to those in CR2006-106. Archer appeals,
arguing in five issues that the trial court erred by limiting his questioning during voir dire, ordering
that the sentences in CR2006-107 run consecutively to those in CR2006-106, admitting hearsay
evidence from an investigating officer on two occasions, and admitting testimony concerning a study
that did not meet the learned-treatise exception to the hearsay rule. We will affirm the
trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
On January 1, 2006, Deputy Mike Smith of the Comal County Sheriff’s Office
responded to a 911 call placed by Jennifer Anderson. Anderson told Smith that Archer had touched
her eight-year-old daughter, M.A., in an improper manner. Anderson also related that several
months earlier, M.A. told her that Archer had touched twelve-year-old C.A., Archer’s niece and
M.A.’s friend and neighbor, in an improper manner. Smith then interviewed M.A., who told him
that Archer had touched her “private parts” at Archer’s house “once before Halloween and once or
twice after.” M.A. also stated to Smith that Archer had touched his niece C.A. Smith called his
office’s criminal investigations department and child protective services.
Because of the allegations by Jennifer Anderson and M.A. concerning Archer’s
touching of C.A., Smith next traveled to C.A.’s house, which was a few houses down from the
Andersons’ house on the same street. When Smith arrived, he discussed the allegations concerning
C.A. with C.A.’s parents, Randy and Gina Archer. Randy and Paul Archer are brothers. Smith
asked where C.A. was; her parents replied that she was at Paul Archer’s house, which was also
located on the same street. Smith instructed Randy Archer to retrieve C.A. and bring her back to the
residence.
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When C.A. arrived home and saw the police officers, she started crying and tried to
walk inside the house. Smith testified, “And her parents said, ‘It’s okay. They’re here to talk to you.
[M.A.] has talked to them.’ When they told her that, she started crying more and went ahead and
went into the house.” Smith testified that he was unable to have any meaningful interaction with
C.A. that evening.
Later that evening, after Deputy Smith left the home of Randy and Gina Archer,
police were called to return to the residence. Sergeant Clint Jacobs arrived at the household to find
Randy and Gina Archer waiting outside. The Archers, who appeared to be very upset, told Jacobs
that Paul Archer had come to their home after Smith and the other deputies left. Jacobs testified,
They said he was pacing around, saying things that they couldn’t understand. Said
he was wringing his hands. He eventually—they said that he went in and woke
[C.A.] up, who was sleeping, and had a brief conversation with her.
....
They said that he told [C.A.] that he would have never touched [M.A.] if the other
gentleman who was involved in the case hadn’t touched her,[1] and also said that he
would never be able to associate or I think hold her again, was the quote.
Randy and Gina Archer also told Sergeant Jacobs that Sue Moreno, Randy Archer
and Paul Archer’s sister, had come to their home after the police left and said that she “was
concerned about Paul Archer” because of his “erratic” and “scary” behavior. The Archers told
1
Testimony indicated that Archer accused Randy Anderson, M.A.’s father, of having
improper sexual contact with C.A. C.A. denied that Anderson had ever touched her improperly
during her testimony, and no evidence presented at trial corroborated Archer’s allegation.
3
Jacobs that Moreno was “very distraught,” “continually apologizing,” and saying that she “had never
been aware of what had happened.”
Jacobs asked the Archers to contact Moreno and have her return to the house so that
she could be questioned. Jacobs testified that when Moreno arrived, she was crying and distraught,
saying that she “never knew what was going on.” Moreno testified that she signed a statement that
night, in which she wrote, “On the evening of January 1st, 2006, my brother Paul Archer stated to
me that he had done some bad things to [M.A.] . . . and the guy across the street had done some bad
things to [C.A.] . . . . This occurred at his home . . . . He was wringing his hands and pacing.” At
trial, Moreno changed her story: she testified, “I don’t believe I heard this statement that I wrote
correctly. I believe that what my brother had said to me was, ‘They said that I did bad
things to [M.A.].’”
Shortly thereafter, Detective Tommy Ward obtained a warrant to search Paul Archer’s
house for pornographic videotapes, condoms, and condom wrappers. When Ward and another
detective discovered girls’ panties and an orange bathing suit in Archer’s room, they immediately
halted the search in order to obtain a new warrant that covered those items. After obtaining the
second warrant, Ward seized the three pairs of panties and the two-piece bathing suit
from Archer’s room.
The articles of clothing confiscated in the search of Archer’s home were sent to a
laboratory for testing. DNA analysis indicated that the bottom piece of the two-piece bathing suit
contained stains where sperm cells were discovered and stains that were consistent with mixtures
of bodily fluids. The State’s DNA expert testified that to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty,
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Archer was the source of the sperm cells: “The probability of selecting an unrelated person at
random who could be a source of this DNA profile is approximately one in 3.682 quintillion for
Caucasians . . . .” Further, neither Archer nor C.A. could be excluded as contributors to the stains
that were mixtures. No sperm cells were located on any of the three pairs of panties, but each pair
contained biological material that was consistent with a mixture—neither Archer nor C.A. could be
excluded as contributors to those stains.
Archer was arrested and tried on two indictments. Cause number CR2006-106 related
to offenses against M.A., charging six counts of indecency with a child by contact and one count of
aggravated sexual assault. Cause number CR2006-107 related to offenses against C.A., charging
two counts of indecency by exposure, three counts of indecency by contact, and six counts of
aggravated sexual assault.
At trial, both victims testified. C.A. stated that on December 31, 2005, she was with
her uncle Paul Archer, whom she had asked repeatedly to get her some fireworks, at Archer’s house.
C.A. testified that Archer “made [her] do something bad” before he would agree to purchase the
fireworks: she said that Archer told her that “we had to do it in order to get the fireworks”—C.A.
understood “do it” to mean “have sex.” She stated that Archer removed her shirt, pants, and
underwear and tried to touch her “boobs.” C.A. went on to say that Archer touched her “boobs” with
his hands and that he also touched her “wee-wee” with his hands. She testified that Archer “moved
his fingers” while touching her “wee-wee” and that he touched her “wee-wee” with his tongue and
“started licking.” C.A. stated that Archer removed his pants and exposed his “wiener.” She testified
that Archer made her touch his “wiener” by curving her fingers around it and moving her hand up
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and down. Archer also touched her “wee-wee” with his “wiener” that night. After the encounter,
Archer allowed C.A. to shoot off some of the fireworks.
C.A. also testified about another incident that occurred at Paul Archer’s house on
December 23, 2005. She said that she asked Archer to rent her a movie, which he did. She testified
that when he returned with the movie, she went with him to his room, where the two “had to have
sex.” C.A. testified that Archer removed all her clothes and all his clothes. Archer touched her
“wee-wee” and her breasts, and he made her touch his “wiener.” She also stated that Archer touched
her “wee-wee” with his “wiener,” although he did not put it inside her “wee-wee.” C.A. said that
after this occurred, she got to watch the movie and eat homemade popcorn.
C.A. testified that Archer touched her “wee-wee” with his “wiener” once or twice in
2005 and that he had also done it prior to 2005. She remembered another incident on New Year’s
Eve in 2003, where Archer touched her “wee-wee” with his tongue and “started licking up and
down.” On this occasion, Archer touched the “inside” of her “butt” with his “wiener.” He also put
his “wiener” in her mouth, and “sperm” came out of his “wiener.” C.A. testified that this was not
the first time that he put his “wiener” in her mouth.
C.A. said that she first began having these kind of encounters with Archer when she
was eight years old. C.A. testified that Archer often buys her candy and that “[y]ou need to have
sex” in order to get the candy. C.A. also said that Archer made her watch movies of people having
sex, which made her feel “uncomfortable.”
C.A. testified to an incident where Archer touched her and forced her to touch him
before she was allowed to go with her friend M.A. to Landa Park. C.A. also testified about “three
6
or four” trips to Dollar General, where Archer would buy her dolls and other toys. She stated that
M.A. accompanied them on one of these trips. C.A. testified that Archer purchased an electric motor
scooter and a thirty-six-inch television for her. C.A. also testified about a trip that she took to
Corpus Christi with Archer, where they stayed alone together in what she described as “a very
uncomfortable tent” on the beach. She talked about how Archer would take her to Sea World, Mr.
Gatti’s, and Schlitterbahn. C.A. stated that Archer is her favorite uncle because he “always spoils”
her with “candy and stuff.”
C.A. testified that she has an orange bathing suit, and she identified the bathing suit
from which the DNA samples were taken as her bathing suit. She also identified two of the seized
pairs of panties as her own and testified that the other pair of panties recovered by police
belonged to M.A.
Cristina Salley, the sexual assault nurse examiner who examined C.A., also testified.
She related the history that C.A. gave her as part of the examination, which was largely consistent
with her trial testimony. Salley testified that she did not discover any trauma in C.A.’s examination,
but stated that she did not expect to find trauma because one study has shown that a large percentage
of examinations conducted on females who have been verifiably vaginally penetrated
show no genital trauma.
M.A. testified that she often played with C.A. at Archer’s house, where they would
also watch movies and have homemade popcorn. She testified that one time around Christmas 2005
Archer made her “[t]ouch his private spot.” She said that she saw his “private spot” and had to touch
it by curling her fingers around it. M.A. stated that Archer touched her on her “private spot where
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[she] pee[s]” with his hand. M.A. testified that C.A. was in the room during this encounter. When
asked whether Archer did something to C.A. on that occasion, M.A. replied, “He did the same thing
as he did to me.” M.A. testified that she saw Archer do this to C.A.
M.A. said that Archer touched her “private spot” at his house or C.A.’s house
“[a]bout five times.” She had to touch his “private spot” around “five or six” times; each time she
saw his “private spot.” M.A. testified that “just once” she “had to lick his private spot just a little.”
M.A. testified that she had to touch Archer in order to go to Landa Park with him and
C.A., which she “really wanted” to do. She stated that she also went to Dollar General with Archer
and C.A. and that Archer bought them dolls and candy there; M.A. testified that she had to touch
Archer at his house before they could go.
Jennifer Anderson testified about M.A.’s outcry to her on January 1, 2006. She
testified that M.A. and C.A. were friends and that they would often spend time with Archer at his
house. Jennifer Anderson testified that a few months before January 2006, M.A. related to her that
C.A. said that Archer was touching her vagina, but Anderson testified that she “didn’t think that he
could do something like that” because “he seemed to be a very nice person.”
Randy Archer testified that Paul Archer came to his house on January 1 and that “he
was wringing his hands and he said he would never have touched [M.A.] if Randy Anderson
wouldn’t have touched [C.A.].’”
Archer did not testify. He called one witness, the custodian of records at the hospital
where C.A. was examined, in order to introduce C.A.’s medical records from the January 5 visit.
Archer also introduced a public record showing that C.A.’s step-brother is a registered sex offender.
8
Archer’s attorney argued that children make up stories and that C.A. may have been victimized by
her step-brother.2 The jury found Archer guilty of all eighteen counts and assessed the maximum
term of incarceration for each count. The trial court ordered that the sentences imposed for the
offenses committed against C.A. will be served consecutively to the sentences for the offenses
committed against M.A. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Voir Dire
In his first issue, Archer complains that the trial court improperly limited his voir dire
questioning by refusing to let him ask a commitment question concerning whether the prospective
jurors could consider probation even if the facts established that Archer is guilty. Archer claims that
the trial court “sustained the State’s objection that the question was an improper commitment
question.” The following exchange occurred during voir dire:
[Defense Counsel]: All right. If the facts established that the defendant is guilty, can
you consider probation?
[The State]: That’s an improper commitment question because—
The Court: It’s not proper to solicit a commitment to any set of facts.
[Defense Counsel]: All right.
The Court: Hypothetical or otherwise.
2
Both C.A. and M.A. were questioned about contact with C.A.’s step-brother. Both children
denied having ever been touched improperly by him.
9
[Defense Counsel]: Is there any member of the jury panel who could not consider
a full range of punishment in this case, including probation, based upon any facts?
Even if the trial court erred by refusing to allow Archer to ask the question, we still must overrule
Archer’s first issue because the error was harmless. See Tex R. App. P. 44.2 (b) (“Any
[nonconstitutional] error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights must
be disregarded.”). Archer was allowed to ask his next question, which was substantially similar to
the prior question and elicited the same information sought by the question at issue—whether the
prospective jurors could consider probation as part of the range of punishment. The only person who
responded to that question in the negative was excused from the panel by agreement.
Further, earlier in the voir dire questioning, the prosecutor for the State asked the
panel the following question:
And so the appropriate question that each of you need to consider at this moment is
whether, in a proper case in which the law allows it and the facts justify it, whatever
those facts may be that you haven’t heard yet, but can you fully and fairly consider
that entire range of punishment, including both the minimum and the maximum as
I described? And that also does include probation only at your recommendation as
jurors if the punishment does not exceed ten years in the penitentiary.
The only prospective juror who answered that she could not consider the full range of punishment
was the same one who answered Archer’s question in the negative and who was, as noted above,
excused from the panel by agreement. Because the question that Archer complains that he was not
allowed to ask was asked by both Archer and the State and answered by the panel, we hold that any
error was harmless and overrule Archer’s first issue.
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Consecutive Sentences
In his second issue, Archer argues that the trial court erred by ordering that the
sentences in cause number CR2006-107 be served consecutively to those in cause number CR2006-
106, urging that no statutory authority exists for such an order. We disagree.
Archer bases his argument on the language of section 3.03 of the Texas Penal Code,
which provides,
If the accused is found guilty of more than one offense arising out of the same
criminal episode, the sentences may run concurrently or consecutively if each
sentence is for a conviction of . . . an offense . . . under Section 21.11, 22.011,
22.021, 25.02, or 43.25 committed against a victim younger than 17 years of age at
the time of the commission of the offense . . . .
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 3.03(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2006). Archer does not dispute that the offenses
arose out of the same criminal episode; rather, he argues that because the statute uses the words “a
victim,” it does not contemplate consecutive sentences for multiple offenses committed against
multiple victims. But as Archer notes in his brief, several courts of appeals have rejected this
interpretation of section 3.03, pointing out that the plain language of the statute allows sentences to
run consecutively “if each sentence is for a conviction of . . . an offense . . . committed against a
victim younger than 17 years of age,” id. (emphasis added), which clearly contemplates consecutive
sentencing for multiple offenses committed against multiple victims. See Dale v. State,
170 S.W.3d 797, 800–01 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.); Salazar v. State, 127 S.W.3d 355,
363–65 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d). “There is no language in the section
supporting appellant’s preferred interpretation that all of the sentences must be for offenses against
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the same victim. To the contrary, so long as the victim of each of the offenses was under 17, the
requirements of the statute’s plain language are clearly met.” Salazar, 127 S.W.3d at 364–65.
Here, Archer was convicted of eighteen offenses. Each offense was under section
21.11 or section 22.021 of the penal code. Each offense was committed against either C.A. or M.A.,
both of whom were younger than seventeen years old at the time of the commission of each offense.
Thus, the trial court clearly had the authority under section 3.03 to order that the sentences be served
consecutively, and given the heinous nature of the crimes, it is not surprising that it chose to do so.
We overrule Archer’s second issue.
Admission of Hearsay
In his third and fourth issues, Archer urges that the trial court erred by admitting
hearsay testimony of an investigating officer on two occasions. Archer complains about the
following two exchanges:
Q: Other than what she told you that you just testified to, was there any other
complaint that [Jennifer Anderson] made?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: And what was just the basic nature of that complaint?
[Defense Counsel]: Judge, I’m going to object to the hearsay.
[The State]: Judge, at this time, I’d offer it not for the truth of the matter asserted;
just based on the information acted upon by this officer for his future actions. And
I assure you that Ms. Anderson will be here as a witness, as well as [M.A.] and
[C.A.], all of whom which [sic] the complaints basically will be about. They will
testify.
[Defense Counsel]: That’s still—the substance of what she told them is still hearsay.
12
The Court: It is hearsay. However, for the purposes of just—it’s not being admitted
for the truth of any of the content of the statement; it’s being admitted because this
officer heard it and took certain actions based on that information. So keep that in
mind when you hear what he’s about to say. It is hearsay. It’s not admissible for the
truth of the matter asserted within the statement. It’s admissible solely to show why
this officer did whatever he did once he heard it.
Q: If you would, just tell the ladies and gentlemen of the jury, what was the entirety
of the complaint? Again, just the basics.
A: I arrived on the scene and met with Jennifer Anderson. She told me that her
daughter—several months ago, her daughter [M.A.] had told her that Paul Archer had
touched his niece, [C.A.], on several occasions, and that had [sic] made her touch
him. Then she told me that she didn’t report it. On the 1st of January, she found out
that—[M.A.] told her that she had also been touched and had touched Paul Archer.
....
Q: And generally speaking, again, to further your investigation, what did [M.A.]
relate to you?
[Defense Counsel]: Judge, once again, I’m going to object to the hearsay on this.
The Court: Again, this is not being admitted for the purpose of the truth of the matter
asserted within [M.A.]’s statement; it’s simply being submitted to show why this
officer took whatever actions he took once he heard it.
Q: You may answer the question.
A: Okay. I sat down at the table with [M.A.], asked her what was going on,
explained who I was, told her that we were there to help her, and she told me that Mr.
Archer had touched her once before Halloween and once or twice after.
And she didn’t know the dates, so we pulled out a calendar and I would show
her by holiday. I’d say, “Well, was it before or after Thanksgiving? Before or after
Christmas? Before or after Halloween?” And she was able to recognize Halloween.
She said it happened once before Halloween and once after.
Archer argues, relying on Hill v. State, 817 S.W.2d 816, 818 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1991, pet. ref’d),
that the officer’s statements about what Jennifer Anderson and M.A. told him were inadmissible
13
because Archer “never challenged the methods of investigation employed by Deputy Smith. No
objection was made that [Archer] was improperly arrested or that any search was conducted without
probable cause. Therefore the State was under no obligation to explain Deputy Smith’s actions, and
the use of hearsay to explain his actions cannot be justified.”
The court of criminal appeals has held that a police officer “should not be permitted
to relate historical aspects of the case, replete with hearsay statements in the form of complaints and
reports on grounds that she was entitled to tell the jury the information upon which she acted.”
Schaffer v. State, 777 S.W.2d 111, 114–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). When an “officer’s actions (e.g.,
an arrest or a search) are not put into question before the jury, testimony that the officer acted upon
‘information received’ or words to that affect [sic] should be sufficient.” Id. at 115 n.4.
We hold that the error was harmless for three reasons. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b)
(“Any [nonconstitutional] error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights
must be disregarded.”).
First, the same information was put before the jury without objection through the
testimony of Jennifer Anderson and M.A. Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998) (“It is well established that the improper admission of evidence does not constitute reversible
error if the same facts are shown by other evidence which is not challenged.” (quoting
Crocker v. State, 573 S.W.2d 190, 201 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978))). Jennifer Anderson testified that
M.A. told her months before January 2006 that C.A. complained that Archer was touching her
vagina, that M.A. told her on January 1 that Archer had touched her vagina, and that she related this
14
information to the police, all without objection. M.A. testified without objection about five or six
instances of improper touching in far more detail than the officer’s testimony.
Second, the trial court instructed the jury that the testimony was “simply being
submitted to show why this officer took whatever actions he took once he heard it.” While the
testimony should not have been admitted for any purpose, this instruction limited the harm from the
erroneous admission of the testimony by prohibiting the jury from considering it for the truth of the
matter asserted. See Moore v. State, 882 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (holding that
appellate courts must presume that instructions to the jury “are efficacious”).
Third, overwhelming evidence of Archer’s guilt was introduced at trial. See
Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“[T]he presence of overwhelming
evidence supporting the finding in question can be a factor in the evaluation of harmless error.”).
Evidence supporting the verdict includes the testimony of C.A. and M.A.; Jennifer Anderson’s
testimony about M.A.’s outcry; the statements of Randy Archer, Gina Archer, and Sue Moreno that
Paul Archer told them that he only touched M.A. because Randy Anderson had touched C.A.; the
DNA test results that found semen consistent with Paul Archer’s DNA and biological material
consistent with C.A.’s DNA on the bottom piece of C.A.’s bathing suit, which was found in Archer’s
bedroom; and other physical evidence found in Archer’s bedroom that corroborated C.A.’s and
M.A.’s testimony, including Mr. Gatti’s “play tickets,” a doorstop that C.A. testified that Archer
would use to lock his bedroom door before he abused her, pornographic videos that may have been
the ones that C.A. testified that Archer made her watch and that made her feel “uncomfortable,” and
the bathing suit and panties that one officer testified constituted “trophies” that child molesters often
15
keep. Thus, we hold that any error that was preserved was harmless and overrule Archer’s third
and fourth issues.
Expert Testimony
In his fifth issue, Archer claims that the trial court erred by admitting, over his
objections, the following testimony by sexual assault nurse examiner Cristina Salley concerning her
finding no trauma to C.A.’s genitals in her examination of C.A.:
Q: Do you—is there a percentage of—that you—best you can come up with of how
many victims actually have a normal exam—how many child victims actually have
a normal exam?
A: It’s close to 85% of children exams have a normal exam [sic], children in
adolescence. Doctor Kellogg did a study a couple of years ago. She’s in San
Antonio, and she’s been doing this for over 25 years where she actually—
[Defense Counsel]: Judge, I’m going to object to any testimony about what Doctor
Kellogg said. She’s not here to testify. It’s a hearsay objection.
The Court: I’m waiting for a response from the State.
Q: Ms. Salley, are you familiar with Doctor Kellogg?
A: Yes, I am.
Q: And where does Doctor Kellogg office out of?
A: Doctor Kellogg is in San Antonio. She is at—they just changed their name to
Child Safe. It was the Alamo Children—Alamo City—or Alamo Advocacy Center,
Children’s Advocacy Center in San Antonio.
Q: And is Doctor Kellogg an expert in child sexual abuse?
A: Yes, she is.
Q: And does she have—this Doctor Kellogg is a lady. Correct?
16
A: Yes.
Q: Nancy Kellogg?
A: Uh-huh.
Q: And does Doctor Kellogg have writings that she herself has written?
A: Yes.
Q: Does she have very many of them, to the best of your knowledge?
A: Yes, she does.
Q: And is she renowned as an expert in this area?
A: Yes, she is. She has over 25 years’ experience.
[Defense Counsel]: Same objection, Judge. I don’t believe it qualifies as a learned
treatise.
The Court: Overruled.
Q: So if you can go ahead and tell us about the study you’re referring to from Doctor
Kellogg.
A: Okay. This particular one has to do with adolescents who are pregnant. Okay.
So there has been penile vaginal penetration and they’re pregnant. In 83% of those
cases, there is no trauma there. So that just goes to further clarify that we don’t
expect to find trauma when we do exams on children.
Archer argues that the State did not establish the predicate for the Kellogg study’s
admissibility under the learned-treatise exception to the hearsay rule. Archer also urges that even
if the Kellogg study were admissible under the learned-treatise exception, Salley’s testimony did not
comply with the requirements of the exception.
17
Texas Rule of Evidence 803(18) provides that the following evidence is not excluded
by the hearsay rule:
To the extent called to the attention of an expert witness upon cross-examination or
relied upon by the expert in direct examination, statements contained in published
treatises, periodicals, or pamphlets on a subject of history, medicine, or other science
or art established as a reliable authority by the testimony or admission of the witness
or by other expert testimony or by judicial notice. If admitted, the statements may
be read into evidence but may not be received as exhibits.
Tex. R. Evid. 803(18). Archer argues that the trial court erred by admitting the testimony because
(1) the State failed to make “a showing that the writing had been published in a manner recognized
by” the exception, and (2) “Salley did not read a portion of the Kellogg study into evidence; rather,
she summarized the conclusion reach[ed] in the Kellogg study.” The State apparently concedes that
the learned-treatise exception was not met, but urges that as an expert witness, Salley was permitted
to rely on the Kellogg study and to testify about the materials that she relied on, citing Texas
Rule of Evidence 702.
We review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling for an abuse of discretion. Lopez v. State,
86 S.W.3d 228, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling falls
outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
Texas Rule of Evidence 705 provides that an expert witness “may testify in terms of
opinion or inference and give the expert’s reasons therefor without prior disclosure of the underlying
facts or data.” Tex. R. Evid. 705. An expert witness may base her opinions on—and testify
about—facts or data that are inadmissible, as long as the information is of a type reasonably relied
on by experts in her field. Joiner v. State, 825 S.W.2d 701, 707–08 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
18
Salley was qualified by her knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education as
an expert witness in the field of child sexual abuse. See Tex. R. Evid. 702. She testified that she
relied on the Kellogg study in reaching her opinion that an examination’s failure to uncover genital
trauma does not indicate that sexual activity has not occurred. Therefore, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by allowing Salley to testify about the results of the Kellogg study.
Even if the trial court did err, we would hold that the error was harmless because
substantially similar testimony was elicited from this witness multiple times without objection. See
Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 717 (“It is well established that the improper admission of evidence does not
constitute reversible error if the same facts are shown by other evidence which is not challenged.”).
Salley testified that “[i]t’s normal to have a normal exam,” that “if trauma had occurred, there is a
possibility that would heal very quickly without any scar tissue left,” that finding injury is “more
unusual than finding a normal exam,” and that 85 to 95% of sexual assault victims have normal
exams, all without objection. We overrule Archer’s fifth issue.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled Archer’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
_____________________________________
Diane Henson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Puryear and Henson
Affirmed
Filed: August 17, 2007
Do Not Publish
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