MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-07-00216-CV
IN RE CUTLER-GALLAWAY SERVICES, INC.
Original Mandamus Proceeding (1)
PER CURIAM
Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
Delivered and Filed: May 23, 2007
PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS DENIED
Relator Cutler-Gallaway Services, Inc, has filed a petition for a writ of mandamus challenging the trial court's order compelling it to arbitration. In response, HCBeck, Ltd. and Custom Masonry Corp., the real parties in interest, argue that this court should deny the petition because orders compelling arbitration are generally not reviewable until final judgment under the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"). We will deny the petition.
Procedural and Factual Background
Cutler-Gallaway provided engineering services to Custom Masonry and San Jacinto, Inc., by creating the anchor design and specifications for the exterior stonework on two buildings constructed for USAA. The general contractor on the project was HCBeck. The contracts between USAA and HCBeck, Custom Masonry and HCBeck, and San Jacinto and HCBeck, all included agreements to arbitrate claims arising from the project. It is undisputed that Cutler-Gallaway did not have a written contract with either Custom Masonry or San Jacinto and did not agree to arbitrate claims related to the project.
After USAA initiated arbitration proceedings to recover for alleged defects in the stonework, HCBeck filed suit against Custom Masonry, San Jacinto, Cutler-Gallaway, and others for negligence and contribution. Some of the defendants sued by HCBeck voluntarily agreed to participate in the arbitration proceedings commenced by USAA; however, Cutler-Gallaway did not. HCBeck, joined by Custom Masonry, moved to compel Cutler-Gallaway to arbitration based on theories of agency and direct benefits estoppel. Cutler-Gallaway opposed the motion to compel arbitration on three grounds: (1) there was no arbitration agreement between it and any of the parties; (2) the written contract between HCBeck and Custom Masonry required the resolution of this dispute by litigation; and (3) none of the theories by which non-parties may be bound to arbitrate applied to it. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing and granted the motion to compel arbitration.
Application of the FAA
The trial court's order compelling arbitration does not recite that it compelled arbitration pursuant to the FAA. "The FAA 'extends to any contract affecting commerce, as far as the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution will reach.'" In re Nexion Health at Humble, Inc., 173 S.W.3d 67, 69 (Tex. 2005) (citations omitted). Although the written contracts pertaining to the USAA construction project do not expressly invoke the FAA, they do evidence a transaction affecting interstate commerce because they involve the transport of stone materials from Arizona to Texas. See Allied-Bruce Terminex Companies, Inc. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 282 (1995) (construing the language of the FAA broadly to encompass contracts evidencing a transaction involving commerce, even if the parties did not contemplate an interstate commerce connection; transaction affected interstate commerce when the materials used to carry out the terms of the contract came from out of state); In re Nexion Health, 173 S.W.3d at 69 (citations omitted) (evidence of Medicare payments made to the relator was sufficient to establish interstate commerce and invoke the FAA); In re Nasr, 50 S.W.3d 23, 25-26 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 2001, no pet.) (combined appeal and orig. proceeding) (concluding interstate commerce was affected when Walmart was one of the subcontractors participating in the design and construction of a single family dwelling in Texas). We hold that the FAA applies to this case.
Mandamus Standard of Review
Generally, an order staying litigation and compelling arbitration under the FAA is not subject to review by mandamus. In re Palacios, 2006 WL 1791683, at *1 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). In In re Palacios, the Texas Supreme Court reasoned:
There is little friction between the FAA and Texas procedures when state courts review by mandamus an order that the federal courts would review by interlocutory appeal. But it is quite another matter for state courts to review by mandamus an order that the federal courts could not review at all. Such review would create tension with the legislative intent of the FAA, which "generally permits immediate appeal of orders hostile to arbitration," but "bars appeal of interlocutory orders favorable to arbitration."
Id. (citations omitted). However, the Texas Supreme Court did not decide if mandamus review of an order staying a case for arbitration is entirely precluded. Id at *2. Instead, the In re Palacios opinion instructs that parties seeking mandamus review of an order compelling arbitration under the FAA must meet a "'particularly heavy' mandamus burden to show 'clearly and indisputably that the district court did not have the discretion'" to compel arbitration. Id.
Discussion
Cutler-Gallaway first contends that the HCBeck/Custom Masonry contract does not call for arbitration because its express language requires litigation of such disputes. We disagree. It is clear that the underlying dispute is asserted by the owner, USAA, and therefore, the dispute is within the scope of arbitration under the plain language of the contract. (2)
Cutler-Gallaway next asserts that neither agency nor direct benefits estoppel is applicable to it. Again, we disagree. Nonsignatories to an arbitration agreement may be bound by the agreement under ordinary contract and agency principles. See McMillan v. Computer Translation Sys. & Support, Inc., 66 S.W.3d 477, 481 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2001, orig. proceeding). One of the primary allegations made by USAA is that Cutler-Gallaway's stonework anchor design was flawed. Under such circumstances, the trial court could have concluded that the dispute relates directly to Cutler-Gallaway's actions on behalf of Custom Masonry and San Jacinto. "When the principal is bound under the terms of a valid arbitration clause, its agents, employees, and representatives are covered by that agreement." Id.; Pritzker v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 7 F.3d 1110, 1121-22 (3rd Cir. 1993) ("Agency logic has been applied to bind non-signatory business entities to arbitration agreements."); Letizia v. Prudential Bach Sec., 802 F.2d 1185, 1187-88 (9th Cir. 1986) (when broker and employees were integral to alleged statutory violations of principal corporation, claims against non-signatory employees were subject to arbitration); see also In re Merrill Lynch Trust Co. FSB, 123 S.W.3d 549, 556 (Tex. App--San Antonio 2003, orig. proceeding) (the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to apply agency theory when no evidence was offered that non-parties to arbitration agreement were working on behalf of the party to the arbitration agreement). (3)
Additionally,"federal courts have [] applied 'direct benefits estoppel' to bind 'non-signatories who, during the life of the contract, have embraced the contract despite their non-signatory status but then, during litigation, attempt to repudiate the arbitration clause'" in the contract.'" In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 741 n. 9 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (quoting E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Rhone Poulenc Fiber & Resin Intermediates, S.A.S., 269 F.3d 187, 200 (3rd Cir. 2001); see In re David Weekley Homes, L.P., 180 S.W.3d 127, 133 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (applying direct benefits estoppel to a non-party who had received substantial benefits from the contract). In this case, HCBeck and Custom Masonry presented evidence that Cutler-Gallaway was paid with funds from the USAA/HCBeck contract, and that Cutler-Gallaway submitted a claim for insurance benefits provided under the contract.
After reviewing the record and the arguments presented under the required heightened standard, we conclude that Cutler-Gallaway has failed to meet its heavy mandamus burden to show a clear and indisputable abuse of discretion by the trial court. See In re Palacios, 2006 WL 1791683, at *2. Accordingly, the petition for a writ of mandamus is denied.
PER CURIAM
1. This proceeding arises out of Cause No. 2006-CI-08942, styled HCBeck, Ltd. v. Project Control of Texas, Inc., et al., pending in the 224th Judicial District Court, the Honorable Gloria Saldana presiding. However, the challenged order was signed by the Honorable David A. Berchelmann, Jr., presiding judge of the 37th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas.
2. The HCBeck/Custom Masonry contract provides in part:
15.1.1 Disputes solely between the Contractor and Subcontractor shall be resolved by litigation.
15.1.2 Disputes between the Contractor, Subcontractor, and other subcontractors, sub-subcontractors, and suppliers shall be resolved by litigation.
15.1.3 Disputes between Subcontractor, Contractor and Owner, Owner's agents, or Architect arising out of or related to this Subcontract shall be resolved by the dispute resolution method set forth in the Contract Documents. Absent a provision for dispute resolution in the Contract Documents, such disputes shall be resolved by litigation. Disputes arising out of or related to Subcontractor's Work or this Subcontract asserted by the Owner are subject to this paragraph.
The "Contract Documents" provide in part:
4.5.1 Controversies and Claims Subject to Arbitration. Any controversy or Claim arising out of or related to the Contract, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Construction Industry Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association, and judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrator or arbitrators may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof, except controversies or Claims relating to aesthetic effect and except those waived as provided for in Subparagraph 4.3.5.
3. Cutler-Gallaway asserts it was an independent contractor, and therefore, could not have been an agent for Custom Masonry. However, the two are not mutually exclusive. Under Texas law, an agency relationship does not depend on an express appointment, but may be implied from the conduct of the parties under the circumstances. See Grace Community Church v. Gonzales, 853 S.W.2d 678, 680 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no writ); Carruth v. Valley Ready-Mix Concrete Co., 221 S.W.2d 584, 592 (Tex. Civ. App.--Eastland 1949, writ ref'd).