CONCURRING OPINION
No. 04-07-00091-CV
Gregory KINNEY and Marsha Kinney,
Appellants
v.
Floyd Ross PALMER, Individually and d/b/a Renaissance Homes,
Appellee
From the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2003-CI-09279
Honorable Barbara Hanson Nellermoe, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice
Concurring Opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Justice
Karen Angelini, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: June 25, 2008
I concur in the judgment of the court. I write this concurrence, however, to address the
unreasonableness of retaining claims, that have been dismissed pursuant to a summary judgment,
in amended pleadings solely to avoid waiver under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 65.
The court’s holding that the Kinneys waived any error regarding the partial summary
judgment granted on the DTPA and breach of warranty claims by deleting these claims in their
amended pleading is supported by ample authority. I write merely to point out the tension that
exists between the court’s interpretation of Rule 65 and Rule 278 of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure. TEX. R. CIV. P. 65, 278.
The Kinneys’ case was disposed of through two partial summary judgments. The partial
summary judgment, dated August 8, 2005, dismissed the Kinneys’ breach of warranty and DTPA
Concurring Opinion No. 04-07-00091-CV
claims with prejudice (the “partial summary judgment”). Thereafter, the Kinneys amended their
pleadings to delete those claims. The final summary judgment, dated November 14, 2006,
disposed of the Kinneys’ remaining negligence cause of action. It is the amendment following
the trial court’s dismissal with prejudice of the breach of warranty and DTPA claims that the
majority holds constitutes waiver of those claims.
The partial summary judgment was interlocutory pending final resolution of the
remaining claims. However, the Kinneys clearly disputed the granting thereof, and filed a
motion to reconsider to express their dissatisfaction. Absent any other actions, they had
preserved their right to appeal the summary judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. As interpreted,
Rule 65 would require the Kinneys to retain their dismissed claims in their amended pleading to
avoid the abandonment of those claims. Yet, the retention of dismissed claims in a pleading
appears inconsistent with Rule 278 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.
The plaintiff’s petition defines the issues for trial. Murray v. O & A Express, Inc., 630
S.W.2d 633, 636 (Tex. 1982). The live pleadings form the framework for the evidence and the
issues to be submitted to the jury or judge. Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 278 requires trial
courts to submit requested questions to the jury if the pleadings and any evidence support them. 1
Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex. 1992). A trial court must submit in its charge to the
jury all questions, instructions, and definitions raised by the pleadings and the evidence.
Hyundai Motor Co. v. Rodriguez, 995 S.W.2d 661, 663 (Tex. 1999). For the plaintiff, failure to
adduce evidence on claims contained in the live pleadings at trial results in a waiver of those
claims. Duncan v. Cessna Aircraft Co. 665 S.W.2d 414, 433 (Tex. 1984) (error granting special
exception on claim waived when the claim was not removed before trial and no evidence
1
Rule 278 provides in part: “The court shall submit the questions, instructions and definitions . . . which are raised
by the written pleadings and the evidence.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 278.
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Concurring Opinion No. 04-07-00091-CV
submitted at trial to support claim). The broad principle announced in Duncan appears
inconsistent with the requirement to retain dismissed claims in a pleading. In fact, under
Duncan, had the Kinneys retained the dismissed claims in their pleading and failed to adduce
evidence on those claims at trial, they would have waived the claims. Id. The result would have
been the same as amending their pleading.
A notable exception to the superseding effect of an amended pleading applies to
pleadings stricken through special exceptions. 2 The subject matter of summary judgments and
special exceptions may at times be the same – the failure to plead a legal claim. Yet the result of
amending a pleading, after the court dismisses the meritless claim, can be different depending on
the procedure used. If the dismissal is the result of a special exception, and includes an order to
strike the claim from the pleading, then inclusion of the claim in subsequent amendments is not
necessary to preserve the claim. Melendez v. Exxon Corp., 998 S.W.2d 266, 272 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). If the dismissal of the claim is the result of a summary
judgment, the retention of the dismissed claim in subsequent amendments is required. The only
apparent distinction between the two interlocutory dismissals is that the court ordered the
dismissed claim stricken from the pleading in the special exception example.
The majority’s opinion notes that the parties did not argue that their dismissed claims
were preserved pursuant to an exception to the superseding nature of an amended pleading. Rule
65 provides that the substituted instrument is not set aside if: “some error of the court in
deciding upon the necessity of the amendment, or otherwise in superseding it, be complained of,
and exception be taken to the action of the court . . . .” TEX. R. CIV. P. 65. Perhaps a pragmatic
2
Rule 65 provides in part: “Unless the substituted instrument shall be set aside on exceptions, the instrument for
which it is substituted shall no longer be regarded as a part of the pleading in the record of the cause . . . .” TEX. R.
CIV. P. 65
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construction of this exception to the superseding effect of Rule 65 should be adopted that would
eliminate the need to retain dismissed claims in live pleadings.
Retaining dismissed claims in pleadings presents problems for both parties at trial, and
the case law surrounding the issue is confusing. The majority has correctly articulated the
current state of the law. I merely point out the problems inherent in the current practice.
Accordingly, I join in the judgment only.
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
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