IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2014-KA-00499-COA
JEREMY A. SNYDER A/K/A JEREMY ALAN APPELLANT
SNYDER
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/28/2014
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ROBERT WALTER BAILEY
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAUDERDALE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES
PHILLIP BROADHEAD
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LAURA HOGAN TEDDER
JOHN R. HENRY JR.
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: BILBO MITCHELL
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: CONVICTED OF FELONY DUI AND
SENTENCED TO FIVE YEARS IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, WITH
TWO YEARS TO SERVE, THREE YEARS
SUSPENDED, AND FIVE YEARS OF POST-
RELEASE SUPERVISION; AND TO PAY A
$2,000 FINE AND $500 TO THE
MISSISSIPPI CRIME VICTIMS’
COMPENSATION FUND
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 09/08/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., AND MAXWELL, J.
MAXWELL, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Jeremy A. Snyder appeals his felony DUI conviction. Driving under the influence
becomes a felony when the driver has twice previously been convicted of DUI within the last
five years. Before trial, Snyder stipulated he had two prior DUI convictions. And the trial
judge properly instructed the jury the stipulation only proved his two prior convictions—it
could not be considered proof he committed a third DUI.
¶2. Snyder argues the trial judge should have gone further. He insists it was wrong to
allow the State to make any reference to his two prior DUI arrests, which the State did during
its case-in-chief and closing argument. But Snyder’s two prior DUIs were required elements
of the crime. So the trial judge committed no reversible error by allowing the State to
reference them. We find this particularly true since the State’s reason for mentioning the two
prior DUIs was not to prove Snyder also committed a third DUI. Instead, the State brought
up Snyder’s two past experiences with DUI tests to show his motive and intent for refusing
these tests the third time around.
¶3. Snyder also argues he was entitled to a spoliation-of-the-evidence instruction. But
this instruction is only warranted when potentially exculpatory evidence was destroyed in bad
faith. And Snyder did not show the dash-cam video of his traffic stop was erased in bad
faith. Thus, we find the trial judge did not err by refusing the instruction.
¶4. For these reasons, we affirm Snyder’s conviction.
Background Facts and Procedural History
¶5. In the early morning of October 6, 2012, Snyder was pulled over for speeding. When
Meridian Police Officer William Gordon approached Snyder for questioning, he smelled
alcohol in Snyder’s truck. Snyder’s speech was sluggish, and he was slow to respond to
2
questions. Assisting with the stop, Officer David Creel noticed Snyder’s girlfriend was
drunk. Creel also smelled alcohol and marijuana in the truck. Snyder told the officers he had
been drinking earlier that evening. DUI Enforcement Officer Mike Hemrick was called to
the scene. While questioning Snyder outside the vehicle, Hemrick saw Snyder visibly
swaying while trying to stand.
¶6. Snyder refused all field sobriety and breathalyzer tests. He was arrested and taken to
the Meridian police station. There he refused to blow into the Intoxilyzer 8000. Snyder
admitted to Hemrick he had been arrested for DUI before. He claimed his attorney advised
him to refuse all breathalyzer tests. At the police station, Hemrick observed Snyder’s
difficulty in holding his head up and keeping his balance. Because this was Snyder’s third
DUI, he was charged with felony DUI. See Miss. Code Ann. § 63-11-30(2)(c) (Supp. 2014)
(classifying the third conviction for driving under the influence within a five-year period as
a felony).
¶7. Before trial, Synder filed motions in limine aimed to keep the State from mentioning
his two prior DUI convictions or the marijuana smell. The judge denied the motions,
emphasizing the relevance of the prior convictions to the State’s case and that officers may
generally testify about what they observe during an arrest.
¶8. Snyder stipulated to his DUI convictions, hoping to lessen their impact on the jury.
The stipulation was made in a jury instruction to be read to the jury at the end of trial. But
during trial, the State brought up Snyder’s earlier DUIs, once during its case and again during
closing arguments. When Officer Hemrick was testifying, he was asked why someone who
3
had blown into an Intoxillizer twice and was legally intoxicated both times would now refuse
to blow a third time—was it because he knew he was over the limit again? And during
closing, the State argued this was not Snyder’s “first rodeo.” Officer Creel also testified
about smelling marijuana in the truck.
¶9. The stop had been recorded by Officer Gordon’s dash-cam. But the memory card was
almost full and another stop was later recorded over Snyder’s. So there was no preserved
video of the stop and arrest. Snyder insisted the footage was exculpatory and would have
shown his conduct differed from the officers’ descriptions. He proposed a spoliation-of-the-
evidence instruction, which the trial judge refused.
¶10. The jury was given a limiting instruction that it could only use evidence of the prior
DUIs to establish the two-priors element of the crime. But it could not consider these prior
convictions “as evidence that [Snyder] committed the DUI with which he is currently
charged.” The jury found him guilty of felony DUI. After an unsuccessful motion for a
judgment notwithstanding the verdict, Snyder timely appealed.1
Discussion
I. Evidence of the Two Prior DUIs
¶11. Snyder first argues the trial judge erred in not granting his motion in limine. He
insists it was reversible error to not stop the State from mentioning Snyder’s two prior DUIs
during Officer Hemrick’s testimony.
1
On appeal, Snyder is represented by the State Public Defender, Indigent Appeals
Division, which partnered with the criminal-appeals clinic at the University of Mississippi
School of Law.
4
¶12. Snyder claims the State’s questions violated the procedural safeguards established in
Rigby v. State, 826 So. 2d 694 (Miss. 2002). In Rigby, the defendant was also facing a third-
offense felony DUI charge. While he was willing to concede his two prior DUI convictions,
he did not want the jury to know about them. He feared the jury would assume he had acted
in conformity with his prior drunk-driving history. Id. at 699 (¶6). So he moved for a
bifurcated trial. He proposed, in the first part, the jury would consider if he was guilty of the
present DUI charge. And only after finding him guilty would the jury consider if he had two
prior DUIs within five years, making him guilty of a felony. Id.
¶13. The trial court denied bifurcation. And the Mississippi Supreme Court agreed. The
supreme court held the two prior DUIs were elements of the crime that must be proven
beyond a reasonable doubt before the jury. Id. at 700 (¶9). Despite the seeming benefits of
bifurcation, “such a procedure would produce several problems”—namely, “the denial of a
defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury.” Id. at 701 (¶11). Still, the supreme
court found “certain procedural safeguards are warranted if a defendant offers to stipulate
to previous DUI convictions.” Id. at 702 (¶14). If a defendant offers a stipulation, “[t]he
trial court should accept such stipulations, and they should be submitted to the jury with a
proper limiting instruction.” Id.
¶14. Here, Rigby’s procedural safeguards were followed. The trial court accepted Snyder’s
stipulation to two prior DUIs within five years. And the judge gave a proper limiting
instruction. The jury was instructed to only consider Snyder’s prior DUIs as evidence the
State met the two-priors element of the crime, not as evidence Snyder committed the most
5
recent DUI.
¶15. It is true the State did reference Snyder’s two prior DUIs during its questioning of
Officer Hemrick. But its purpose was not to prove Snyder had a propensity to drive while
intoxicated—a violation of Rule 404(b). See M.R.E. 404(b) (“Evidence of other crimes . . .
is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in
conformity therewith.”). Rather, the State mentioned Snyder’s prior experience with field
sobriety and breathalyzer tests to prove Snyder knew he was intoxicated and would fail these
tests, which is why he refused them. See id. (“Evidence of other crimes . . . may, however,
be admissible for other purposes such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”). Because the evidence was
admitted to show knowledge and intent—something Rule 404(b) clearly permits—there was
no Rigby violation.
¶16. Snyder, however, argues Rigby prohibits mentioning his prior convictions for any
purpose other than to prove the two-priors element of felony DUI. As he sees it, even the
expressly permitted exceptions to Rule 404(b) are off limits. So in Snyder’s view, Rigby
eliminates Rule 404(b)’s exception that bad-acts evidence can be used “for other purposes
such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident.” See M.R.E. 404(b).
¶17. We disagree and find he is stretching Rigby too far. The procedural safeguards
established in Rigby—which were followed here—were designed to promote Rule 404(b)’s
prohibition against prior crimes being used to prove the present crime. Nowhere in Rigby
6
did the supreme court hold that Rule 404(b)’s exceptions can never apply in felony DUI
cases.
¶18. We find evidence that Snyder refused to submit to a chemical test is relevant and
admissible. By statute, “If a person under arrest refuses to submit to a chemical test under
the provisions of this chapter, evidence of refusal shall be admissible in any criminal action
under this chapter.” Miss. Code Ann. § 63-11-41 (Rev. 2013). In Knight v. State, 14 So. 3d
76, 80 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009), this court found evidence that a DUI defendant refused
to blow was properly admitted for two reasons. First, because the statute allows it. And
second, because the defendant had told the officer his reason for not blowing was he believed
he would fail the test. In other words, the jury may consider why someone would refuse a
breathalyzer test.
¶19. Here, Officer Hemrick testified Snyder had told him he (Snyder) was not taking any
tests, on advice of his DUI attorney. Officer Hemrick was then asked why someone who had
blown twice before and failed would refuse a third time—other than he knew he would fail
again. Because the State’s questions were crafted to get to the reason why Snyder refused
to take the field sobriety and breathalyzer test, which is relevant and admissible under section
63-11-41 and Rule 404(b), we find no reversible error in allowing them.
II. State’s Closing Argument
¶20. In a related argument, Snyder takes issue with the State’s closing argument. He
argues the mention of his past DUI experiences was tantamount to prosecutorial misconduct.
¶21. “Attorneys are allowed a wide latitude in arguing their cases to the jury. However,
7
prosecutors are not permitted to use tactics which are inflammatory, highly prejudicial, or
reasonably calculated to unduly influence the jury.” Sheppard v. State, 777 So. 2d 659, 661
(¶7) (Miss. 2000) (citing Hiter v. State, 660 So. 2d 961, 966 (Miss. 1995)). The standard of
review for “lawyer misconduct during opening statements or closing arguments is whether
the natural and probable effect of the improper argument is to create unjust prejudice against
the accused so as to result in a decision influenced by the prejudice so created.” Slaughter
v. State, 815 So. 2d 1122, 1130 (¶45) (Miss. 2002) (citing Sheppard, 777 So. 2d at 660 (¶7)).
¶22. Snyder argues the State’s “not his first rodeo” comment unjustly prejudiced the jury
by encouraging it to find Snyder guilty based on his past DUIs. Snyder’s counsel did not
object to the State’s comments at trial. But he cites cases finding no procedural bar where
the prosecution’s “argument was so ‘inflammatory’ that the trial judge should have objected
on his own motion” and the comment was not invited by the defense. Long v. State, 52 So.
3d 1188, 1193 (¶16) (Miss. 2011). If a defendant can meet this threshold test, then the court
should conduct the two-prong Spicer test. Under Spicer, we ask if “the remarks were
improper.” And if so, we ask if “the remarks prejudicially affected the accused’s rights.”
Long, 52 So. 3d at 1193 (¶17) (quoting Spicer v. State, 921 So. 2d 292, 318 (¶55) (Miss.
2006), abrogated on other grounds by O’Connor v. State, 120 So. 3d 390, 400-01 (¶¶28-19)
(Miss. 2013)).
¶23. We find the phrase “not his first rodeo” falls within the wide latitude given attorneys
during argument. It was certainly not “so inflammatory” as to require a sua sponte objection
by the judge. Indeed, the very reason Snyder was on trial for felony DUI was that this was
8
not “his first rodeo.” That Snyder had already twice been convicted of DUI within five years
was an element of the crime of felony DUI—an element the State had to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Rigby, 826 So. 2d at 701 (¶12). So the State’s reference fails to even
meet the threshold test.
¶24. But even had Snyder passed this threshold, the remarks were not improper under
Spicer. The fact Snyder refused to blow is evidence. See Miss. Code Ann. § 63-11-41. This
evidence is strengthened by the fact Snyder had been through this before and understood the
consequences of blowing above the legal limit.
¶25. In short, prior DUI convictions are elements of the crime, and Snyder’s refusal to
submit to chemical tests is relevant and admissible evidence. So he was not unjustly
prejudiced by the State’s referencing both facts. Thus, we find no prosecutorial misconduct.
III. Evidence of Marijuana Smell
¶26. Snyder also argues any reference to his truck smelling like marijuana should have
been excluded. According to Snyder, Officer Creel’s testimony about smelling marijuana
was irrelevant to his DUI trial and thus inadmissable. See M.R.E. 401. Alternatively, Snyder
asserts that, even if relevant, this evidence was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
See M.R.E. 403 (providing that even relevant “evidence may be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,
or misleading the jury”).
¶27. Officer Hemrick did not testify he believed Snyder—or his female passenger—were
high. He simply testified what the passenger and truck smelled like. Because Snyder refused
9
field or chemical tests, the State’s case hinged on what the three officers observed that night.
And the State is permitted to tell the jury the complete story—even if that story includes other
potential bad acts by the defendant. See Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1257 (Miss.
1995).
¶28. As to whether the relevancy of this testimony was outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, that was a decision left to the broad discretion of the trial judge. See Jones v.
State, 920 So. 2d 465, 475-76 (¶¶32-33) (Miss. 2006) (discussing the trial judge’s “broad
discretion” in applying Rule 403). And on appeal, we cannot say the judge abused his
discretion. See Kidd v. State, 793 So. 2d 675, 681 (¶27) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001) (citations
omitted) (holding that, to reverse based on an evidentiary ruling, a defendant must show the
trial judge abused his discretion and the admission or exclusion of evidence effectively
denied the defendant a substantial right).
IV. Erased Dash-Cam Video
¶29. Snyder’s last issue concerns the dash-cam video of his traffic stop, which was not
preserved for his trial.
A. Spoliation-of-the-Evidence Instruction
¶30. Snyder claims the judge should have instructed the jury to presume the erased video
would have been favorable to his defense. But the supreme court has held that to be entitled
to a spoliation instruction there must be evidence of intentional destruction of the evidence.
Hardy v. State, 137 So. 3d 289, 303 (¶52) (Miss. 2014) (citing Murray v. State, 849 So. 2d
1281, 1286-87 (¶¶20-23) (Miss. 2003); Johnston v. State, 618 So. 2d 90, 92 (Miss. 1993)).
10
Without evidence of intentional destruction, there is no presumption the unpreserved
evidence would have been favorable. Johnston, 618 So. 2d at 92. Snyder presented no
evidence the officer intentionally destroyed the memory card from his dash-cam that night.
What the evidence showed was that the officer simply recorded over the video that night
because the memory card was full. He claimed he was unaware the stop would lead to a
felony charge.
¶31. Facing this lack of evidence, Snyder asks this court to infer the video was erased in
bad faith. Essentially, Snyder is asking this court to overrule, or at least ignore, the supreme
court’s bad-faith requirement. But we have neither the authority nor the inclination to do so.
The law is clear—to be entitled to a spoliation instruction, one must present evidence of
intentional destruction. Hardy, 137 So. 3d at 303 (¶52). Snyder presented no such evidence.
So we find trial judge properly refused a spoliation instruction.
B. Violation-of-Due-Process Argument
¶32. Finally, Snyder suggests the fact the video was not preserved violated his right to a
fair trial. See California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485-90 (1984). Trombetta set out a
two-part test to determine when destruction of evidence violates a defendant’s fundamental
rights. First, the evidence must have had apparent exculpatory value before it was destroyed.
Second, the evidence must be such that the defendant could not obtain comparable evidence
by other reasonably available means. Id. at 489. Four years after Trombetta, the Supreme
Court added a third element—the failure to preserve potentially useful evidence had to result
from bad faith on part of the police. Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57-58 (1988); see
11
Freeman v. State, 121 So. 3d 888, 895 (¶16) (Miss. 2013) (laying out three-part due-process-
violation test from Youngblood).
¶33. In Freeman, the supreme court actually reversed a DUI conviction based on the
destruction of the dash-cam video. But in that case, the facts surrounding the traffic stop
were “hotly contested.” The defendant asked for a copy of the video within a month of the
traffic stop. And the county court had deemed the video material to the defense and ordered
the State to preserve it. Freeman, 121 So. 3d at 895-96 (¶¶16-18). So the supreme court
never actually engaged in the three-part analysis from Trombetta and Youngblood. Instead,
the supreme court held the State’s violation of its court-ordered duty to preserve the video
resulted in a violation of the defendant’s due-process rights.
¶34. The supreme court was careful to distinguish a court-ordered duty from the general
duty to preserve evidence of exculpatory value. Our supreme court noted Youngblood does
not impose “on the police an undifferentiated and absolute duty to retain and to preserve all
material that might be of conceivable evidentiary significance in a particular prosecution.”
Freeman, 121 So. 3d at 895-96 (¶18) (quoting Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58). But Freeman
was “clearly not a case in which preserving the destroyed video would have imposed
unreasonable requirements on the police to employ guesswork as to what should be
preserved, or to preserve an unreasonable quantity of evidence.” Id. at 896 (¶18).
¶35. This case is easily distinguishable from Freeman. The video here had not been
requested before it was recorded over. The facts surrounding the traffic stop were not hotly
disputed. The video was never deemed material to the defense. And a judge had not ordered
12
the video to be preserved.
¶36. This case is really much closer to Ellis v. State, 77 So. 3d 1119 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).
In Ellis, Kenneth Ray Ellis also argued his due-process rights were violated because the state
trooper failed to preserve a memory card containing video of a traffic stop—a stop that
eventually led to Ellis’s DUI arrest. Id. at 1123 (¶14). This court applied the three-part test,
zeroing in on the bad-faith requirement. Id. at 1123-24 (¶¶18-20). We found Ellis had failed
to show bad faith because, by the time Ellis’s attorney requested a copy, the video had
already been erased in the usual process of recording over older videos on the memory card.
Id. at 1124 (¶21). The officer testified that, unless there was something unusual about the
stop, he simply records over the video. No rule or regulation mandated he keep it. Nor did
he record over Ellis’s stop to conceal the video. Because the officer had acted “in good faith
and in accord with his normal practice,” we found no due-process violation. Id. (quoting
Trombetta, 467 U.S. at 488).
¶37. Similarly here, the officer explained there was nothing unusual about Snyder’s traffic
stop. There was no rule or regulation to preserve the video. And he did not record over
Snyder’s stop to “circumvent its disclosure.” Id. So, just like his spoliation-instruction
argument, Snyder cannot meet the bad-faith requirement.
¶38. While our ruling in Ellis was based on the lack of bad-faith, we also expressed our
“doubt that the memory card had apparent exculpatory value prior to its erasure.” Id. at
(¶20). Here, we point out that Snyder has not shown the video was exculpatory, much less
that its exculpatory value was apparent before it was erased. Snyder presented nothing to
13
contradict the three officers’ version of events that night. The video just as well may have
confirmed their accounts as contradicted them. Snyder’s argument is basically that the video
would have been “better” evidence than the officers’ testimony. He asserts instead of
potentially biased eyewitness testimony, the video would have given the jury a “better idea”
of Snyder’s behavior that night. But this is not the same thing as being exculpatory.
¶39. Another point Snyder downplays is his admission that he had been drinking. In Ellis,
we held that “any exculpatory value of the events following the stop is significantly reduced”
by a defendant’s admission “he was drinking and driving” and had been consuming alcohol
earlier that day “and that he refused the field sobriety test and the Intoxilyzer test.” Id. The
same is true here. The exculpatory value of the video for Snyder is perhaps dubious at best.
And, like Ellis, any exculpatory value would have been significantly reduced by Snyder’s
admission he had been drinking that night at the fair before being pulled over and refusing
field sobriety and Intoxilyzer tests.
¶40. We find there is no due-process violation from the video not being preserved. We
thus affirm Snyder’s conviction.
¶41. THE JUDGMENT OF THE LAUDERDALE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT OF
CONVICTION OF FELONY DUI AND SENTENCE OF FIVE YEARS IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, WITH
TWO YEARS TO SERVE, THREE YEARS SUSPENDED, AND FIVE YEARS OF
POST- RELEASE SUPERVISION; AND TO PAY A $2,000 FINE AND $500 TO THE
MISSISSIPPI CRIME VICTIMS’ COMPENSATION FUND IS AFFIRMED. ALL
COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO LAUDERDALE COUNTY.
LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON, FAIR,
JAMES AND WILSON, JJ., CONCUR.
14