State v. 1998 Toyota Land Cruiser Oklahoma Tag CMN 633 VIN JT3HT05J9W0007179 (Cole Austin Donelson)

NO. 07-08-0073-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL B

JANUARY 13, 2009

______________________________

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Appellant

1998 TOYOTA LAND CRUISER, OKLAHOMA TAG CMN-633

VIN JT3HT05J9W0007179,

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Appellee

________________________________

FROM THE 47^TH DISTRICT COURT OF RANDALL COUNTY;

NO. 58,915-A; HON. HAL MINER, PRESIDING

_______________________________

Opinion

_______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J. and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The State appeals from the trial courtâs denial of its motion to forfeit the 1998 Toyota Land Cruiser of Cole Austin Donelson. We agree, reverse, and remand.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Background

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The Land Cruiser was seized after Donelson was found selling marijuana from it. Donelson sought to recover the vehicle. At issue was the propriety of the detention that resulted in his arrest.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â In permitting Donelson to recover the Cruiser, the trial court determined, via written conclusions of law, that the interaction between the arresting officer and Donelson was not a consensual encounter but rather an âinvestigative stop.â â[T]here were no[] articulable facts sufficient to give rise to a rational inference that a crime was being committed,â the court continued. Thus, the âinvestigative detention . . . amounted to an illegal stop lacking in sufficient articulable facts or probable cause.â Moreover, the smelling of marijuana by an officer occurred âafter the illegal investigative detention[,] and probable cause . . . cannot be based on facts discovered after the illegal detention.â So, because the detention was illegal, the State lacked basis to forfeit the vehicle. We have been asked by the State to review this decision.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Law and Its Application

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Whether the trial courtâs decision regarding the nature of the detention is sound depends upon whether it abused its discretion. According to the Texas Supreme Court, we determine this by applying the standard of review developed by the Court of Criminal Appeals in Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). State v. $217,590.00 in U.S. Currency, 18 S.W.3d 631, 634 n.3 (Tex. 2000). Under that standard, great deference is accorded the trial courtâs interpretation of historical facts. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d at 87. This is so because the trial court has the sole authority to assess the credibility of the witnesses; simply put, it may choose who to believe. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); State v. Ramirez, 246 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.âAmarillo 2008, no pet.). However, like deference is not afforded the trial courtâs application of law to the facts or its interpretation of the law. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d at 493. Those matters are reviewed de novo. Id.; Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d at 87.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Next, in support of the legal conclusions listed above, the trial court entered the following findings of fact:

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 5. Â Â Â Â Â On May 11, 2007, Capt. Roger Short of the Randall County Sheriffâs Office was working the Sober program in an unmarked vehicle watching for alcohol violations and other offenses in the area of Paramount Street and South Western.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 6.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â At approximately 10:40 p.m. . . . Short, while parked, observed a blue pick-up in the Mr. Gattis pizza parking lot.[ ] The driver, later identified as Cooper Mark Hurst W/M 08-14-89, was sitting in the pick-up alone. As Short was watching, another vehicle, (a green 1998 Toyota Land Cruiser . . .), drove up next to the blue pick-up. Hurst got out of his pick-up and got into the . . . Land Cruiser. Capt. Short could see into the vehicle and saw the driver of the Toyota reach into the back seat of the vehicle and grab a camouflage back pack. Short could see Donelson [who was driving the Land Cruiser] retrieving items from the back pack. Short observed that Donelson would reach back and forth with his right hand from the back seat area and place something on the center console.[ ] Short radioed several other officers who were in the area of the possible drug transaction. Short advised two uniformed officers to make contact with [the] occupants.Â

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 7.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Deputy Bushef parked his patrol unit behind the Land Cruiser while Lt. Sheets parked his patrol unit in a position behind the cruiser. Captain Shortâs vehicle was in front and to the side of the Land Cruiser. Simultaneously the officers approached the vehicle on each side, knocked on the window and ordered occupants [sic] to roll down his window. The Deputy claims to have smelled an odor of marijuana. He removed the passenger and did a pat down search. Later the officer searched the vehicle finding marijuana under four . . . ounces.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 8.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Neither party consented to the search.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 9.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Captain Short never observed any illegal activity or illegal substance prior to ordering the two Deputies to make contact with the occupants.Â

These findings depict a situation wherein a peace officer, charged with watching for alcohol related violations and other criminal offenses, saw Hurst sitting alone in a parked car at 10:40 at night waiting for Donelson. The officer also saw 1) Donelson arrive in the Land Cruiser and park next to Hurst, 2) Hurst leave his vehicle and enter that of Donelsonâs, 3) Donelson secure a backpack from the rear of his car, and 4) Donelson repeatedly remove items from the backpack and place them on the center console of the vehicle. Assuming arguendo that these circumstances were insufficient to create probable cause to believe a crime was in progress, they nevertheless were unusual given the time and place. And, to an officer charged with conducting surveillance in the area for alcohol related and other offenses, they were reminiscent of those performed in a drug transaction. Given that, Short had reasonable suspicion to believe criminal activity was afoot. See Hall v. State, 74 S.W.3d 521, 525 (Tex. App.âAmarillo 2002, no pet.) (defining reasonable suspicion as the presence of articulable facts which, when combined with rational inferences therefrom, would allow an officer to reasonably suspect that a particular person has engaged, or is or soon will be engaging, in criminal activity); State v. Jennings, 958 S.W.2d 930, 933 (Tex. App.âAmarillo 1997, no pet.) (stating that reasonable suspicion arises when the circumstances depict the occurrence of unusual activity, the existence of a nexus between the detainee and the activity, and the likeness of the unusual activity to a crime).

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â That Short did not specifically see any contraband or illegal activity matters not for innocent activity may itself give rise to reasonable suspicion. Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 38-39 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Indeed, the totality of the circumstances are determinative, State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); State v. Jennings, supra, even those which when viewed independently of each other could be indicative of innocent action. As stated in Woods, the possibility of an innocent explanation does not deprive the officer of the capacity to entertain reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d at 37. It is âthe principal function of [the officerâs] investigation . . . to resolve that very ambiguity and establish whether the activity is in fact legal or illegal.â Id. And, to facilitate that determination, the officer has the authority to temporarily detain those engaged in the conduct. Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). And, once the officer witnessing the activity gathers facts sufficient to create reasonable suspicion, we know of nothing that prohibits him from having other law enforcement personnel undertake the investigation. Short had and did as much here. Thus, the officers were allowed to temporarily detain Donelson and Hurst by parking behind them to investigate whether criminal activity was occurring.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Additionally, approaching the Land Cruiser and directing Donelson to lower his window was activity well within the range of permissible conduct once reasonable suspicion to investigate arose; indeed, making contact with the detainee is often the best way to secure information needed to resolve the ambiguity mentioned in Woods. Once Donelson lowered his window and the officer purported to smell marijuana, probable cause arose to believe a crime was occurring within the vehicle, and we so hold as a matter of law. In concluding otherwise the trial court erred, which error lead to improperly denying the application for forfeiture.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Again, we note that a trial court may well opt to disbelieve the testimony of any witness, whether controverted or not. State v. Ramirez, 246 S.W.3d at 289. Yet, that truism has little importance here since our decision is founded upon the facts which the trial court found to exist. So, we are not engaging in any effort to re-weigh the evidence or resolve credibility issues. Instead, we merely applied the law to the facts, which we may do de novo. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d at 89. Â

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the proceeding.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Brian Quinn

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Chief Justice

Hancock, J., dissents.

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NO. 07-11-00294-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL D

AUGUST 15, 2011

IN RE LAKEITH AMIR-SHARIF, RELATOR

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Relator Lakeith Amir-Sharif, an indigent inmate proceeding pro se, has filed a petition for writ of mandamus complaining that respondents the Honorable Edward L. Self, judge of the 242nd Judicial District Court, and Ms. Brenda Hudson, District Clerk of Swisher County, wrongly caused his name to be added to the list of vexatious litigants maintained by the Texas Office of Court Administration.[1] He seeks an order of this court compelling respondents to Ârescind the erroneous submission.ÂÂ We will dismiss the petition as to Ms. Hudson for want of jurisdiction and deny the petition as to Judge Self.Â

Analysis

The District ClerkÂ

A court of appeals has no jurisdiction to issue a writ of mandamus against a district clerk unless necessary to enforce its jurisdiction.Â In re Coronado, 980 S.W.2d 691, 692 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1998, orig. proceeding) (per curiam); Tex. GovÂt Code Ann. Â§ 22.221(a),(b) (West 2004).Â Relator has not shown that a writ of mandamus directed to the district clerk is necessary to enforce our jurisdiction.Â We therefore lack jurisdiction to issue the writ of mandamus relator seeks against the district clerk, Ms. Hudson.

The District JudgeÂ

In his petition, relator presents a detailed factual narrative on which his claim for mandamus relief depends.Â However, he did not certify that every factual statement in his petition is supported by competent evidence included in the appendix or record as required by Rule of Appellate Procedure 52.3(j).Â Tex. R. App. P. 52.3(j).Â Indeed, relator did not file a proper mandamus appendix and record.Â Tex. R. App. P. 52.3(k)(1) (appendix), 52.7 (record); see In re Butler, 270 S.W.3d 757 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2008, orig. proceeding) (discussing required certification and form for appendix and record).Â Instead, attached to relatorÂs petition are two documents pertaining to a Dallas County case number.Â Neither is certified or sworn.Â Without regard to the merits of relatorÂs petition, his failure to provide an appendix or record supporting his entitlement to the relief he requests would require us to deny his petition.

Moreover, as noted, the two documents attached to relatorÂs petition refer to a Dallas County court proceeding, not one occurring in Swisher County.Â One of the documents is a copy of the Office of Court AdministrationÂs list of vexatious litigants subject to prefiling orders, containing relatorÂs name.Â The list states a prefiling order was issued against relator in the Dallas County proceeding.Â Amir-Sharif v. Quick Trip Corp., et al., No. DC-09-13818 (101st Dist. Ct., Dallas County, Tex. Nov. 12, 2009).Â The second document appended to relatorÂs petition is a copy of the mandate issued by the Fifth Court of Appeals, regarding its reversal of the judgment of the Dallas County trial court.Â Amir-Sharif v. Quick Trip Corp., No. 05-09-1497-CV, 2011 Tex. App. Lexis 2708 (Tex.App.--Dallas Apr. 12, 2011, no pet.).Â Neither of those documents suggests relatorÂs inclusion on the vexatious litigant prefiling order list resulted from any action of Judge Self.[2]Â Not only does the record relator submits fail to support issuance of mandamus relief, it fails to show that Judge Self has committed any abuse of discretion to the detriment of relator.Â

Conclusion

For the reasons stated, relatorÂs petition for writ of mandamus is dismissed as to Ms. Hudson for want of jurisdiction and denied as to Judge Self.

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â James T. Campbell

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Justice

[1] See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. Â§ 11.104(a) (West 2002).

[2] On our own motion, we take judicial notice of the contents of this courtÂs file in relatorÂs recent appeal of an action in the 242nd District Court, Swisher County. Amir-Sharif v. Zeller, No. 07-10-0244-CV, 2011 Tex. App. Lexis 1459 (Tex.App--Amarillo Feb. 28, 2011, pet. denied). Â Nothing in that file suggests any action of Judge Self or the District Clerk of Swisher County caused relatorÂs name to appear on the prefiling order list maintained by the Office of Court Administration.Â The clerkÂs record of that Swisher County proceeding does not contain a prefiling order issued by the 242^nd District Court.

State v. 1998 Toyota Land Cruiser Oklahoma Tag CMN 633 VIN JT3HT05J9W0007179 (Cole Austin Donelson)

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