IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-91-026-CV
D. V. HUNT ASPHALT, INC., ET AL.,
Appellants
v.
TEXAS INDUSTRIES, INC.,
Appellee
From the 40th District Court
Ellis County, Texas
Trial Court # 42,156
O P I N I O N
Texas Industries, Inc. manufactures and sells a product known as lightweight aggregate, used by the Texas Department of Transportation to resurface state highways. Lightweight aggregate is beneficial on highway projects because it has a higher skid factor than limestone or other aggregates and because it does not tend to break windshields. In 1986, D. V. Hunt Asphalt, Inc. was the general contractor for the state on a 174-mile highway resurfacing project in Ellis, Kaufman, and Navarro counties. Employers Insurance of Wausau provided a payment bond in connection with the highway project as required by the McGregor Act. Hunt entered into a written agreement to purchase approximately 24,651 cubic yards of lightweight aggregate from Texas Industries to be delivered to twenty-nine sites along the highway project.
After the completion of the project, Texas Industries sued Hunt on a sworn account and for breach of contract, alleging that $98,764.03 remained unpaid on the Hunt account. Texas Industries also filed a suretyship claim against Wausau. Hunt filed an answer claiming that because discounts and credits of $98,764.03 had been properly taken, the account was paid in full. Hunt maintained that Texas Industries furnished far less aggregate than was provided by the sales contract and that, as a result, Hunt had been overbilled by Texas Industries.
At trial, after Texas Industries rested, Hunt moved the court to instruct a verdict in its favor without calling any witnesses to rebut Texas Industries' evidence that it delivered 25,352.82 cubic yards of lightweight aggregate to the highway project. The court denied Hunt's motion for instructed verdict and submitted the case to the jury. The jury found (1) that Hunt owed Texas Industries $98,764.03, (2) that Texas Industries sent notice of its claim to Hunt and Wausau on November 7, 1986, and (3) that Texas Industries incurred reasonable attorneys' fees totaling $38,561.63. The court denied Hunt's motion to disregard findings and its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and the court rendered judgment on the verdict. Finally, the court denied Hunt's motion for new trial, and Hunt appeals.
More lightweight aggregate is required to fill a standard measuring bucket if the aggregate is dry than is necessary if it is wet. Unfortunately for Hunt and Wausau, our charge is not to measure quantities of raw materials used to resurface our state highways; instead, it is to measure the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's verdict in our state courts. Because we find the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the verdict in this case, we affirm.
Hunt contends in point one that the court erred in denying its motion to disregard findings and its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict because there is no evidence to support the jury's answers to the liability and damage questions of the charge. Hunt argues that judicial admissions by Texas Industries' witnesses preclude its right of recovery. Alternatively, Hunt argues that Texas Industries failed, as a matter of law, to prove the elements of the suit on a sworn account, the breach of contract claim, or the suretyship action. In point two, Hunt contends that the court erred in denying its motion for new trial because the evidence is factually insufficient to support the verdict. As in point one, Hunt argues that judicial admissions rendered Texas Industries' evidence factually insufficient to support the verdict. Alternatively, Hunt argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to prove the elements of the suit on a sworn account, the breach of contract claim, or the suretyship action.
In reviewing the "no evidence" point, we consider only the evidence and inferences that tend to support the finding, disregarding all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 522 (Tex. 1988). When reviewing the jury verdict to determine the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider and weigh all the evidence, and should set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986).
At trial, Texas Industries' sales manager, Tom Chestnut, testified that lightweight aggregate is sold by the cubic yard. He testified that they measured the aggregate sold to Hunt using a method prescribed by the American Society for Testing and Materials, the standard in the industry. According to Chestnut, each truck was weighed on platform scales under the loadout bins before and after being loaded with lightweight aggregate for delivery to the job sites. By subtracting the weight of the empty truck from the weight of the loaded truck, Texas Industries calculated the total weight of each truckload of aggregate.
Texas Industries used a standard unit-weight bucket, regularly calibrated to measure exactly one-half cubic foot of lightweight aggregate, to determine the cubic yards of aggregate in each truck. Both Chestnut and Richard Todd, Texas Industries' sales coordinator, testified that they sampled the unit-weight of the aggregate from at least every third truck loaded at the plant. According to Todd, after the truck was loaded, they filled the unit-weight bucket with a scoop and struck the aggregate off level with the top of the bucket before weighing it on a calibrated scale. By subtracting the weight of the empty bucket from the weight of the full bucket, they calculated the weight of one-half cubic foot of aggregate. The weight of one cubic foot of aggregate was then used to convert the total weight of each truckload to cubic yards.
Todd testified that the conversion factor ranged from 46.3 to 51.5 pounds per cubic foot depending on the amount of moisture in the aggregate. According to Todd, the unit-weight conversion factor corrected for moisture when determining the actual cubic yards of aggregate per truckload. However, Todd acknowledged on cross-examination that the ASTM standards required the use of a tapping rod to determine the compact unit-weight unless the shoveling procedure to determine the loose unit-weight was specifically stipulated. Nevertheless, Todd testified that they had found the shoveling method to be the most accurate in making the unit-weight conversion.
Although Chestnut testified that a container of wet material has the same volume of aggregate as a container of dry material, Todd admitted that if the material was wet, the number of cubic yards of aggregate on the truck was less than if the material was dry. Todd also acknowledged that, according to the ASTM standards relied upon by Texas Industries, "aggregates in hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this test method determines the unit weight on a dry basis." (Emphasis added).
Regardless of the ASTM standards, we find that the testimony of Texas Industries' employees does not amount to judicial admissions precluding proof of delivery of the number of cubic yards of lightweight aggregate for which Hunt was billed; neither does it render the evidence legally or factually insufficient to support Texas Industries' suit on a sworn account, breach of contract claim, or suretyship action. A party's testimonial declarations that are contrary to his position are quasi-admissions—merely some evidence to be considered by the trier of fact. Mendoza v. Fidelity and Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 606 S.W.2d 692, 694 (Tex. 1990). A quasi-admission will be treated as a judicial admission only if it appears that:
(1) the declaration relied upon was made during the course of a judicial proceeding;
(2) the statement is contrary to an essential fact embraced in the theory of recovery or defense asserted by the person giving the testimony;
(3) the statement is deliberate, clear, and unequivocal, i.e., the hypothesis of mere mistake or slip of the tongue must be eliminated;
(4) the giving of conclusive effect to the declaration will be consistent with the public policy upon which the rule is based; and
(5) the statement is not also destructive of the opposing party's theory of recovery.
Id.
Hunt offered no evidence that it had ordered a certain number of cubic yards of compacted aggregate. Neither did Hunt demonstrate that the use of compact unit-weight to calculate cubic yards of aggregate sold was the standard in the industry. To the contrary, Joe Moore, co-owner of Moore Asphalt, testified that as a supplier of precoated lightweight aggregate his company used a loose unit-weight conversion factor similar to that used by Texas Industries, that he did not have a tapping rod, and that he did not know of a more accurate method to measure the cubic yards of aggregate placed in a truck for delivery to a customer. Therefore, the testimony of Chestnut and Todd regarding the conversion method used by Texas Industries was not contrary to an essential fact embraced in the theories of recovery embraced—sworn account, breach of contract, and suretyship. See id.
To prevail in a suit on sworn account, a party must show that:
(1) there was a sale and delivery of the merchandise or performance of the services;
(2) the amount of the account is just, i.e., that the prices were charged in accordance with an agreement or in the absence of an agreement, that they are the usual, customary, and reasonable prices for that merchandise or services; and
(3) the amount is unpaid.
Worley v. Butler, 809 S.W.2d 242, 245 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1990, writ).
Todd testified that Texas Industries shipped 25,352.82 cubic yards of lightweight aggregate to Hunt. Chestnut testified that the prices were charged in accordance with a written sales contract admitted into evidence. Finally, Hunt's check to Texas Industries indicated that deductions had been made for a discount that had expired under the terms of the sales agreement ($3,038.14), a 1,719.50 cubic-yard loss of aggregate on this project ($46,770.40), and a 1,680.01 cubic-yard loss of aggregate from an unrelated project completed by Hunt in 1985 ($48,955.49). We find that there is legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the jury finding that Hunt owes Texas Industries $98,764.03. As a result, Texas Industries' suretyship action and claim for attorney's fees is supported by its recovery on the sworn account. See Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 5160 (Vernon Supp. 1992); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.001 (Vernon 1986). We overrule points of error one and two.
We affirm the judgment.
BOBBY L. CUMMINGS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Thomas,
Justice Cummings, and
Justice Vance
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed May 13, 1992
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