NUMBER 13-06-00542-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
ERICA KENDALL, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 197th District Court of Willacy County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Vela
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez
Appellant, Erica Kendall, appeals her conviction for reckless bodily injury to a child
fourteen years of age or younger. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 22.04(a)(1) (Vernon 2003).
The trial court assessed punishment at twenty years’ confinement. In three issues,
appellant asserts: (1) she was convicted for a non-existent offense; (2) the evidence of her
mental state is legally and factually insufficient; and (3) the trial court erred by instructing
the jury on the lesser included offense of reckless bodily injury to a child. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Because appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her
conviction, a review of the facts adduced at trial is necessary. At approximately 11:30 a.m.
on October 10, 2004, Officer Andres Chavez responded to an emergency call of an
unresponsive child. Upon arrival, Officer Chavez saw that paramedics were assisting two
year old A.K. who was “lying motionless on [a] stretcher.” When Officer Chavez asked
what had occurred, appellant responded that her son suffered from a brain condition. After
seeing the ambulance leave, Officer Chavez walked into appellant’s residence and saw
that it was “very unkept” and smelled of feces. Officer Chavez, however, found no
evidence of criminal activity.
Hermelinda Robles lived across the street from appellant. Robles testified that at
about 11:20 a.m., appellant rushed over to her house with A.K. in her arms. She stated
that A.K. was motionless and that appellant was yelling that AK “couldn’t breathe.” On both
direct and cross-examination, Robles acknowledged that she saw no blood, bruises, or
cuts on A.K.’s face. However, she indicated that she saw a red mark on his cheek. She
added that after the paramedics arrived she walked into appellant’s house to check on
appellant’s other children. Robles noted that the house was very unkept and that appellant
was the only adult at the residence.
The record shows that A.K. was rushed to Valley Baptist Medical Center in
Harlingen, Texas. Child Protective Services investigator, Sandra Massey, arrived at the
hospital the following afternoon. Appellant told Massey that A.K. had been feeling sick,
that he had a fever that morning, he had been gagging, and was in and out of naps.
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Appellant also told her that around 10:40 a.m. is when A.K. “rolled over and gasped for air.”
She then called 911. On cross-examination, Massey acknowledged that she found no
evidence that either A.K. or appellant’s other children had ever been physically abused.
On re-direct, however, Massey noted that a pattern of abuse over a period of time is not
necessary before a child may be killed. She further stated that appellant seemed to raise
her children in an unhealthy environment, noting that the residence “reeked of urine” and
that “blankets and clutter [were] everywhere.”
A.K. was pronounced dead on October 11, 2004. Forensic pathologist Norma
Farley, M.D., performed the autopsy. She first noted that A.K. had an abrasion and a faint
contusion on the left side of his face. She concluded that the abrasion and contusion were
not the result of resuscitation efforts. Dr. Farley also found subarachnoid and subdural
hemorrhaging of the brain, a tear in the front part of the brain, and a retinal hemorrhage.
She testified that the tear in the front part of the brain occurred as the result of significant
blunt force trauma, and that the amount of force necessary to cause such a tear was the
equivalent of being involved in a forty mile per hour car accident. Dr. Farley added that the
tear in A.K.’s brain fit the definition of a serious bodily injury, but she was unable to rule the
case a homicide. Rather, she concluded the cause of death was “intracranial hemorrhage
with closed-head injuries.” Dr. Farley, however, was unable to ascertain what type of
object, if any, was used to cause A.K.’s injuries.
Pediatrician, James Lukefahr, M.D., examined A.K.’s medical records information.
He testified that the record showed a number of significant injuries. Specifically, he noted
that A.K. had a contusional tear of the brain, contusions to the left side of his face, and a
subarachnoid hemorrhage along the base of the brain and along the cerebellum. Dr.
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Lukefahr concluded that the frontal tear to A.K’s brain could not have been caused by
accident, that a great deal of force was necessary to cause such an injury, and that the
most reasonable explanation was that the injury was caused by blunt trauma.
A second neighbor, Laura Arreola, testified that she saw appellant everyday, that
their children always played together, and that they would always go out to eat. She
confirmed that appellant’s residence was always filthy, that she would always see dirty
clothes, dirty dishes, and cat feces spread throughout the house. Arreola testified about
an incident where appellant told her that A.K. was getting on her nerves and that she “had
to spank him.” On cross-examination, however, Arreola acknowledged that she was
unaware of any particular occasion where appellant exhibited abusive behavior towards
her children.
Foster Edwards, a Willacy County paramedic who transported A.K. to the hospital,
Gerald Parks, a close friend of appellant’s who visited A.K. at the hospital, and Samuel
Adame, a CPS investigator, all testified that they failed to notice any abrasions or external
injuries to A.K’s face. B.R., A.K’s nine-year old sister, testified that on the day in question,
she did not hear appellant scream or hit A.K. She further testified that appellant has never
beat her or her younger sister. However, she acknowledged that appellant would spank
her occasionally. On cross-examination, the State asked B.R. if, on the day in question,
she told her neighbor, David Robles, that she heard appellant repeatedly yelling A.K.’s
name from the bathroom. B.R. denied ever making those statements.
Appellant testified on her own behalf. She first denied ever mistreating A.K. or ever
causing him serious bodily injury. Rather, she stated that on the day in question, A.K. was
feeling sick, started vomiting, and simply stopped breathing. On cross-examination,
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appellant admitted that she had previously spanked her children with a belt.
The State called David Robles and Nathlin Holbrook as rebuttal witnesses. Robles
testified to a conversation he had with appellant’s daughter, B.R. According to Robles,
B.R. told him that on the day in question she heard appellant yelling out A.K.’s name, that
she heard the bathroom door close, and that she continued to hear appellant yelling at A.K
while they were in the bathroom. Holbrook testified that while appellant’s children were in
her foster care, they told her that appellant would hit them with a belt, and that she “would
swing the belt so hard [that] it looked like two belts when [they] were getting hit.” She also
testified to a conversation she had previously had with appellant, wherein appellant
admitted to giving B.R. an “old-fashioned whipping.”
II. NON -EXISTENT OFFENSE
By her first issue, appellant argues that because the State’s indictment failed to
contain the words “by omission,” she was in effect convicted for a non-existent offense.
The penal code provides that a person commits the offense of injury to a child by
“intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence . . . caus[ing] a child . . . (1)
serious bodily injury.” TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 22.04(a). The offense can also be
committed by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly by omission, caus[ing] a child . . . (1)
serious bodily injury. Id. The State indicted, and the jury convicted, appellant for knowingly
causing serious bodily injury to A.K. by striking him with an unknown deadly weapon. We
find no error. See State v. Edmond, 933 S.W.2d 120, 127-28 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)
(holding that an indictment which tracks the language of a criminal statute is sufficient to
allege an offense and to provide a defendant with notice of the charged offense).
Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
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III. LEGAL AND FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY
By her second issue, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence to support the jury’s finding that she acted recklessly.
A. Standards of Review
A legal sufficiency review requires this Court to view the evidence in light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found
all the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979); Hampton v. State, 165 S.W.3d 691, 693 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Determinations of the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence are left to the
jury; our role is limited to ensuring the jury’s rationality. Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199,
207 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The jury may accept or reject any of the evidence for any
side. See Margraves v. State, 34 S.W.3d 912, 919 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
In a factual sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence in a neutral light and ask
whether a jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In conducting this review,
we are permitted to substitute our judgment for the jury’s on the question of witness
credibility and weight of evidence determinations, “albeit to a very limited degree.” See
Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We will reverse a verdict
of guilty on a factual sufficiency challenge only when we can say, with some objective basis
in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the
jury’s verdict. See Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417.
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B. Applicable Law
Injury to a child is a result-oriented offense; thus, it is not enough for the State to
prove that the defendant engaged in conduct with the requisite criminal intent. Bowden v.
State, 166 S.W.3d 466, 470 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d); Lee v. State, 21
S.W.3d 532, 540 (Tex. App–Tyler 2000, pet. ref’d). Instead, the State must also prove that
the defendant caused the result with the requisite criminal intent. Bowden, 166 S.W.3d at
470; Lee, 21 S.W.3d at 540.
A person acts recklessly when he is aware of, but consciously disregards, a
substantial and unjustifiable risk that the result will occur. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 6.03
(Vernon 2003); Montgomery v. State, 198 S.W.3d 67, 88 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2006, pet.
ref’d). The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross
deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the
circumstances as viewed from the actor’s standpoint. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 6.03(c);
Montgomery, 198 S.W.3d at 88.
The culpable mental state is generally proven through circumstantial evidence.
Bowden, 166 S.W.3d at 470; Morales v. State, 828 S.W.2d 261, 263 (Tex. App.–Amarillo
1992), aff’d, 853 S.W.2d 583 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Ordinarily, the culpable mental state
must be inferred from the acts of the accused or the surrounding circumstances, which
includes not only acts but also words and conduct. Ledesma v. State, 677 S.W.2d 529,
531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Morales, 828 S.W.2d at 263.
C. Analysis
On appeal, appellant contends that because the State presented its evidence in line
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with the theory that she intentionally caused A.K’s bodily injuries, the evidence is legally
and factually insufficient to prove the lower culpable mental state of recklessness.
It is well recognized that in injury to child cases, there is rarely direct evidence of
exactly how the child’s injuries occurred, which is why the culpable mental state may be
inferred from circumstantial evidence. See Ledesma, 677 S.W.2d at 531; Morales, 828
S.W.2d at 263; Kelley v. State, 187 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist] 2006,
pet. ref’d); see also Scott v. State, No. 02-04-139-CR, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 7282 at *11
(Tex. App.–Fort Worth Aug. 31, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
Here, there was evidence, in addition to the nature of A.K’s injuries, from which the jury
could have inferred a reckless mental state. For instance, there was evidence that
appellant had handled A.K. roughly the day he received his injuries–i.e., the abrasion and
a faint contusion on the left side of his face–as well as evidence that appellant would
forcefully discipline her children. Robles testified to a conversation he had with B.R.,
wherein B.R. stated that on the day in question appellant took A.K. in the bathroom and
was yelling at him. Although appellant presented differing evidence concerning A.K’s
condition at the time of death, we may not substitute our determination for that of the jury,
and resolution of conflicts in the evidence and the credibility of witnesses lies within the
exclusive province of the jury.
After reviewing the record and applying the appropriate standards of review, we
conclude the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding that
appellant recklessly caused serious bodily injury to a child. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319;
Hampton, 165 S.W.3d at 693; Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15; see also TEX . PENAL CODE
ANN . § 6.02(d) (Vernon Supp. 2007) (proof of a higher degree of culpability constitutes
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proof of the lower degree of culpability).
IV. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE
By her third issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by charging the jury on
the lesser-included offense of recklessly causing serious bodily injury to A.K.
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser-included offense if (1) the lesser
offense is a lesser-included offense of the charged offense, and (2) there is some evidence
in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty, he is
guilty of the lesser offense. Guzman v. State, 188 S.W.3d 185, 188 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006).
Under the first prong, we compare the elements of the charged offense, as modified
by the indictment, with elements of the lesser offense that might be added to the jury
charge. Id. “We compare the elements of both offenses to determine whether, in proving
the offense as charged, the State necessarily had to prove all the elements of the lesser
offense, plus something more.” Id. at 189 & n.7 (applying article 37.09 of the Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure). If prong one is met, we then consider, under prong two, whether
there is some evidence from which a jury rationally could find that, if defendant is guilty, he
is guilty of the lesser offense. Id. At this step of the analysis, “the evidence must establish
the lesser-included offense as a valid, rational alternative to the charged offense.” Hall v.
State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Appellant was indicted for knowingly causing serious bodily injury to A.K. by striking
him with an unknown deadly weapon. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 22.04(a)(1). The penal
code provides that a person commits the offense of injury to a child by “intentionally,
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knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence . . . caus[ing] a child . . . (1) serious bodily
injury.” Id. § 22.04(a). Section 22.04(e) provides that an offense under subsection (a)(1)
“is a felony of the first degree when the conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly,”
but it is a felony of the second degree “when the conduct is engaged in recklessly.” Id. §
22.04(e).
Here, the facts required to prove the lesser included offense are the same as or less
than those required to prove the offense charged in the indictment–knowingly bodily injury
to a child; the offenses differ by statute only in their differing mental states. See Gay
v. State, 235 S.W.3d 829, 832 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2007, pet. dism’d); Moore v. State,
154 S.W.3d 703, 711 (Tex. App–Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d) (holding that because the
offense of serious bodily injury encompasses all culpable mental states, criminally
negligent infliction of serious bodily injury is a lesser included offense of knowing infliction
of serious bodily injury). Thus, we hold as a matter of law that recklessly causing serious
bodily injury to a child is a lesser included offense of intentionally or knowingly causing
serious bodily injury to a child. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 37.09(3) (Vernon
Supp. 2007) (an offense is a lesser-included offense of a charged offense if it differs from
the offense charged only in the respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to
establish its commission).
To determine whether under the second prong of the lesser included offense
analysis the trial court properly instructed the jury on the lesser included offense of
recklessly causing serious bodily injury to a child, we must determine whether some
evidence exists in the record that would permit the jury to rationally find that if appellant is
guilty, she is guilty only of the lesser included offense of recklessly causing serious bodily
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injury to A.K. See Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536; Gay, 235 S.W.3d at 833. As discussed in our
resolution of appellant’s second issue, the record does contain evidence that would permit
a rational jury to find appellant guilty of the lesser-included offense. Therefore, the jury in
this case could have rationally concluded appellant only committed the offense of
recklessly causing serious injury to a child. See Gay, 235 S.W.3d at 832. Accordingly, the
trial court did not err by instructing the jury on the lesser included offense of reckless injury
to a child. Appellant’s third issue is overruled.
V. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ ROGELIO VALDEZ
ROGELIO VALDEZ
Chief Justice
Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed
this the15th day of May, 2008.
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