Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed June 14, 2007.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-06-00090-CR
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AARON REYES RANGEL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 180th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 999,638
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant Aaron Reyes Rangel contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to (1) support his conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child and (2) establish the qualifications of the outcry witness. He also contends the trial court erred by refusing to permit his requested defense of Aparental alienation syndrome.@ Finally, he contends he was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The complainant, E.O., was born on January 7, 1988. When she was sixteen years old, E.O. told her mother that appellant, who is her uncle, had molested her from the time she was about four years old until she was eight or nine years old. After an investigation by the Houston Police Department (AHPD@), appellant was charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child. At trial, the State presented the testimony of six witnesses during its case in chief. The defense called appellant and his wife and the complainant=s maternal aunt The State also called one of appellant=s wife=s sisters, who is also the twin sister of the complainant=s mother, as a rebuttal witness.
Mikki M. Stephens, an investigator with the HPD juvenile sex crimes division, testified that she received a report of child sexual assault in June 2004. After taking a statement from E.O.=s older brother, J.O., Stephens established contact with the children=s mother, Rose, in August 2004. Stephens explained that she did not speak with appellant during her investigation because she was concerned that he would Aflee.@ According to Stephens, her investigation consisted of interviewing Rose, J.O., E.O., and watching a video interview of E.O. conducted by one of the forensic interviewers at the Children=s Assessment Center. She also reported that she had reviewed E.O.=s hospital records, which revealed that E.O.=s hymen was still intact. Stephens testified that E.O. told her that she had Anever gotten along with her mother@ and that E.O. did not feel she could confide in her parents because they Ahad problems.@ Stephens also stated that she dealt with kids who made false accusations of sexual abuse Aall the time,@ but that it is also very common for a child to delay making an outcry statement until long after the abuse.
The State then presented the testimony of its designated outcry witness, Rose. She testified that appellant is married to her sister Stephanie. Rose stated that she had been married to her husband, José, for twenty-one years, and that they have three children, E.O., J.O., and a younger son. She indicated she has a large, close-knit family in the Houston area and that the family often got together for holidays and celebrations. Before E.O.=s outcry, Rose, José, Stephanie, and appellant had all gotten along very well.
According to Rose, when E.O. was sixteen, she told her mother that when she was younger and had spent the night at appellant=s house, he had behaved in a sexually inappropriate manner. Rose testified that E.O. told her she remembered the first incident occurred when she was about four, and that appellant Aput his mouth on her private.@ Rose stated E.O. told her A[w]here he had her completely naked was once; but, the other times was [sic] several times, every time she would spend the night over there.@ According to Rose, when E.O. was about four, appellant gave her money to buy a special dress for E.O. because she was starting pre-kindergarten. Rose testified that appellant and Stephanie, who did not have children of their own, had often asked her to allow E.O. and J.O. to stay with them, and Rose had agreed. But Rose stated that when E.O. was around eight or nine years old, she no longer wanted to stay at appellant=s house and cried when it was suggested. Rose did not make her stay overnight when E.O. resisted the visits.
Rose further testified that E.O. was a normal child growing up, and that she had never been concerned about allowing her children to stay with appellant and Stephanie. She also indicated that E.O. had been seeing a therapist for a month or two before she made her outcry statement. She stated that she had sent E.O. to a therapist because E.O. seemed angry and she could tell Asomething was going on.@ Rose testified that E.O. had lost around eighty pounds between her fifteenth and sixteenth birthdays, and the family was concerned that E.O. might have an eating disorder, although none was diagnosed. According to Rose, when E.O. turned fifteen, she did not want a Aquinceañera@ celebration for her fifteenth birthday. E.O. also refused to come out of her room during her sixteenth birthday party. Rose affirmed that E.O.=s outcry occurred when the family was arranging a large graduation party for J.O. She also agreed that there were fewer restrictions on E.O.=s activities after her outcry, but she indicated that this change was due to E.O.=s age rather than her outcry.
J.O. testified that he remembered a specific occasion when he and E.O. had spent the night at appellant=s apartment, and described the events as follows: Early in the morning after he and E.O. had spent the night, his aunt Stephanie left the two children with appellant in her bedroom while she went into the bathroom to take a shower. He heard E.O. crying, but because he was on the floor on the opposite side of the bed, he could not see appellant or E.O. He also heard appellant trying to calm E.O. J.O. stated that he and his sister stopped going over to appellant=s house when he was around eleven years old because E.O. did not want to go over there any more. He testified that he never saw anything inappropriate between E.O. and appellant. J.O. indicated that before E.O.=s outcry, everyone in the family got along very well. He was not aware of any fighting between his parents and appellant and Stephanie. He also did not know of any problems between E.O. and appellant and Stephanie. He stated that their mother did not allow E.O. to go out before she was sixteen, but that she did let her go out after she turned sixteen, and that E.O. and his parents had become closer since she made her outcry. He further stated that E.O. had more freedom since she made the allegations against appellant.
The State presented two other witnesses before E.O. testified. Dr. David Robinson, an emergency department doctor who examined E.O. when Rose took her to the hospital after she made her outcry, testified that a sexual forensic exam was not done in this case because many years had passed since the alleged sexual assault. He also indicated it is unusual for someone to come into the hospital to report an assault after so much time had elapsed. Dr. Lawrence Thompson, the director of therapy and psychological services at the Children=s Assessment Center, defined an Aoutcry.@ Dr. Thompson, who testified that he had never met E.O. or her family, described several reasons a child might delay making an outcry regarding sexual assault, including fear of or ambivalence towards the perpetrator. According to Thompson, delayed outcry is very common in cases involving family members and very young children. Thompson testified that young children are often confused and do not have the ability to tell what happened, or even know that the behavior was inappropriate. Thompson described Aparental alienation syndrome@ as a situation in which a child may be pressured into making false allegations of sexual abuse. He also stated that a child might make a false accusation when coached or pressured by his or her parents to do so.
E.O., who had just turned eighteen at the time of trial, was the last witness to testify during the State=s case-in-chief. She stated that when she was younger, she and J.O. frequently spent time with appellant and his wife and that the two children spent the night at appellant=s apartment several times. According to E.O., appellant began touching her inappropriately when she was about four years old, around the same time that appellant had purchased a particular dress for her. E.O. stated that on the first occasion, appellant took her into his bedroom while they were alone at his apartment and laid her down on the bed. He then took off her underwear and put his hands and his mouth on her vagina. He turned her over and put his hands on her bottom. Appellant told her not to tell anyone, and she did not because she was scared and did not know how to tell anyone. She stated that, after the first incident, he molested her on other occasions. Although she could not remember specific details, she testified that he put his mouth on her genitals more than two times.
E.O. also recounted another incident that occurred when she was around eight or nine. According to E.O., appellant woke her up and told her to get in the bed with him when her aunt left the room to take a shower. Her brother, J.O., was sleeping on the floor on the other side of the bed. E.O. testified that appellant started to lift her shirt and kiss her neck, and she began crying. Appellant told her to go back on the floor, but J.O. woke up and asked what was wrong. E.O. did not tell J.O. what had happened. After she was eight or nine, she refused to go over to appellant=s apartment to spend the night because she did not want appellant to molest her any more.
Although E.O. agreed that Asomething pretty serious@ had occurred between her mother and her aunt Stephanie around the time of E.O.=s birth, she described the relationship between her family and appellant and Stephanie as Aclose@ until E.O. told her mother about the assaults. She testified that her mother had been fairly strict and protective of her when she was younger but that she was allowed more privileges after she turned sixteen. E.O. recounted that she did not want to have a Quinceañera celebration, and that she stayed in her room during her sixteenth birthday party because appellant was there and she did not want to see him. She testified that although she made her outcry statement shortly before her brother=s graduation party, the family had the party and her outcry did not affect it.
After the State rested, Stephanie testified that Rose was mean to her and to José and that Rose mistreated E.O. According to Stephanie, E.O. never spent the night at the apartment Stephanie and appellant shared. She also indicated that E.O. and Rose became much closer after E.O. made her allegations, and that E.O. was subsequently given more freedom. She testified that E.O. lost a significant amount of weight about three years ago, and that Aa lot@ of her family thought that E.O. had psychological problems. Stephanie stated that she had had Amajor problems@ with E.O.=s mother and father when E.O. was about eight or nine. According to Stephanie, E.O. fabricated these allegations and appellant never inappropriately touched E.O. Appellant similarly testified that E.O. never spent the night at his house, that he was never alone with E.O., and that he never touched her inappropriately. He also denied giving Rose money to buy E.O. a dress. He testified that J.O. was favored over E.O., that E.O. did not get along with her parents, that E.O. was Akind of weird,@ and that E.O. was jealous of her brother. He further stated that he had some problems with Rose=s husband a few times in the past, but that the families had always gone to gatherings together and spent time with each other until he was arrested.
On rebuttal, the State called Rose=s twin sister Debbie, who testified that the entire family was very close and that they frequently got together for holidays and celebrations. According to Debbie, Rose treated J.O. and E.O. equally and Rose did not mistreat E.O. She did not know whether E.O. and J.O. had ever spent the night at appellant=s apartment. She was unaware of any problems between Stephanie and Rose, and had not seen Stephanie acting fearful around Rose=s husband.
The jury found appellant guilty as charged in the indictment. Appellant pled true to an enhancement paragraph, and the jury sentenced him to thirty years= confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. This appeal timely followed.
II. Issues Presented
Appellant presents four issues for our review. In his first and third issues, he contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated sexual assault and to establish that the State=s outcry witness was over the age of eighteen when the outcry was made. In his second issue, he challenges the trial court=s refusal to permit his requested defense of Aparental alienation,@ which he contends would have caused the complainant to make a false accusation. Finally, in his fourth issue, appellant asserts that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to investigate the mental health status of the complainant.
III. Analysis
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In determining the merits of appellant=s first issue challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction, we examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Mason v. State, 905 S.W.2d 570, 574 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc). We do not ask whether we believe that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318B19, 99 S. Ct. At 2788B89. Rather, we determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of aggravated sexual assault of a child beyond a reasonable doubt. See Mason, 905 S.W.2d at 574. As relevant here, a person commits the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child if the actor intentionally or knowingly causes the sexual organ of a child under fourteen to contact the mouth of the actor. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 22.021(a)(1)(B)(iii), (a)(2)(B) (Vernon 2005). A child is a person younger than seventeen years of age who is not the spouse of the actor. See id. ' 22.011(c)(1).
We begin a factual sufficiency review by viewing all of the evidence in a neutral light. See Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc)). We will not reverse unless we are able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury=s verdict. Id. at 417. We may not reweigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the jury. See Cain, 958 S.W.2d at 407. Unless the record clearly reveals a different result is appropriate, we Amust defer to the jury=s determination concerning what weight to give contradictory testimonial evidence because resolution often turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.@ Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc).
Appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction because E.O. was a troubled teenager who had emotional difficulties, suffered from depression, and failed to make an outcry for twelve years. He argues that E.O. was not credible because of her inability to accurately remember where, when, or how many times she was assaulted. He also complains that E.O.=s motive to lie was revealed by evidence showing that E.O.=s family life and relationships improved Adramatically@ after she accused appellant of sexual assault.[1] He further alleges that the timing of E.O.=s outcry, which occurred shortly before a large graduation party for her brother, indicates that her outcry was merely an attempt to gain attention. In addition, he complains that Rose, the State=s outcry witness and the only person whose testimony corroborated E.O.=s allegations, was not shown to be over eighteen at the time of the outcry statement as required by statute.[2] He attacks the sufficiency of the police investigation, emphasizing that the investigating officer, Mikki Stephens, did not speak with any other family, friends, or other potential witnesses before filing charges, and never attempted to speak with appellant. He also points out that he has never been previously accused of such a Adeviant act,@ nor has he been accused of such behavior since E.O.=s outcry.[3]
In support of his arguments, appellant cites evidence that he contends undermines the witnesses= credibility, but we are not free to reevaluate credibility. See Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 412 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Moreover, the record reflects that the complainant was under eighteen at the time of the offense. Thus, her uncorroborated testimony is sufficient to support the conviction. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.07 (Vernon Supp. 2002); Lindquist v. State, 922 S.W.2d 223, 227 (Tex. App.CAustin 1996, pet. ref=d). Here, however, the State offered corroborating testimony: E.O.=s mother testified to E.O.=s outcry statement and corroborated E.O.=s testimony regarding events surrounding the assaults, and J.O.=s testimony supported E.O.=s description of her last encounter with appellant. Although appellant and his wife insisted that E.O. and J.O. had never spent the night at their apartment and that none of these events happened, the jury was permitted to believe or disbelieve any part of any witness=s testimony. See Margraves v. State, 34 S.W.3d 912, 919 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc).
After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational jury could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, each of the essential elements of aggravated sexual assault of a child. Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we are unable to find an objective basis in the record supporting appellant=s contention that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradict the jury=s verdict. Accordingly, we conclude the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the verdict, and we overrule appellant=s first issue.
B. Defense of AParental Alienation@
In his second issue, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by refusing to permit his requested defense of A>parental alienation=, which would cause complainant to make a false accusation.@ Although appellant=s briefing of this issue is less than clear, appellant presents three main contentions in support of this issue, each of which we discuss in turn.
First, appellant contends the trial court Arepeatedly refused to allow [him] to question witnesses about the alleged rape of Rose@ by a member of appellant=s family, but he offers no citation to the record indicating that he attempted to introduce such evidence. Moreover, our review of the record reveals that appellant did not question Rose regarding this possible basis for bias against him or otherwise attempt to introduce this evidence during her testimony or in his bill of exceptions. Thus, he has not preserved error on this issue as it relates to Rose. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2). Contrary to appellant=s assertions, he was not denied the opportunity to cross-examine E.O. regarding her possible bias from the alleged rape; he was simply not permitted to question her concerning events of which she had no personal knowledge.[4] For example, when E.O. agreed with defense counsel that a Apretty serious@ event occurred around the time she was born, the trial court sustained the State=s objection that she had no personal knowledge of the event. See Tex. R. Evid. 602 (requiring that a witness=s testimony be based on personal knowledge). But appellant chose not to question E.O. about her belief, if any, that her mother had been raped by a member of appellant=s family or any bias she might have relating to any such belief.
Second, appellant contends that Dr. Thompson, the State=s expert witness on delayed outcry, Aadmitted that he had heard of Parental Alienation Syndrome, which he explained holds that after an outcry of sexual assault, the child is much closer to the parents, and >children can be inappropriately pressured to make false allegations of child sexual abuse.=@ But Dr. Thompson=s testimony regarding this syndrome consisted only of the following:
Defense: Do you know what Parental Alienation Syndrome is?
Dr. Thompson: I am familiar with that term.
Defense: Well, have you ever dealt with children that were suffering from that?
Dr. Thompson: No, I have not dealt with any Parental Alienation Syndrome children.
Defense: Do you know what that means?
. . .
Dr. Thompson: Parental Alienation Syndrome, I am not an expert, but as I understand [it] has to do with a way that children can be inappropriately pressured to make false allegations of child sexual abuse.
Dr. Thompson did not indicate that this syndrome has any bearing on the parent-child relationship after an outcry has been made. Moreover, on appeal, appellant explains this defensive theory as one generally raised in family law cases Awhere one party or parent tries to destroy, thwart[,] or harm the relationship between parent and child by certain actions.@ He does not explain how this defensive theory applies in this case, in which there is no parental or blood relationship between the victim and appellant, nor has he cited any authority for its application in such circumstances.
Third, appellant contends that, outside of the jury=s presence, the State disclosed that E.O.=s father and appellant=s wife Stephanie had an extramarital affair and that the trial court granted the State=s motion in limine regarding evidence of this affair. But A[i]t is axiomatic that motions in limine do not preserve error.@ Harnett v. State, 38 S.W.3d 650, 655 (Tex. App.CAustin 2000, pet. ref=d). Appellant=s arguments seem to conflate evidence of Rose=s rape, introduced through a bill of exceptions, with evidence of the affair between Rose=s husband and appellant=s wife, which was the subject of the State=s motion in limine. But appellant cites nothing in the record demonstrating his attempts to offer evidence of the affair. Thus, his appellate arguments regarding this evidence have been waived. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a), 38.1(h).
In sum, the trial court did not prevent appellant from attempting to show that E.O.=s parents influenced her to fabricate allegations of sexual abuse; rather, the trial court merely limited E.O.=s cross-examination to matters about which she had personal knowledge. Appellant did not attempt to introduce evidence of the rape or the affair through Rose, although Rose was the only witness at trial who would have had personal knowledge of these events. Appellant has not directed us to any other portion of the record that demonstrates an attempt to introduce such evidence of either event, and has not explained how his defensive theory, allegedly applicable in family-law cases, applies to a case involving the sexual assault of a child by her uncle. Under these circumstances, we cannot say the trial court erred in refusing, if it indeed did, to permit appellant to offer a defense based on parental alienation syndrome. We therefore overrule appellant=s second issue.
C. Outcry Witness
In appellant=s third issue, he complains that evidence of E.O.=s descriptions of the abuse to her mother were improperly admitted because the State failed to establish that E.O.=s mother was over the age of eighteen at the time of the outcry statement. See generally Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.07, 38.072 (Vernon Supp. 2002). Under these provisions, the first person over the age of eighteen to whom a child complainant makes a statement describing the sexual offense may testify at trial regarding that statement. Id. art. 38.072.
Generally, to preserve error for appellate review, a defendant must make a proper and timely objection. Beckham v. State, 29 S.W.3d 148, 153-54 (Tex.App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref=d). Failure to object waives the complaint on appeal. Id. But a general hearsay objection suffices to shift the burden to the State to prove an outcry statement was admissible pursuant to article 38.072 or some other hearsay exception. Long v. State, 800 S.W.2d 545, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (per curiam) (en banc); see also Zarco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 816, 828 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.).
Here, appellant objected to Rose=s testimony, stating, AJudge, I am not sure that this witness is the proper outcry witness, because in the offense report it stated that she, [E.O.], was talking to her cousin and crying and . . . .@ Rose subsequently testified that the cousin to whom E.O. spoke on the phone was fifteen years old at that time; thus, this cousin was not the proper outcry witness as suggested by appellant=s objection. Appellant raised no further objections to Rose=s continued testimony regarding E.O.=s outcry statement to her; therefore, appellant waived his objections under article 38.072 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. See Beckham, 29 S.W.3d at 154. Moreover, the argument is without merit because the State established that Rose was over eighteen at the time of E.O.=s outcry statement.[5] Finally, as previously discussed, E.O.=s testimony need not have been corroborated in order for it to support appellant=s conviction.
We overrule appellant=s third issue.
D. Claims of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his final issue, appellant contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to determine E.O.=s mental health status. He contends that, because the clerk=s record contains medical records indicating E.O. was taking a prescription anti-depressant and witnesses testified that she was seeing a therapist and had lost a great deal of weight, appellant=s defense counsel should have questioned E.O. about her mental health issues and how these might relate to her recollection or her accusation.
We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Under the Strickland test, an appellant must prove that his trial counsel=s representation was deficient, and the deficiency was so serious that it deprived the appellant of a fair trial. Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. To establish both prongs, an appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel=s representation fell below the objective standard of prevailing professional norms, and there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel=s deficiency, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 690B94, 104 S. Ct. at 2066B68. An appellant=s failure to satisfy one prong makes it unnecessary for a court to consider the other prong. Id. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069. This test is applied to claims arising under the Texas Constitution as well as those arising under the United States Constitution. Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 56B57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc).
Our review of defense counsel=s performance is highly deferential, beginning with the strong presumption that the attorney=s actions were reasonably professional and were motivated by sound trial strategy. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (en banc). When, as in this case, the record is silent as to the attorney=s strategy, we will not conclude that defense counsel=s assistance was ineffective unless the challenged conduct was A>so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.=@ Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex . Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).
In this case, the record reflects that appellant=s trial counsel questioned E.O.=s mother regarding E.O.=s mental health, weight loss, and therapy. In addition, he questioned E.O. regarding counseling, and E.O. replied that she had been seeing a therapist. Indeed, the only evidence regarding E.O.=s mental health that was not elicited by his trial attorney was evidence that E.O. was taking an antidepressant. While he did not press E.O. to discuss her mental health, the record is silent regarding trial counsel=s strategy. But a decision to refrain from pressing a victim of a sexual assault may be a valid tactical decision. See Garrett v. State, 998 S.W.2d 307, 314 (Tex. App.CTexarkana 1999, pet. ref=d) (noting that A[a]n attorney=s aggressive questioning of a sexual assault victim could easily offend the jury and prejudice@ the defendant).
The record before us provides no basis from which to conclude that appellant received ineffective assistance of counsel. Moreover, appellant has not shown how his counsel=s failure to question E.O. more aggressively about her mental health prejudiced him even though similar evidence was elicited from E.O.=s mother. On this record, the evidence is insufficient to overcome the presumption that appellant=s defense counsel provided reasonably professional representation or to demonstrate prejudice attributable to these alleged errors. Accordingly, we overrule appellant=s fourth issue.
IV. Conclusion
Having overruled each of appellant=s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Eva M. Guzman
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed June 14, 2007.
Panel consists of Justices Frost, Seymore, and Guzman.
Do Not Publish C Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] Appellant further asserts that the trial court prevented him from offering evidence of E.O.=s motive to lie, but because this evidence was not before the jury, it has no bearing on our sufficiency determination. See Chambers v. State, 711 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc). Appellant similarly argues that he was prevented from offering evidence that E.O.=s mother was raped by a member of appellant=s family, and he contends that such evidence would have shown bias on the part of the witnesses. Again, however, this evidence was not before the jury and has no bearing on our sufficiency review. See id.
[2] This issue is addressed separately in section III.C of this opinion, infra.
[3] Additionally, appellant claims that evidence E.O.=s hymen was intact when she was examined after her outcry casts doubt on her credibility because E.O. had earlier told prosecutors appellant raped her vaginally. But appellant was charged with sexual assault by contact, and the only testimony before the jury during the guilt-innocence phase regarding the assault involved contact rather than penetration. In support of his contention that E.O. changed her accusations, appellant points only to the State=s notice of intent to introduce extraneous offenses at punishment. Because these allegations were not before the jury during the guilt-innocence phase, they have no bearing on our sufficiency determination. See Chambers, 711 S.W.2d at 245.
[4] Appellant cites United States v. Abel in support of his contention that he was prevented from exploring the potential bias of Rose and E.O. 469 U.S. 45, 105 S. Ct. 465, 83 L. Ed. 2d 450 (1984). In Abel, the Supreme Court determined that evidence regarding gang membership was relevant and admissible to indicate bias on the part of a witness. 469 U.S. at 46B47, 105 S. Ct. at 466. There, the witness=s membership in a secret prison gang was particularly relevant to show bias because the gang had a basic creed that members would Acommit perjury, theft, and murder on each member=s behalf.@ 469 U.S. at 47, 105 S. Ct. at 466. Moreover, gang membership is a fact within a witness=s personal knowledge. No similar predicate was offered here.
[5] The record shows that E.O. was sixteen at the time of her statement, and eighteen at the time of trial; thus, her statement was made approximately two years before trial. In order for Rose=s outcry testimony to be admissible, Rose must have been at least eighteen when the statement was made, and since the statement was made two years before trial, her age at that time could be proved by subtracting two years from her age at trial. At trial, Rose testified that she and her husband had been married for twenty-one years. Consequently, Rose must have been at least nineteen years old when her daughter made the outcry statement two years previously. Her age was therefore shown to fall within the requirements of the statute.