Reversed and Remanded and Plurality, Concurring, and Dissenting Opinions filed March 31, 2009.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-07-00341-CV
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DAVID HERNANDEZ, Appellant
V.
BRINKER INTERNATIONAL, INC., Appellee
On Appeal from the 333rd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2005-63422
D I S S E N T I N G O P I N I O N
The plurality concludes that chapter 95 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies does not apply to Hernandez=s claims against Brinker because his claims arise from the condition of the roof rather than the air conditioning system that he was repairing. Because I disagree with this analysis, I respectfully dissent from the plurality.[1]
The plurality concludes that under section 95.002(2), the improvement that gives rise to the injury claim must be the same improvement the contractor was at the premise to address at the time of the injury. This is based on the plurality=s narrow interpretation of the concept of improvement that rejects the idea of a building or overall structure as an improvement, focusing instead on the parts of the structure and concluding that the roof and air conditioning system are separate improvements. I agree with the plurality that a roof or air an conditioning system can be separate improvements. However, it is also clear that an entire structure can be an improvement.[2] Thus, when section 95.002(2) states that chapter 95 applies only to a claim arising from Athe condition or use of an improvement@ where the contractor Aconstructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the improvement,@ it is unclear whether the improvement contemplated is the overall structure, part of the structure, or both. Because the statutory language is ambiguous, it is appropriate to seek guidance from legislative history in interpreting it. See Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651B52 & n.4 (Tex. 2006) (considering legislative history in statutory interpretation appropriate where statutory language is indefinite, ambiguous, or nebulous).
The 74th Legislature passed a sweeping tort reform package, including Senate Bill 28. See Dyall v. Simpson Pasadena Paper Co., 152 S.W.3d 688, 699 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied). Chapter 95 was part of Senate Bill 28, and in the debate on the floor of the House of Representatives before the final reading and passage of the bill, one of its sponsors, Rep. Combs, explained the purpose of chapter 95:
[I]t recognizes the fact that there are a number of property owners who do not exercise control over construction projects beyond simply hiring someone to do it, and you do not have any knowledge of any defect on the property. In that case, there is no liability to the property owner for personal injury, death, or property damage to a contractor, subcontractor, or an employee of those who are working on that piece of property who constructs, repairs, etc. an improvement on there.
Debate on Tex. S.B. 28 on the Floor of the House of Representatives, 74th Leg., R.S. (May 3, 1995) (statement of Rep. Combs) (tape 103 available from House of Representatives Video/Audio Department), quoted in Fisher v. Lee & Chang P=ship, 16 S.W.3d 198, 201 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). Rep. Combs repeatedly emphasized the need to provide a way for a property owner not actively involved with the property to hire a contractor without assuming liability for injuries caused by conditions of which the owner was unaware. Rep. Turner, on the other hand, was concerned that chapter 95 would have unintended consequences, such as allowing a plant owner to hire contractors to perform all its work, turn a blind eye to safety, and escape liability for injuries caused by a plant explosion. See id. (statements of Reps. Combs and Turner). After an extensive exchange between Rep. Combs and Rep. Turner, Rep. Junell, a Senate Bill 28 co-sponsor, revisited this issue during the next day=s floor debate in response to a question from Rep. Eilan about the Alegislative intent@ of the bill. Debate on Tex. S.B. 28 on the Floor of the House of Representatives, 74th Leg., R.S. (May 4, 1995) (statements of Reps. Eilan and Junell) (tape 104 available from House of Representatives Video/Audio Department). Rep. Junell further clarified the bounds of chapter 95:
If there is an incident that is not related to the work being done by the contractor and subcontractor, then this chapter does not apply to that. So if you have an explosion that=s not related to anything that the contractor and subcontractor are doing for their purpose of being there, then this chapter would not apply.
Id. (statement of Rep. Junell), quoted in Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 202.
Far from Aisolated statements by individual legislators,@[3] the idea that chapter 95 was intended to apply to injuries related to a contractor=s work was the culmination of an extended discussion over two days between several legislators, including two sponsors. This legislative history clearly indicates that it was important to chapter 95=s sponsors to distinguish between injuries to a contractor that were related to the work being done and those that were not, and it supports a broader interpretation of section 95.002(2) than suggested by the plurality, which narrowly interprets the improvement at issue and requires the specific improvement actually cause the injury.
I would conclude that chapter 95 applies here because Hernandez=s injury was sufficiently related to the work for which he was hired. Although Brinker did not hire Hernandez to repair the damage to the roof, it did hire him to repair the air conditioning unit, which was on the roof. Thus, the job for which Brinker hired Hernandez necessarily required that he be on the roof. Hernandez was injured as he was performing this work when he fell through a portion of the roof right next to the air conditioning unit. This is factually similar to other cases in which courts have found that such an injury was included within chapter 95. See Bryan v. Shell Offshore Inc., 179 F. App=x 906, 907, 909 (5th Cir. 2006) (holding chapter 95 covered injury to contractor hired to renovate offshore oil platform who stepped through wooden deck board in course of work); Clark, 2006 WL 229901, at *1B2 (concluding chapter 95 applied to claim of contractor who stepped through concealed skylight opening while on roof to work on plumbing fixtures). Hernandez claims that following this relatedness rationale would essentially nullify chapter 95. We need not decide in this case whether other courts have gone too far in applying this standard. See, e.g., Spears v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 133 F. App=x 129, 130B31 (5th Cir. 2005) (finding chapter 95 covered claim of contractor injured after tripping over hose while walking to work site); Franks v. Chevron Corp., Civil Action No. 3:06-cv-506, 2007 WL 2330296, at *6B7 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 13, 2007) (holding chapter 95 applied to claim of contractor injured on vessel transporting him to work site on offshore oil platform). I would merely hold that in this case, Hernandez=s injury from falling through the roof in the course of performing work that must be done on the roof is sufficiently related to his reason for being on the premise to be covered by chapter 95.
/s/ Leslie B. Yates
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Yates, Anderson, and Brown (Brown, J., plurality, Anderson, J., concurring).
[1] I also dissent from the concurrence. The concurrence concludes that summary judgment was improper because no summary judgment evidence established that Brinker was the property owner. This argument was not made by either party, either in the trial court or on appeal. It is improper to reverse on unpreserved, unassigned error. See Walling v. Metcalfe, 863 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex. 1993) (AWe have held repeatedly that the courts of appeals may not reverse the judgment of a trial court for a reason not raised in a point of error.@); Tello v. Bank One, N.A., 218 S.W.3d 109, 118 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (stating that issues not raised to trial court during summary judgment proceedings cannot be raised for the first time on appeal).
[2] See Vanderbeek v. San Jacinto Methodist Hosp., 246 S.W.3d 346, 348, 350B51 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (chapter 95 case; contractor injured while working on pipes; hospital building was improvement); Clark v. Ron Bassinger, Inc., No. 07-03-0291-CV, 2006 WL 229901, at *1B2 (Tex. App.CAmarillo Jan. 31, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (chapter 95 case; contractor injured while working on plumbing fixtures on roof and stepped through skylight opening; house was improvement); see also Norris v. Thomas, 215 S.W.3d 851, 854B55 (Tex. 2007) (discussing house as improvement under Property Code and homestead law); Matagorda County Appraisal Dist. v. Coastal Liquids Partners, L.P., 165 S.W.3d 329, 335 (Tex. 2005) (discussing buildings and fixtures as improvements under Tax Code); Kelly v. Lin Television of Tex., L.P., 27 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. App.CEastland 2000, pet. denied) (citing Black=s Law Dictionary in defining improvement in a chapter 95 case).
[3] Cf. Canal Ins. Co. v. Hopkins, 238 S.W.3d 549, 563 (Tex. App.CTyler 2007, pet. denied) (discounting senator=s statement made in committee on an issue never discussed by the whole House or Senate).