IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. AP-76,545
EX PARTE JERRY WAYNE GREEN, Applicant
ON APPLICATION FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
FROM CAUSE NUMBER 1008352-A IN THE 179TH DISTRICT COURT
HARRIS COUNTY
K EASLER, J., delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court.
OPINION
Jerry Wayne Green (“applicant”) was convicted of murder and sentenced to eighty
years’ imprisonment. After his conviction was affirmed,1 applicant filed an application for
writ of habeas corpus claiming that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance at the
guilt and punishment phases of his trial. We disagree and deny relief.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
A. Trial
1
Green v. State, No. 14-05-01223-CR, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 85, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 9, 2007, pet. ref’d).
On the evening of November 18th, 2004, applicant, Anthony Johnson, Sam Davis,
Gary Marshall, Keith Spates, Andrew Toussaint, and several others were gambling at
Marshall Tire Service, a tire shop in Houston, as they had frequently done in the past. The
shop had separate tables for dice, dominoes, and poker. Johnson, Marshall, and Spates were
gambling at the dice table, while applicant watched the game behind Johnson and to his left.
Although not gambling, Toussaint was standing at the other gambling table nearby. As the
rest of the players continued shooting dice, applicant shot Johnson in the back of the head.
At trial, Davis testified he saw applicant pull out a black revolver with his right hand
and shoot Johnson in the back of the head. Spates testified he did not see who fired the gun,
but after the shot rang out, he looked up and saw applicant with a revolver in his hand and
Johnson was lying on the floor. Spates stated that he did not see Johnson exhibit a gun that
night. Marshall claimed he did not see the actual shooting because he crouched down by the
side of the dice table after he heard the gunshot. According to Marshall, Toussaint and
applicant left the tire shop after the shooting. Toussaint also testified he did not see the
shooting, but that when the gunshot was fired, he looked up toward the door and saw
applicant. Toussaint did not see applicant with a gun, but conceded that it was possible that
applicant did have a gun, but he just did not see it.
Davis, Spates, Marshall, and Toussaint all testified that after the shooting, applicant,
as if in an attempt to explain why he shot Johnson, told Toussaint that he should leave and
that Johnson was trying to rob Toussaint. Although Spates and Marshall testified they did
not see the actual shooting, they testified that when presented with a photo lineup during the
investigation and asked if the shooter was among the pictures, they identified applicant as
the one who shot Johnson. When identifying applicant as the shooter, Marshall wrote, “The
guy who shot Craig [Johnson]” under applicant’s photo. Spates also indicated near
applicant’s photo that applicant was the one who shot Johnson. Davis, Spates, and Toussaint
stated that applicant was standing two to three feet behind Johnson and to his left. The
medical examiner confirmed that Johnson’s injuries and the presence of stippling were
consistent with being shot in the back of the head at close range. Further, the path of the
bullet’s trajectory—downward, left to right, back to front—was consistent with a person who
is six feet, three inches to six feet, four inches tall shooting a person who is five feet, eleven
inches tall from behind. In examining Johnson’s body, the medical examiner noted that
Johnson was five feet, eleven inches. Davis estimated that applicant was six feet, three
inches to six feet, four inches tall.
As the lead investigative officer, Sergeant Binford was responsible for the primary
investigative responsibilities including interviewing the witnesses and investigating leads.
According to Sgt. Binford, he received a number of anonymous tips indicating applicant was
responsible for Johnson’s death. In attempting to confirm these leads, Sgt. Binford
discovered that many of the witnesses, including Davis, Spates, Marshall, and Toussaint,
were evasive and refused to inculpate applicant by claiming not to know the shooter’s
identity. However, Davis, Spates, and Marshall later cooperated with the investigation and
identified applicant as the one who shot Johnson.
Applicant chose to testify at the guilt-innocence phase and expressly denied shooting
Johnson. He did not dispute the testimony offered by the other witnesses or offer a defensive
theory as to why he was not responsible for Johnson’s death.
The jury found applicant guilty, and he was sentenced to eighty years’ confinement.
The Fourteenth Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment on direct appeal.
B. Habeas Application
Through his application for writ of habeas corpus, applicant claims that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel and specifically alleges the following deficient conduct by
his trial counsel, which he asserts cumulatively prejudiced his defense:
• Counsel failed to object to Sgt. Binford’s opinion that applicant looked
“arrogant” in his photos;
• Counsel failed to move for a mistrial after the prosecutor asserted in a
question that applicant had threatened his girlfriend with a gun;
• Counsel failed to file a motion in limine and object to the prosecutor
impeaching applicant with a drug conviction that, arguably, was
inadmissible;
• Counsel failed to object to the prosecutor’s punishment argument that
applicant did not show remorse;
• Counsel failed to object to, and even elicited, hearsay testimony that the
police received information from unidentified persons that applicant
committed the offense;
• Counsel failed to object to Sergeant Binford’s testimony that applicant
had a police record;
• Counsel elicited Sergeant Binford’s opinions that the prosecution
witnesses were telling the truth that applicant was guilty;
• Counsel failed to elicit that Davis told Sergeant Binford the night
Johnson was shot that he did not see who shot Johnson;
• Counsel failed to object to the prosecutor’s argument that the defense
had to prove its theory of the case; and
• Counsel inaccurately stated during closing argument that applicant had
sold drugs.
In evaluating the merits of the application, the trial judge held an evidentiary hearing
at which applicant’s trial counsel testified. At its conclusion, the trial judge recommended
that the application be denied and entered findings of fact and conclusions of law stating that
applicant’s trial counsel (1) attempted to show Sgt. Binford’s bias towards applicant and his
lack of investigation and (2) developed a theory that the State’s witnesses conspired to blame
applicant for murdering Johnson and (3) Sgt. Binford’s testimony furthered counsels’
defensive theory. The trial judge additionally concluded that applicant’s other claims failed
to show that but for counsels’ failures, a reasonable probability exists that the result of the
proceeding would be different. However, the trial counsels’ testimony and the lead trial
counsel’s affidavit at the evidentiary hearing are inconsistent and at times contradictory.
Because the trial judge’s findings of facts and conclusions of law regarding counsels’
performance in furtherance of a trial strategy are inconsistent with the record, we have
conducted an independent review of the record.2
2
See Ex parte Reed, 271 S.W.3d 698, 727–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
II. Standard of Review
“[T]he benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s
conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot
be relied on as having produced a just result.”3 In analyzing claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel under the Sixth Amendment, we apply the two-part framework announced by the
Supreme Court of the United States in Strickland v. Washington.4 Under this framework, an
applicant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) “his counsel’s performance
was deficient”; and (2) “there is a ‘reasonable probability’—one sufficient to undermine
confidence in the result—that the outcome would have been different but for his counsel’s
deficient performance.” 5
To establish deficient performance, an applicant must show that “counsel was not
acting as ‘a reasonably competent attorney,’ and his advice was not ‘within the range of
competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.’”6 He must overcome the “strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional
3
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984).
4
Ex parte Chandler, 182 S.W.3d 350, 353 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686); see also Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986).
5
Ex parte Chandler, 182 S.W.3d at 353 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
6
Id. at 354 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).
assistance.”7 Therefore, an applicant must “overcome the presumption that, under the
circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” 8 We judge
the reasonableness of an attorney’s performance according to “prevailing professional
norms”9 and examine all of the facts and circumstances involved in a particular case.10 We
“must be highly deferential to trial counsel and avoid the deleterious effects of hindsight.” 11
Under the second part of the Strickland analysis, an applicant must establish that the
“constitutionally deficient performance prejudiced his defense—that is, he must show that
‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.’”12 “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”13 “[T]he difference between
Strickland’s prejudice standard and a more-probable-than-not standard is slight and matters
‘only in the rarest case.’ The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just
7
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 668); Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994)).
8
Miniel v. State, 831 S.W.2d 310, 323 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689).
9
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.
10
Id. at 688, 690.
11
Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813 (citing Ingham v. State, 679 S.W.2d 503, 509 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1984)).
12
Ex parte Chandler, 182 S.W.3d at 354 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
13
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
conceivable.”14 When making this determination, we consider any constitutionally deficient
acts or omissions in light of the “totality of the evidence before the judge or jury.” 15 We also
consider whether multiple deficient acts or omissions cumulatively prejudiced the defense.16
Morever, when considering a trial judge’s findings of fact, we give “almost total
deference” to those findings when they are supported by the record.17 We review a trial
judge’s conclusions of law de novo.18
III. Counsels’ Performance
A. Failure to object to Sergeant Binford’s opinion that applicant looked
“arrogant” in his photos
Applicant claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object Sgt.
Binford’s opinion that applicant looked “arrogant” in comparing two photos. Applicant’s
complaint concerns the following exchange:
Prosecutor: Is the person in the photograph and the person you had a
photograph of, do they appear to be the same person?
14
Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 792 (2011) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 693, 697) (citation omitted).
15
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695; Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d 125, 130 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004).
16
See, e.g., Ex parte Ellis, 233 S.W.3d 324, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(considering and rejecting the appellant’s argument of prejudice by cumulative error);
Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d 526, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (same).
17
Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
18
Ex parte Brown, 158 S.W.3d 449, 453 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Binford: They’re the same person and they have the same mannerisms in
each of the two separate photographs.
Prosecutor: What mannerism is it that you’re referring to?
Binford: The head is cocked back in kind of an arrogant look down
method both in the photograph that the police department has
and in this photograph, also. Same characteristics the
person—this person used on these two photographs that were
taken at different times.
Applicant asserts that Sgt. Binford’s testimony “injected an aspect of [applicant’s] character
that the defense had not placed in issue” and as such was inadmissible. We disagree with
applicant’s characterization of Sgt. Binford’s testimony as character evidence.19 Rather Sgt.
Binford appeared to be describing applicant in the photographs, the manner in which
applicant was holding his head, and what stood out to him in comparing the two photos. “To
show ineffective assistance of counsel for the failure to object during trial, the applicant must
show that the trial judge would have committed error in overruling the objection.” 20 Because
Sgt. Binford’s testimony was not character evidence, a trial judge would not have committed
error in overruling an objection on that ground.21 Accordingly, we cannot conclude that
19
See 1 S TEVEN G OODE, O LIN G UY W ELLBORN III & M. M ICHAEL S HARLOT,
T EXAS P RACTICE: G UIDE TO THE T EXAS R ULES OF E VIDENCE § 404.2 (3d ed. Supp. 2011)
(“Character is said to be a generalized description of a person’s disposition, or of the
disposition in respect to a general trait, such as honesty, temperance or peacefulness . . . .
It would not seem that character encompasses physical characteristics such as being left-
handed or having quick reflexes.”) (internal citations omitted).
20
Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d at 53.
21
See id.
failing to object to this testimony as impermissible character evidence is deficient
performance.
B. Failure to move for a mistrial after the prosecutor asserted in a question
that applicant threatened his girlfriend with a gun
On cross-examination of defense witness Rubert Rice, the State asked Rice whether
applicant carried a weapon. Rice claimed that applicant did not. The prosecutor then asked,
“Mr. Rice, have you heard or did you know that the defendant, on November 7 th of 2004,
was—it was reported that [Green] had threatened his girlfriend, Margaret Hitchins with a .38
revolver?” The trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection. However, applicant asserts
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a mistrial. When considering whether to
grant or deny a motion for mistrial, courts consider “(1) the severity of the misconduct (the
magnitude of the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s remarks), (2) the measures adopted
to cure the misconduct (the efficacy of any cautionary instruction by the judge), and (3) the
certainty of conviction absent the misconduct (the strength of the evidence supporting the
conviction).”22 Applicant fails to address whether a motion for mistrial was meritorious or
demonstrate that had counsel sought the mistrial, it would likely have been granted.
Applicant has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel performed
deficiently on this claim.23
22
Archie v. State, 340 S.W.3d 734, 739 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
23
See Ex Parte Adams, 768 S.W.2d 281, 287–88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (stating that
“the applicant assumes the burden of proving his factual allegations by a preponderance of the
evidence[.]”).
C. Failure to file a motion in limine and object to the prosecutor impeaching
applicant with a drug conviction that arguably was inadmissible
Applicant asserts counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion in limine and
object when the State impeached applicant on cross-examination with his 2001 felony
conviction for possession of a controlled substance, for which he was sentenced to fifteen
months in state jail. Applicant claims that the use of the conviction to impeach applicant was
improper under Texas Rule of Evidence 609(a) because the probative value of the prior
conviction’s admission did not outweigh its prejudicial effect. In evaluating whether the
probative value of the conviction outweighs its prejudicial effect, courts balance the
following factors: “(1) the impeachment value of the prior crime, (2) the temporal proximity
of the past crime relative to the charged offense and the witness' subsequent history, (3) the
similarity between the past crime and the offense being prosecuted, (4) the importance of the
defendant's testimony, and (5) the importance of the credibility issue.”24 By failing to address
how these factors apply to his case, applicant has failed to demonstrate that the trial judge
would have committed error in overruling the objection.25 Therefore, applicant has not
satisfied his burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel was
deficient in failing to seek a pre-trial motion in limine or object to the impeachment.26
D. Failure to object to the prosecutor’s punishment argument that applicant
24
Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)
25
See Ex Parte White, 160 S.W.3d at 50.
26
See Ex Parte Adams, 768 S.W.2d at 287–88.
did not show remorse
Applicant argues that counsel rendered ineffective assistance at the punishment phase
of his trial by failing to object to the prosecutor’s remark during closing argument that
applicant had not shown remorse: “[Green] was man enough that night, and he should be
man enough today, man enough to say, I’m sorry. But there has been no remorse for a year.”
However, the State’s argument was preceded by applicant’s counsel’s argument: “Ladies and
gentleman of the jury, we accept your verdict. We have no choice. I want you to look at my
client. . . . We’ve discussed everything to this point. He is truly sorry for this man’s death.”
Because the complained-of comment was made in response to defense counsel’s argument,
it was invited argument, and the trial judge would not have erred in overruling an objection.27
We therefore hold that counsel’s performance was not deficient by failing to object to the
State’s comment.
IV. Prejudice
Having denied the above claims of ineffective assistance for failing to demonstrate
deficient performance, we turn to the balance of applicant’s claims: failure to object to and
eliciting testimony that anonymous callers implicated applicant; failure to object to Sgt.
Binford’s testimony indicating that applicant had a criminal history and that the State’s
witnesses were truthful in their statements to him; failure to object to the prosecutor’s closing
27
See Ex Parte White, 160 S.W.3d at 50; see also Nethery v. State, 692 S.W.2d 686,
703 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (“The State’s comment was invited by appellant’s earlier
argument, and as such does not constitute reversible error.”)
argument that the defense had to prove its case; failure to impeach Davis through his prior
inconsistent statement; and inaccurately stating during closing argument that applicant had
sold drugs.
Applicant asks us to find prejudice based on the totality of the deficient performance
and its cumulative effect. But even if we were to assume counsel was deficient on the
remainder of his claims listed above, applicant has not satisfied the second prong of
Strickland in light of the overwhelming evidence of his guilt presented to the jury.28
Even excluding the complained-of acts or omissions, there was ample evidence
presented to the jury that applicant murdered Johnson. The jury heard from three witnesses
who identified applicant as the shooter and placed applicant behind Johnson at the time of
the shooting. Davis and Spates both testified that they saw a revolver in applicant’s hand.
Additionally, the forensic evidence corroborated the shooter’s location as being two to three
feet behind Johnson, and the bullet’s trajectory was consistent with applicant shooting
Johnson from behind and to his left. The jury also heard four witnesses all testify that, after
the shooting, applicant tried to explain why he shot Johnson by stating to the other witnesses
that Johnson was trying to rob Toussaint and by telling Toussaint to leave. We cannot say
that, in the face of all the evidence the jury heard about the murder, it is reasonably probable
28
See Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), cert.
denied, 131 S. Ct. 3073 (2011) (“It is unlikely, in the face of all the evidence with which
the jury was presented, that the jury would have reached a different conclusion . . . and so
we need not address the first prong of Strickland.”).
the jury would have reached a different conclusion had applicant’s trial counsel performed
in the manner applicant now claims.
V. Conclusion
Having concluded applicant was not denied effective assistance of counsel, we deny
relief.
Delivered: December 14, 2011
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