IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0864-11
BILLIE JEAN AVERY, Appellant
v.
TH E STATE O F TEXAS
O N DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FRO M TH E TH IRTEENTH CO URT O F APPEALS
BEE COUNTY
Womack, J., delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court.
The appellant was convicted of attempting to obtain a controlled substance “through use
of a fraudulent prescription form.”1 The Thirteenth Court of Appeals acquitted the appellant
because it found no evidence that she used a fraudulent prescription form.2 We shall affirm the
1
See T EX . H EALTH & S AFETY C O D E § 481.129(a)(5)(B).
2
Avery v. State, 341 S.W .3d 490 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2011).
Avery - 2
Court of Appeals’s judgment, though we disagree with some of the Court’s reasoning and
interpretation of the record.
I. Trial
The evidence showed that on January 15, 2009, the appellant complained to her doctor of
knee and back pain and received from him a prescription for forty 2.5 milligram Lortab pills.
Before she dropped off the prescription at the pharmacy, the appellant attempted to scribble out
the “2.5” and make it look like “7.5.” The on-duty pharmacist became suspicious and called the
office of the appellant’s doctor, where a nurse said that the prescription should have been for 2.5
milligram pills. The pharmacist then called store security, who contacted police.
After the State rested, the appellant moved for a directed verdict of acquittal. She argued
that, while there was evidence that she committed forgery, which might allow a conviction under
Healthy & Safety Code Section 481.129(a)(5)(A), there was no evidence that she used a
fraudulent prescription form as alleged in the indictment, which used the statutory manner and
means listed in Section 481.129(a)(5)(B):3
The testimony is that the prescription form is not fraudulent. It is the prescription
form of the doctor. What the testimony has been is that the prescription, itself, that
the doctor wrote on his form was altered. … There’s no evidence that [the
appellant] committed this fraud by using a fraudulent prescription form ….
The State responded that by altering an otherwise legitimate prescription, the appellant
3
Health & Safety Code § 481.129 reads, in pertinent parts:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly:
(5) possesses, obtains, or attempts to possess or obtain a controlled substance or an increased
quantity of a controlled substance:
(A) by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge; [or]
(B) through use of a fraudulent prescription form; or
(C) through use of a fraudulent oral or telephonically communicated prescription … .
Avery - 3
had created a fraudulent prescription form. The trial court denied the appellant’s motion. The jury
found the appellant guilty and assessed her punishment of 25 years’ confinement and a $1,500
fine.
II. Direct Appeal
Before the Thirteenth Court of Appeals, the appellant argued that a “prescription form”
consisted of “only two elements: (1) the actual paper a practitioner uses to record a prescription;
and (2) that paper’s preprinted markings. In order for a prescription form to be fraudulent, one of
those elements must be directly affected by a fraudulent act.” Because her fraudulent act affected
only the prescription information handwritten by the doctor, the prescription form itself was not
fraudulent, and she was entitled to an acquittal.
The State countered by arguing that under Health & Safety Code Section 481.075 – which
outlines the “Official Prescription Program” that prescribers must follow in order to prescribe
Schedule II controlled substances4 – the elements of an “official prescription form” include the
controlled substance prescribed as well as the quantity of that controlled substance.5 Because the
prescriber’s written words were part of the “official prescription form,” according to the State,
when the appellant altered those written words she turned the entire document into a “fraudulent
prescription form.”
The Court of Appeals’s majority accepted neither party’s argument in full. It agreed with
the State that the prescription form was “essentially” an “official prescription form.”6 Instead of
4
See T EX . H EALTH & S AFETY C O D E § 481.075.
5
Id., at (e)(1).
6
Avery, 341 S.W .3d, at 497.
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addressing whether the appellant’s actions fit the definition of using a “fraudulent prescription
form,” however, the Court of Appeals saw its job as determining whether the appellant’s actions
were “more” like the “misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge” barred in
Section 481.129(a)(5)(A), or like the “use of a fraudulent prescription form,” barred in
Section 481.129(a)(5)(B).7 Because it determined that subsections (A) and (B) were mutually
exclusive – i.e., an action might fall under (A) or it might fall under (B), but it could not fall
under both – and because it determined that the appellant’s actions more closely resembled
“forgery” than “use of a fraudulent prescription form,” the Court of Appeals vacated the trial
court’s judgment and entered a verdict of acquittal.
III. Factual Matters
We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review to determine whether the Court of
Appeals correctly interpreted the phrase “fraudulent prescription form.” Before we can address
that matter, however, we need to address several factual matters in the Court of Appeals’s
opinion.
A. Lortab
The first sentence of the Court of Appeals’s opinion was:
Appellant, Billie Jean Avery, was charged by indictment with obtaining an
increased quantity of a Schedule II controlled substance through the use of a
fraudulent prescription form, a second-degree felony.8
We do not so read the record. The indictment alleged that the appellant attempted to use a
fraudulent prescription form “to obtain a controlled substance, namely, Lortab …” without
7
Id., at 498.
8
Id., at 491.
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specifying which Schedule Lortab is on. The Court of Appeals cited to two cases stating that
hydrocodone, one of the ingredients in Lortab, is a Schedule II controlled substance.9 It also cited
to a website that described Lortab as a combination of hydrocodone and acetaminophen.10
A different page on that same website, however, states that certain mixtures that include
hydrocodone are Schedule III controlled substances.11 The Schedules published by the
Commissioner of Public Health confirm that hydrocodone is a Schedule II controlled substance,
but certain mixtures that include hydrocodone are Schedule III controlled substances.12
Although the record contains no information regarding the specific hydrocodone mixture
contained in the Lortab pills the appellant sought, it does contain the pharmacist’s testimony that
Lortab was a Schedule III controlled substance. There was no contradictory testimony or
arguments by the parties that she was mistaken.
We think that the record must be read to say that the prescription was for a Schedule III
controlled substance.
B. “Official Prescription Form”
That reading of the record means that the Court of Appeals was incorrect to have looked
to Health & Safety Code Section 481.075 as a source for determining the composite parts of a
9
Id., at 491 n.1 (citing Smith v. State, No. 2-07-125-CR, 2008 W L 2553451, at *1-2, 2008 Tex.App.
LEXIS 4779, at **4-5 (Tex. App.–Fort W orth June 26, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem op., not designated for publication),
and Beaty v. State, 156 S.W .3d 905, 906 n.2 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 2005, no pet.)).
10
Id. (citing Lortab, http://www.drugs.com/lortab).
11
Hydrocodone Bitartrate Monograph, http://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrocodone-bitartrate.html (last
visited February 27, 2012).
12
Drugs and Medical Devices: Controlled Substances Scheduling Page,
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/dmd/control_subst_sched.shtm (last visited February 27, 2012); see also, T EX . H EALTH &
S AFETY C O D E § 481.032 (authorizing Commissioner of Public Health to publish and update controlled substance
Schedules).
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“prescription form.”13 By its terms, Section 481.075 describes “official prescription forms,”
which prescribers must use when prescribing a Schedule II controlled substance.14 The section
does not mention prescriptions for Schedule III controlled substances.
The copy of the appellant’s prescription contained in the record does not appear to be
sequentially numbered, as Section 481.075(b) requires of an “official prescription form.”
Moreover, “official prescription forms” are printed by the Department of Public Safety,15 and the
appellant directs us to a page on the Department of Public Safety’s website that shows samples of
“official prescription forms” that are significantly different from the appellant’s prescription
form.16 There is nothing in the record or in the statutes to lead us to believe that the appellant
used an “official prescription form.” Thus Section 481.075 is, at most, of limited utility in
analyzing this case.
C. Subsections of a Statute Need Not Be Mutually Exclusive
In comparing Section 481.129(a)(5)(A) to Section 481.129(a)(5)(B), the Court of Appeals
began its analysis by looking at the history of the statute.17 The Court of Appeals noted that
before the section was recodified in 1989, the three subsections that are currently under Section
481.129(a)(5) had all been part of a single subsection. The predecessor statute, Article 4476-15
13
See Avery, 341 S.W .3d, at 496 (“W e find section 481.075(e) to be applicable because the drug involved
in this matter–Lortab–is a Schedule II controlled substance.”).
14
T EX . H EALTH & S AFETY C O D E § 481.075(a).
15
Id., at (c).
16
Texas Prescription Drug Program Forms,
http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/RegulatoryServices/prescription_program/prescriptionforms.htm (last visited February
27, 2012).
17
Avery, 341 S.W .3d, at 497.
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Section 4.09, was enacted in 197918 and amended in 1985.19 Before the 1989 recodification, it
read, in relevant part:
(a) It is unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally:
(3) to acquire, obtain, or attempt to acquire or obtain possession of a
controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or
subterfuge, or through use of a fraudulent prescription form or fraudulent oral
or telephonically communicated prescription ….
The 1989 recodification placed the Controlled Substances Act, including former Article 4476-15
in the Health & Safety Code. The fraud sections became part of Section 481.129, which at the
time read:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly or intentionally:
(4) possesses or attempts to possess a controlled substance:
(A) by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge;
(B) through use of a fraudulent prescription form; or
(C) through use of a fraudulent oral or telephonically communicated
prescription ….20
Despite the Legislature’s specific statement that the 1989 recodification was “a
nonsubstantive revision,”21 the Court of Appeals saw in the 1989 recodification “a significant
change.” By dividing the long list of manner and means in old Article 4476-15 into three
subsections in Section 481.129, the Legislature, according to the Court of Appeals, “clearly
intended for each provision to constitute a separate offense, rather than two sides of the same
coin.” The Court of Appeals believed that the subsections should have completely independent
18
Act of May 2, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S., ch. 90, § 6, 1979 Tex. Gen. Laws 163, 165.
19
Act of May 25, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 227 § 10, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 1102, 1123.
20
Act of June 14, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678 § 1, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 2230, 2942.
21
Id., at 2230. See Avery, 341 S.W .3d, at 503 (Perkes, J., dissenting) (“The majority’s opinion is premised
on a mistaken notion that the 1989 recodification of the controlled-substances fraud statute was a substantive change
in the law.”).
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meanings, to avoid rendering a subsection “superfluous.”22 Therefore, the Court of Appeals saw
its task as “determining whether [the appellant’s] actions fall within Section 481.129(a)(5)(A) or
481.129(a)(5)(B).”
The task in conducting a sufficiency review is not to determine which offense the
appellant should or could have been charged with; it is to determine whether a rational fact finder
could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of the elements of the
offense with which she was actually charged.23 Our criminal laws are numerous, and some of
them are quite broad. It is not infrequently the case that an act that violates one penal statute may
violate another statute as well. When statutory provisions overlap in this way, there is no inherent
reason to infer that the Legislature intended them to be mutually exclusive.24 A legislature may
decide that overlap is in some ways desirable; it allows prosecutors the discretion to charge the
offense that they believe is most descriptive of a particular action, or that has the most
appropriate penalty range for a particular action.
Section 481.129(a)(5) is an example of overlapping statutory provisions. The language in
subsection (A) (“misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge”) is broad and would
seem to encompass virtually every action that would fall under subsections (B) or (C). The
overlapping nature of these terms can be seen in the dictionary definitions used by the Court of
Appeals. Its definitions of “fraud” all involved “misrepresentation,” its definition of
“misrepresentation” involved “an intent to deceive,” and its definitions of forgery all involved
22
Avery, 341 S.W .3d, at 497 n.9.
23
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
24
See, e.g., Gray v. State, 152 S.W .3d 125, 133 (Tex. Cr. App. 2004) (noting that list of intoxicants in DW I
statute was “patently overlapping”).
Avery - 9
“fraudulently” making a document.25 To interpret “use of a fraudulent prescription form” or “use
of a fraudulent oral or telephonically communicated prescription” in a way that did not overlap
with subsection (A)’s “fraud” would require doing great violence to the plain language of the
statute.
The fact that terms in these statutory subsections overlap does not render any of the
subsections meaningless. While subsection (A) is broad enough to encompass most fraudulent
attempts to obtain controlled substances, the other subsections allow the State, if it chooses, to
draft a more specific charge that allows the trial court to craft a better and more informative jury
instruction, and that provides more notice to the defendant regarding the specific act on which
the charge is based. By treating overlapping statutory provisions as mutually exclusive, the Court
of Appeals impinged on the State’s discretion in determining what charge to bring.
An appellate court’s belief that an appellant’s actions more closely resemble an
uncharged offense than the offense actually charged is not a legitimate basis for an acquittal.
Sufficiency of evidence is reviewed by comparing the evidence adduced at trial to the elements
of the offense actually charged.
IV. Sufficiency Review
Our disagreement with the Court of Appeals’s reasoning does not mean it reached the
wrong result. The fact that subsections of Section 481.129 overlap in some circumstances does
not change the State’s burden of proving the statutory manner and means that it actually charged.
A. Standard of Review
On a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a court must determine “whether, after
25
Avery, 341 S.W .3d, at 498.
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viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”26 When a
statute lays out alternative manner and means of committing an offense, the manner and means
included in the charging instrument becomes an essential element that the State must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt.27 Proof of a different, uncharged, manner and means will not support
a conviction for the offense that was charged.28
The question for us to determine here is whether there is sufficient evidence of the
offense that was charged: that the appellant “use[d] a fraudulent prescription form.” In construing
a statute, we look first to the statute’s literal text, and “we read words and phrases in context and
construe them according to the rules of grammar and usage.”29 “[W]e may presume that each
word in the statute has a purpose, and that words not defined in the statute are used in their
ordinary and common sense.”30
B. Prescription and Prescription Form
The “Definitions” section of the Controlled Substances Act defines “prescription” as “an
order by a practitioner to a pharmacist for a controlled substance for a particular patient that
specifies [certain information about the patient, the prescriber, and the prescribed drug].”31 There
is no specific definition of a “prescription form,” but provisions of the Health & Safety Code
26
Jackson, 443 U.S., at 319 (emphasis in original).
27
See Geick v. State, 349 S.W .3d 542, 545 (Tex. Cr. App. 2011).
28
Cada v. State, 334 S.W .3d 766, 776 (Tex. Cr. App. 2011).
29
Lopez v. State, 253 S.W .3d 680, 685 (Tex. Cr. App. 2008).
30
Prudhom v. State, 333 S.W .3d 590, 594 (Tex. Cr. App. 2011).
31
T EX . H EALTH & S AFETY C O D E § 481.002(41).
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provide clues as to its meaning.
As we have said above, Section 481.075 describes the “Official Prescription Program”
used for prescribing Schedule II controlled substances and, as such, is not directly applicable to
this case under Schedule III. Nonetheless, we can use it as a tool to help us understand other,
applicable statutes. Section 481.075(a) states that a prescription for a Schedule II controlled
substance should be recorded on an official prescription form. This comports with the common
usage of the word “form.” Just as tax information should be recorded on a tax form to create a
completed tax return, so too prescription information should be recorded on a prescription form
to create a completed prescription.32 The information that is written on the form is not the form
itself. As Subsection 481.075(e) says, “Each official prescription form or electronic prescription
used to prescribe a Schedule II controlled substance must contain [certain information]”
(emphasis added). This section describes the written information that must be written on the form
at the time it is used. The written information becomes part of the completed prescription, not a
part of the form.
In other parts of Section 481.129, it is obvious that the legislature intended that the
distinction between a prescription and a prescription form be legally relevant:
(c) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly or intentionally:
(1) delivers a prescription or a prescription form for other than a valid medical
purpose in the course of professional practice; or
(2) possesses a prescription for a controlled substance or a prescription form
unless the prescription or prescription form is possessed [in certain
enumerated circumstances].
(f) An offense under Subsection (c)(1) is:
32
Compare § 481.075(e)(1) (information from a prescriber that must be written on an official prescription
form used to prescribe a Schedule II controlled substance) with § 481.002(41) (information required for a
prescription, generally).
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(1) a felony of the second degree if the defendant delivers:
(A) a prescription form; or
(B) a prescription for a controlled substance listed in Schedule II; and
(2) a felony of the third degree if the defendant delivers a prescription for a
controlled substance listed in Schedule III, IV, or V.
(g) An offense under Subsection (c)(2) is:
(1) a state jail felony if the defendant possess:
(A) a prescription form; or
(B) a prescription for a controlled substance listed in Schedule II or III;
and
(2) a Class B misdemeanor if the defendant possesses a prescription for a
controlled substance listed in Schedule IV or V.
In a scheme in which the illegal possession or delivery of a prescription is punished more or less
severely depending on the Schedule of the prescribed controlled substance, the illegal possession
or delivery of a prescription form receives the highest level of punishment. This would seem to
flow from the prescription form’s potential to become a prescription for any type of prescribable
controlled substance.
From these statutory inferences, as well as common usage of language, we hold that
“prescription form” refers to a pre-printed form designed to have prescription information written
on it. Through statutory inference, we also conclude that the Legislature intended for there to be a
legal distinction between prescription forms and completed prescriptions.
C. Written Prescription Information Is Not Mentioned in Section 481.129(a)(5)(B)
The State argues that interpreting “use of a fraudulent prescription form” to refer only to
situations in which the form is fraudulent, rather than to situations in which the written
prescription is fraudulent, will result in a statutory offense with no real-world applications.
The State makes this argument under the mistaken belief that, under our interpretation,
Section 481.129(a)(5)(B) will apply only to acts of obtaining (or attempting to obtain) controlled
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substances using fraudulent prescription forms that are blank. But there is no reason to so
constrict the statute. Subsection (B) applies to situations where an individual knowingly
possesses, obtains, or attempts to possess or obtain a controlled substance or an increased
quantity of a controlled substance through use of a fraudulent prescription form. The writing on
the form is not an element of that offense.
D. Application
The State charged the appellant with attempting to obtain a controlled substance “through
use of a fraudulent prescription form.” It then adduced evidence that the appellant fraudulently
altered information that was handwritten on a legitimate prescription form. While this evidence
would have supported a conviction had the State charged the appellant using other statutory
manner and means that were available, the evidence does not support a conviction for the offense
that was actually charged.
V. Conclusion
We agree with the Court of Appeals judgment, albeit for different reasons. We affirm the
Court of Appeals’s judgment of acquittal.
Delivered February 29, 2012.
Publish.