Burt, Lemuel Carl

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-1563-13

LEMUEL CARL BURT

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
DALLAS COUNTY

C OCHRAN, J., delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court.

OPINION

We address the following question: When the record is clear that the trial judge orally

made restitution a part of the sentence, but either the amount or the person(s) to whom it is

owed is unclear, incorrect, or insufficient, should the restitution order be deleted or should the

case remanded to the trial court for a hearing on restitution? We hold that, in such a case,

appellate courts should vacate the faulty order and remand for a new restitution hearing.

Appellant was convicted of misapplication of fiduciary property in excess of $200,000,
 Burt Page 2

sentenced to 14 years’ confinement, and given a $10,000 fine. The trial court orally

pronounced at the end of the sentencing hearing that appellant would owe restitution, but he

did not specify the amount. The next day, the trial judge entered an order for $591,000

restitution in the written judgment. The court of appeals vacated the order and remanded the

case to the trial court for a restitution hearing.1 Appellant claims that the appellate court

should have simply deleted the restitution order.2 We agree with the court of appeals that

remanding the case for a formal restitution hearing is proper because this practice is consistent

with our case law and adequately protects a defendant’s due-process rights while providing

justice to victims.

I.

The State alleged that appellant was involved in an elaborate Ponzi scheme. The

record shows that he operated two programs in tandem. First, with his Credit Home

Investment Program, appellant would lease-purchase a home, and then sell the contract rights

to an investor for a profit. He promised the investors that they could immediately sell their

1
Burt v. State, 05-09-00116-CR, 2013 WL 5538879 (Tex. App.–Dallas Oct. 7, 2013) (not
designated for publication).
2
Appellant’s grounds for review read as follows:
(3) The Court of Appeals’ failure to delete the restitution order from the judgment and decision
to remand this case for a restitution hearing conflicts with the decisions of every other court
of appeals which has considered the issue.
(4) The Court of Appeals’ failure to delete the restitution order from the judgment and decision
to remand this case for a restitution hearing conflicts with the decisions of this Court.
(5) The Court of Appeals has so far departed from the accepted and usual course of judicial
proceedings that this Court should exercise its power of supervision.
 Burt Page 3

newly acquired homes to downstream purchasers for a profit.

Second, through his Down Payment Assistance Program, appellant supplied the initial

investors with home buyers who, if they lacked sufficient credit or down payment, could

receive loans from appellant to obtain a mortgage. Appellant persuaded a separate pool of

investors to provide the funds for this second program by promising $2,500 profit for every

$10,000 invested. Appellant thus generated his own supply of home buyers and investors to

make his Credit Home Investment Program profitable.

However, if the targeted home buyers from the Down Payment Assistance Program

were not approved for mortgages, they could not purchase houses from the investors in the

Credit Home Investment Program, and those investors were left with the mortgage payments.

Appellant initially used funds from the Down Payment Assistance Program to pay the

investors’ mortgage payments, but he eventually ran out of money.

A jury convicted appellant of misapplication of fiduciary property in excess of

$200,000. At the end of the punishment hearing, and immediately after sending the jury to

deliberate, the trial judge stated,

On the record. I am going to need the State to prepare a proposed order of
restitution in the case, probably with some sort of supporting memorandum to
justify whatever number you come up with. You can rely on everything that was
introduced in the case. We don’t need to have a hearing on it as far as an
evidentiary hearing, but if y’all can’t come up with an agreed figure, then we
will need to have a hearing on it at some point in the future, okay? And the
sooner, the better.

The jury assessed punishment at fourteen years’ confinement and a $10,000 fine. The
 Burt Page 4

trial judge formally pronounced the sentence, and before adjourning, he stated, “The sooner

we can get that restitution matter taken care of, the better.” The next day, in the absence of

the parties, without a hearing, and without any agreement by the parties, the trial judge entered

a restitution order for $591,0003 into the written judgment.

On appeal, appellant argued that the restitution order should be deleted because

restitution was not orally pronounced in open court. However, the appellate court did not

originally reach this claim because it held that the issue had not been preserved for appeal.4

We reversed because appellant had had no opportunity to object to the written order, and we

remanded the case to decide if the trial judge erred by “including a restitution order in the

written judgment; or, in the alternative, whether the trial court impermissibly included . . .

losses from victims not named in the indictment.” 5

On remand, the court of appeals vacated the restitution order and remanded the case

to the trial court for a restitution hearing.6 The court explained that it was improper to delete

the restitution because both parties knew that some amount of restitution was proper, the only

3
This is the total loss amount to which the State’s witnesses testified. A summary exhibit
itemized the individual losses to numerous victims and added them together for the total.
4
Burt v. State, No. 05-09-0016-CR, 2011 WL 3211249, at *10 (Tex. App.–Dallas July 29,
2011) (not designated for publication) [Burt I].
5
Burt v. State, 396 S.W.3d 574, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) [Burt II].
6
Burt v. State, No. 05-09-0016-CR, 2013 WL 5538879, at *3 (Tex. App.–Dallas Oct. 7,
2013) (not designated for publication) [Burt III].
 Burt Page 5

question was how much.7

II.

Restitution is a victim’s statutory right,8 and it serves a number of important purposes.

First, it restores the victim to the “status quo ante” position he was in before the offense.9

Second, restitution serves as appropriate punishment for the convicted criminal. We have

said, “[a]s punishment, restitution attempts to redress the wrongs for which a defendant has

been charged and convicted in court.”10 Third, because restitution forces the offender to

“address and remedy the specific harm that he has caused,”11 it aids in the rehabilitation

process as “it forces the defendant to confront, in concrete terms, the harm his actions have

caused.”12 Fourth, restitution acts as a deterrent to crime.13 Indeed, the law so favors crime

victims’ compensation that our restitution statute requires the trial judge to justify his decision

7
Id. at *7-8
8
TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 42.037.
9
See Thompson v. State, 557 S.W.2d 521, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (restitution means
“‘Act of restoring; restoration; restoration of anything to its rightful owner; the act of making
good or giving equivalent for any loss, damage or injury; and indemnification.’”) (quoting
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 4TH ED .).
10
Cabla v. State, 6 S.W.3d 543, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Martin v. State, 874
S.W.2d 674, 678 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)).
11
Hanna v. State, 426 S.W.3d 87, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
12
Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36, 49 n.10 (1986).
13
See Hanna, 426 S.W.3d at 91.
 Burt Page 6

not to order restitution to a crime victim.14 Further, the statute provides that a parole panel

“shall order the payment of restitution ordered” under Article 42.037, and it may revoke a

defendant’s parole or mandatory supervision if he fails to comply with the trial judge’s

restitution order.15 For all of these reasons, we have interpreted restitution statutes liberally

to effectuate fairness to the victims of crime.16

On the other hand, fairness to the defendant requires that his sentence be “pronounced

orally in his presence.”17 A written judgment is simply the “declaration and embodiment” of

14
TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 42.037(a) (“If the court does not order restitution or orders
partial restitution under this subsection, the court shall state on the record the reasons for not making
the order or for the limited order.”).
15
Article 42.037(h) reads, in pertinent part,
If a defendant is placed on community supervision or is paroled or released on
mandatory supervision, the court or the parole panel shall order the payment of
restitution ordered under this article as a condition of community supervision, parole,
or mandatory supervision. The court may revoke community supervision and the
parole panel may revoke parole or mandatory supervision if the defendant fails to
comply with the order. In determining whether to revoke community supervision,
parole, or mandatory supervision, the court or parole panel shall consider [various
factors].
TEX . CODE CRIM . PRO . art. 42.037(h). Further, “any dispute relating to the proper amount or type
of restitution” shall be resolved by the trial judge using a “preponderance of the evidence” standard.
Id. art. 42.037(k).
16
See Hanna, 426 S.W.3d at 91 (indicating that broad interpretations of restitution statutes
provide judges greater discretion to rehabilitate criminals, deter future harms, and efficiently
compensate victims); see also Martin v. State, 874 S.W.2d 674, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (“a trial
judge’s authority to order restitution requires only: (1) that there be a factual basis in the record to
conclude the defendant is liable for the criminal conduct . . . and (2) that there be a factual basis to
determine the amount of restitution”) (internal citations omitted) (Baird, J., dissenting) (emphasis
in original).
17
Taylor v. State, 131 S.W.3d 497, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see Ex parte Madding, 70
S.W.3d 131, 135 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 42.03, § 1(a).
 Burt Page 7

that pronouncement.18 Therefore, when there is a conflict between the oral pronouncement

and the written judgment, the oral pronouncement controls.19

A trial judge has neither the statutory authority nor the discretion to orally pronounce

one sentence in front of the defendant, but then enter a different written judgment outside the

defendant’s presence.20 Rather, due process requires that the defendant be given fair notice

of all of the terms of his sentence, so that he may object and offer a defense to any terms he

believes are inappropriate.21 The appellant then has a “legitimate expectation” that the

punishment he heard at trial match the punishment he actually receives.22

We have held that the deletion of a written restitution order is appropriate in at least

two scenarios. The first scenario is when the trial judge does not have statutory authority to

impose the specific restitution order. For example, a court has no authority to order restitution

for injuries or damages for which the defendant is not responsible.23 And a trial judge does

18
Taylor, 131 S.W.3d at 502; Madding, 70 S.W.3d at 135.
19
Taylor, id. ; Thompson v. State, 108 S.W.3d 287, 290 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
20
Madding, 70 S.W.3d at 136.
21
Id.; Baldwin v. Hale, 68 U.S. 223, 233 (1863) ( “Common justice requires that no man
shall be condemned in his person or property without notice and an opportunity to make his
defense”); In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 273 (1948) (due process requires that a person be given
“reasonable notice of a charge against him, and an opportunity to be heard in his defence[,] ... to
examine the witnesses against him, to offer testimony, and to be represented by counsel”).
22
Madding, 70 S.W.3d at 136.
23
See Gordon v. State, 707 S.W.2d 626, 630 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (deputy sheriff who was
acquitted of causing the death of a suspect in his custody, but was found guilty of causing bodily
injury, could not be required to pay restitution for the deceased’s funeral expenses; permitting such
 Burt Page 8

not have authority to order restitution to anyone except the victim(s) of the offense for which

the defendant is convicted.24 The second scenario in which deletion of a restitution order is

appropriate is when the trial judge is authorized to assess restitution, but the evidence does

not show proximate cause between the defendant’s criminal conduct and the victim’s injury.25

Put another way, due process places three limitations on the restitution a trial judge

may order: (1) the restitution ordered must be for only the offense for which the defendant is

criminally responsible; (2) the restitution must be for only the victim or victims of the offense

for which the defendant is charged; and (3) the amount must be just and supported by a factual

basis within the record.26

In this third situation–if there is a lack of a sufficient factual basis–appellate courts

should vacate and remand the case for a restitution hearing because the trial judge is

authorized to assess restitution, but the amount of restitution is not (yet) supported by the

an order “would be a denial of due process, tantamount to penalizing appellant for an offense of
which he was acquitted”); see also Matter of D.S., 921 S.W.2d 860, 861 (Tex. App.–San Antonio
1996, no writ) (restitution not authorized for burglary victim when juvenile pled “true” to lesser-
included offense of criminal trespass).
24
Martin v. State, 874 S.W.2d 674, 679–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (holding that a restitution
order may not compensate all victims of a general scheme to defraud when the defendant was
charged with defrauding only one investor).
25
Hanna, 426 S.W.3d 87, 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (stating that “the damage must be a
‘direct’ result of the defendant’s criminal offense—that is, the State must prove, by a preponderance
of the evidence, that the loss was a ‘but for’ result of the criminal offense and resulted ‘proximately,’
or foreseeably, from the criminal offense.”; State failed to establish that damage to light pole was
caused by defendant’s intoxicated driving).
26
See Campbell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 693, 697 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
 Burt Page 9

record.27 This is in keeping with the liberal public-policy purpose of Article 42.037, which

favors restitution to crime victims.28 Other state and federal courts embrace the principle that

vacating a restitution order and remanding the case to the trial court for a restitution hearing

is appropriate when the record lacks sufficient evidence of the damages.29 Of course, if the

27
See Barton v. State, 21 S.W.3d 287, 290 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“The proper procedure
where the amount of restitution ordered as a condition of community supervision is not supported
by the record is to abate the appeal, set aside the amount of restitution, and remand the case for a
hearing to determine a just amount of restitution.”); Cartwright v. State, 605 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1980) (“Due process considerations . . . require that there must be evidence in the record
to show that the amount set by the court has a factual basis”); see also Beedy v. State, 250 S.W.3d
107, 113 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (explaining the rationale for deleting unauthorized terms of
probation on appeal while remanding for redetermination of restitution that is authorized but
unsupported by the record; “The remedy applied depends on whether the trial judge acted lawfully.
The trial judge in Barton was authorized to order restitution; the only defect present was that the
amount of restitution was unsupported by the record. A remand for the purpose of a restitution
hearing was therefore appropriate. Ex parte Pena, [739 S.W.2d 50, 51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)], in
contrast, involved a condition of community supervision that was not authorized. It was therefore
proper to delete the invalid condition without remanding for additional proceedings, including a
remand so that the trial judge could consider the imposition of an alternative, lawful condition.”);
see also Allen v. State, 707 S.W.2d 670, 671-72 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, no pet.).
28
See 43A GEORGE E. DIX & JOHN M. SCHMOLESKY , TEXAS PRACTICE : CRIMINAL PRACTICE
& PROCEDURE § 46.135, at 228 (3d ed. 2011) (explaining that “[a] remand to allow the State a
second chance to prove the factual basis for the restitution has been held to be appropriate in light
of the public policy favoring restitution to crime victims as expressed in Article 42.037 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, and the State is not barred from such a second opportunity because double
jeopardy protections generally are not applicable to noncapital sentencing proceedings”) (footnotes
omitted).
29
See, e.g., United States v. Yeung, 672 F.3d 594, 602 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Although district
courts possess a degree of flexibility in accounting for a victim’s complete losses, remand is
appropriate where the restitution award lacks an adequate evidentiary basis and the district court
failed to explain its reasoning.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); State v. Ring, 321 P.3d 800, 808
(Mont. 2014) (“Where the court has not specified the amount of restitution to be paid, remand for
further proceedings to determine an appropriate amount of restitution is an appropriate remedy.”);
State v. Griffith, 195 P.3d 506, 510 (Wash. 2008) (rejecting defendant’s argument that restitution
order should be deleted because of insufficient evidence and remanding case for redetermination
because defendant “should pay restitution for her crime”); Beqiri v. State, 224 S.W.3d 575, 576 (Ark.
Ct. App. 2006) (“[W]e have held that the remedy for irregularities in the calculation of restitution
 Burt Page 10

parties agree on a restitution amount through stipulation or a plea deal, that agreement itself

is a sufficient factual basis to support the restitution order.30

With that general background, we turn to the issue in the present case.

III.

The trial judge in this case orally pronounced the “fact” of restitution at sentencing, but

he did not state an amount. He told both parties that, if they could not agree upon a restitution

amount,31 there would need to be a restitution hearing, and said, “The sooner we can get that

restitution matter taken care of, the better.” This colloquy clearly put the defendant on notice

that restitution was part of his sentence.

This case is not like those in which neither the parties nor the judge ever mentioned

restitution during the sentencing hearing or as part of the oral pronouncement of sentence.32

lies in remand for a new hearing.”); Gray v. State, 615 S.E.2d 834, 837 (Ga. Ct. App. 2005) (stating
that “where we have found the restitution evidence insufficient to sustain the award, we have
consistently remanded the case for a new restitution hearing”); Winborn v. State, 625 So. 2d 977, 977
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) (prosecutor’s statement of victim’s losses was insufficient evidence to
support restitution amount; case remanded for new restitution hearing). See generally George Blum,
Measure and Elements of Restitution to Which Victim Is Entitled Under State Criminal Statute, 15
A.L.R. 5th 391 (1993).
30
See Jackson v. State, 720 S.W.2d 153, 155 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, pet.
ref’d).
31
An oral stipulation or written agreement signed by the defendant, his attorney, and the
prosecutor would suffice. See id.
32
See, e.g., Alexander v. State, 301 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.);
Jones v. State, 12-10-00001-CR, 2011 WL 241952, at *1 (Tex. App.—Tyler Jan. 26, 2011, no pet.)
(not designated for publication); Toler v. State, 02-10-00033-CR, 2010 WL 5186799, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth Dec. 23, 2010, no pet.) ( not designated for publication); Edwards v. State, 09-10-
00086-CR, 2010 WL 5023198, at *1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec. 8, 2010, no pet.) (not designated
for publication); Lamaster v. State, 07-09-0384-CR, 2010 WL 2891766, at *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
 Burt Page 11

In those cases, the defendant was never put on notice that restitution might be ordered until

it first appeared in the written judgment. That scenario leaves the defendant without notice

and incapable of objecting or preparing a defense to the restitution order. That

procedure–failing to mention restitution until its entry in the written judgment–also violates

a defendant’s legitimate expectation that the sentence actually received is the same as that

orally pronounced in open court. In effect, the restitution order popped up unexpectedly in

the written judgment. In those cases, the defendant was entitled to have the restitution order

deleted because the written judgment did not match the oral pronouncement of sentence.33

In this case, however, restitution was part of the trial judge’s oral pronouncement of

sentence. The evidence at trial showed that a significant amount of restitution was a certainty

as eighteen victims testified to losses exceeding $591,000. There is no dispute that appellant

is criminally responsible for the offense of misapplication of fiduciary property. There is no

dispute that the losses were caused by the defendant’s criminal conduct. There is no dispute

that restitution under Article 42.037 is authorized. And there is no dispute that the trial judge

told the defendant when orally pronouncing his sentence that restitution would be ordered.

July 23, 2010, no pet.) (not designated for publication).
33
See Alexander, 301 S.W.3d at 363 (“Because the requirement that Alexander pay
$10,311.25 in restitution is punishment and part of his sentence in the judgment adjudicating his
guilt, it must have been included in the trial court’s oral pronouncement of sentence to be properly
included in the written judgment; because it was not orally pronounced, the restitution order was
deleted); Jones, 2011 WL 241952, at *2 (“As a general rule, when the trial court orders restitution
in its written judgment, but not its oral pronouncement of judgment, the oral pronouncement
controls, and the appropriate remedy is to modify the judgment and delete the restitution order.”);
Toler, 2010 WL 5186799, at *1 (“Because the trial court did not include restitution in its oral
pronouncement of Toler’s sentence, the court could not assess restitution in its written judgment.”).
 Burt Page 12

The problem in this case is that appellant was never told of the specific amount of

restitution in open court and given an opportunity to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence

or the specific amount of restitution due to each victim.

This case more comfortably falls within that body of our case law in which the trial

judge has the authority to order restitution and did order restitution, but the evidence is

insufficient to support the restitution amount ordered.34 In those cases, there was never a

question about the defendant’s responsibility for restitution. Rather, the relevant question was

what the restitution amount should be. In those cases, we vacated the restitution orders and

remanded the cases for a hearing in which the parties could offer evidence, object, and reach

an accurate restitution amount.35

Because the trial judge in this case made restitution a part of his oral pronouncement

of sentence, the restitution order should not be deleted. Instead, the case should be remanded

to the trial court for a hearing in which appellant will have the opportunity to object to the

amount, introduce evidence to support his position, and exercise all of his due process rights.

He is entitled to what the sentencing judge promised him: a restitution hearing if the parties

themselves could not agree on the amount of restitution. Notably, had the parties agreed to

a specific restitution amount and had that amount been entered into the record, the need to

remand could have been avoided and appellant’s trip in the appellate orbit could have ended

34
See supra note 27.
35
See Barton, 21 S.W.3d at 289; Cartwright, 605 S.W.2d at 289; Taylor, 131 S.W.3d at 502;
Madding, 70 S.W.3d at 135.
 Burt Page 13

years ago.

We agree with the court of appeals that it is appropriate to remand a case for a

restitution hearing when it is clear during the sentencing hearing that restitution will be

ordered, but the amount or recipients of restitution are not orally pronounced. We therefore

affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

Delivered: October 15, 2014
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