United States v. Major (Desinor)

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05-4500-cr(L) USA v. Major (Desinor) 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 4 August Term 2007 5 6 (Argued: October 24, 2007 Decided: May 8, 2008) 7 8 Docket Nos. 05-4500-cr(L), 05-5907-cr(con), 06-2256-cr(con) 9 -----------------------------------------------------x 10 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 11 12 Appellee, 13 14 -- v. -- 15 16 WILNER DESINOR, JASON DENT, DAQUAN MAJOR, 17 18 Defendants-Appellants. 19 20 -----------------------------------------------------x 21 22 B e f o r e : WALKER, STRAUB, and HALL, Circuit Judges. 23 Appeal from judgments of conviction of various narcotics 24 offenses entered in the United States District Court for the 25 Eastern District of New York (David G. Trager, Judge), sentencing 26 defendants to 360 months or more of incarceration. We conclude 27 that defendants were not entitled to a jury charge on self- 28 defense; that there was no error in the jury charge regarding the 29 nexus between the drug conspiracy and the murder of a rival gang 30 member; and that the evidence was sufficient to prove the 31 existence of that nexus beyond a reasonable doubt. However, 32 because the district court imposed a 120-month consecutive 33 sentence on defendant Desinor for discharging a firearm, without 34 making the requisite finding of discharge, that portion of 35 Desinor’s sentence must be vacated and remanded. 36 AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART. -1- 1 AVRAHAM C. MOSKOWITZ (Joseph 2 A. Grob, on the brief), 3 Moskowitz & Book, New York, 4 N.Y., for Defendant-Appellant 5 Wilner Desinor. 6 7 BERNARD H. UDELL, Brooklyn, 8 N.Y., for Defendant-Appellant 9 Jason Dent. 10 11 LAURA OPPENHEIM (Richard I. 12 Rosenkranz, on the brief), 13 Brooklyn, N.Y., for Defendant- 14 Appellant Daquan Major. 15 16 EMILY BERGER, PETER KATZ, 17 Assistant United States 18 Attorneys, of counsel (Jo Ann 19 M. Navickas, Assistant United 20 States Attorney, of counsel, 21 on the brief), for Roslynn R. 22 Mauskopf, United States 23 Attorney for the Eastern 24 District of New York, 25 Brooklyn, N.Y., for Appellee. 26 JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge: 27 Following a jury trial, defendants-appellants Wilner 28 Desinor, Jason Dent, and Daquan Major were convicted of, inter 29 alia: conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to 30 distribute fifty or more grams of crack cocaine, in violation of 31 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(A); engaging in a narcotics 32 conspiracy resulting in murder, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 33 848(e)(1)(A); engaging in a narcotics conspiracy while engaging 34 in a conspiracy to murder, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 35 848(e)(1)(A); and using a firearm in relation to a drug 36 trafficking offense and during a crime of violence, in violation 37 of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The District Court for the Eastern -2- 1 District of New York (David G. Trager, Judge), sentenced all of 2 the defendants to 360 months of imprisonment or more. 3 On appeal, defendants challenge their convictions and 4 sentences, arguing that: the district court erred in failing to 5 charge the jury on self-defense; error infected the jury 6 instruction on the nature of the relationship between the drug 7 conspiracy and the murder; the evidence was insufficient to prove 8 the requisite relationship beyond a reasonable doubt; and the 9 district court erred in imposing excessively long sentences. All 10 but one of defendants’ arguments lack merit. We conclude that 11 the district court erred in imposing a consecutive sentence of 12 120 months on Desinor for the discharge of a firearm in relation 13 to a drug trafficking crime, because it made no finding that a 14 discharge had occurred. We therefore vacate that portion of 15 Desinor’s sentence and remand to the district court for 16 resentencing. 17 BACKGROUND 18 Desinor, Dent, and Major were members of a violent gang, 19 known as “the Cream Team,”1 that sold crack cocaine at the 20 Marlboro housing project in Brooklyn. Led by Dent, the Cream 1 1 “Cream Team” is an acronym for “cash rules everything around 2 me, together everyone achieves more.” See Wu-Tang Clan, 3 C.R.E.A.M., on Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (Loud/RCA Records 4 1993) (“Cash Rules Everything Around Me, CREAM, Get the money, 5 Dollar, dollar bill y’all . . . .”); see also Wyclef Jean, 6 Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill) (Columbia Records 2007) (“Cos I’mma 7 tell you like Wu told me, cash rules everything around me . . . 8 .”). -3- 1 Team sold drugs primarily behind Building 8 of the Marlboro 2 Houses and in a nearby area called “the Stores.” A rival drug 3 organization led by Kijuanne Thompson, known as “Yanni,” sold 4 crack cocaine in the vicinity of Building 2 of the Marlboro 5 project. The Cream Team frequently used intimidation and 6 violence to protect its territory and obtain drug proceeds. For 7 example, in the summer and fall of 1999, Major threatened to kill 8 a teenager working for Yanni if he continued to sell crack 9 cocaine behind Building 8, Dent stabbed a member of Yanni’s 10 organization who “wasn’t supposed to be” in Cream Team territory, 11 and Desinor struck a woman for not meeting a payment deadline for 12 crack that she had purchased on credit. 13 Against this backdrop, according to trial testimony by Cream 14 Team member Jason Jones, on March 24, 2000, Yanni held Dent’s 15 brother Joseph in a choke-hold, with a gun to his head, and 16 demanded Dent’s whereabouts. Yanni subsequently fired shots at 17 Joseph, but missed him. Joseph immediately reported these events 18 to Dent and other members of his gang. Cream Team member Naequan 19 Clarke testified at trial that he, Dent, and Major grabbed 20 handguns and started toward Building 2 to retaliate but stopped 21 when they noticed a police presence. 22 The next morning, on March 25, 2000, Dent saw Yanni’s 23 cousin, Ramel Flowers, leaving Building 2 and, according to 24 testimony by Cream Team member James Mealey, shot at him because 25 Flowers was aligned with Yanni and had been looking -4- 1 “suspiciously” at Dent from the building. Clarke testified that 2 later that evening, after Cream Team members saw Yanni and 3 several others in front of Building 2, Dent told his crew to arm 4 themselves and then to “light up building two” to “support the 5 Cream Team, defend the Cream Team and members of the Cream Team.” 6 Major and Clarke retrieved several guns and distributed them to 7 members including themselves, Desinor, Dent, and Jones. 8 Clarke and Jones entered Building 2. Jones later testified 9 that Dent had ordered them to shoot Yanni or any member of his 10 crew that they saw. Clarke testified only that the plan was to 11 look for Yanni in the lobby and to leave if he was not there. 12 Clarke and Jones decided to begin their search for Yanni at the 13 top floor and to work their way down. Dent and Major stayed 14 outside as bait, while Desinor remained in the nearby bushes as a 15 lookout. As Clarke and Jones descended the stairs from the 16 fourth or fifth floor with their guns drawn, they saw Flowers 17 burst through the door into the stairwell on the third floor. 18 When Flowers reached for what Clarke and Jones thought was a gun, 19 Clarke fired four or five shots until his handgun jammed, but his 20 shots missed Flowers. At that point, Clarke pulled Jones in 21 front of him and told Jones to shoot Flowers. Jones fired once 22 with his shotgun and hit Flowers, who died in the hospital. 23 Clarke later testified that he had first motioned to Flowers to 24 leave but opened fire when he thought he saw Flowers reaching for 25 a gun. -5- 1 On June 15, 2000, armed with a search warrant, police 2 searched the apartment where the Cream Team kept money, receipts, 3 guns, bullets, and drugs; seized the items kept there; and 4 arrested Dent and other Cream Team affiliates. 5 At trial, a jury found Dent, Major, and Desinor guilty of 6 conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 7 fifty or more grams of crack cocaine (“Count One”), in violation 8 of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(A); engaging in a narcotics 9 conspiracy resulting in murder (“Count Two”), in violation of 21 10 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A); engaging in a narcotics conspiracy while 11 engaging in a conspiracy to murder (“Count Three”), in violation 12 of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 848(e)(1)(A); and using a firearm in 13 relation to a drug trafficking offense and during a crime of 14 violence (“Count Four”), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 15 924(c)(1)(A). Dent and Major were also convicted of unlawful use 16 of a firearm causing death (“Count Five”), in violation of 18 17 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1), and Major was convicted of being a felon in 18 possession of a firearm (“Count Six”), in violation of 18 U.S.C. 19 § 922(g)(1). Pursuant to Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 20 640 (1946), defendants’ convictions on Counts Two, Four, and Five 21 were predicated on the liability of their co-conspirators, Clarke 22 and Jones, for the murder of Flowers. See App. at 339-40 23 (instructing the jury that “the reasonably foreseeable acts . . . 24 of any member of the conspiracy in furtherance of the common 25 purpose of the conspiracy are deemed, under the law, to be the -6- 1 acts of all of the members, and all of the members are 2 responsible for such acts”). 3 The district court sentenced Desinor to three concurrent 4 terms of 240 months’ imprisonment on Counts One, Two, and Three, 5 and a consecutive 120-month prison term on Count Four; Dent to 6 four concurrent terms of 360 months’ imprisonment on Counts One, 7 Two, Three, and Five, and a consecutive 120-month prison term on 8 Count Four; and Major to four concurrent terms of 276 months’ 9 imprisonment on Counts One, Two, Three, and Five, one concurrent 10 term of 120 months on Count Six, and a consecutive term of 120 11 months on Count Four. This appeal followed. 12 DISCUSSION 13 Defendants challenge their convictions on Count Two 14 (engaging in a narcotics conspiracy resulting in murder) on the 15 ground that the district court erred in refusing to instruct the 16 jury on self-defense. Major also contends that the district 17 court erred in its jury charge regarding 21 U.S.C. § 18 848(e)(1)(A)’s requirement that the Flowers murder be related to 19 the drug conspiracy. Defendants further argue that the evidence 20 was insufficient to prove this element of § 848(e)(1)(A) beyond a 21 reasonable doubt. Finally, Desinor challenges his ten-year 22 consecutive sentence for discharging a firearm on the ground that 23 the district court failed to make a finding that any discharge 24 occurred. 25 I. Jury Charge on Self-Defense -7- 1 Defendants first argue that because Clarke and Jones – the 2 two men directly responsible for the murder of Ramel Flowers – 3 arguably shot Flowers in self-defense, a properly charged jury 4 could have found that there was no “murder” or “intentional 5 killing” to provide the basis for defendants’ convictions on 6 Count Two (engaging in a narcotics conspiracy resulting in 7 murder). In other words, because defendants’ convictions on 8 Count Two were based on the Pinkerton theory of co-conspirator 9 liability, a successful self-defense claim as to Clarke and Jones 10 would have eliminated the predicate murder upon which Pinkerton 11 liability for all defendants under Count Two was based. 12 Defendants contend that the district court erred in failing to 13 instruct the jury on the availability to Clarke and Jones of this 14 defense, as defendants had requested. 15 We review a district court’s refusal to issue requested jury 16 instructions de novo. United States v. Gonzalez, 407 F.3d 118, 17 122 (2d Cir. 2005). A conviction will not be reversed on this 18 basis unless the requested instruction was legally correct, 19 “represent[ed] a theory of defense with [a] basis in the record 20 that would lead to acquittal,” United States v. Bok, 156 F.3d 21 157, 163 (2d Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks and citation 22 omitted), and the charge actually given was prejudicial, 23 Gonzalez, 407 F.3d at 122. 24 In support of their claim that Clarke and Jones killed 25 Flowers in self-defense, defendants point to Clarke and Jones’s -8- 1 testimony that they shot Flowers because they thought he was 2 reaching for a gun and were afraid that he was going to shoot 3 them. As Clarke put it, “I reacted because I didn’t want to be 4 shot.” In response, the government argues that Clarke and Jones 5 have no right to self-defense because they were the initial 6 aggressors in the conflict, and it is the law in this circuit 7 that “an aggressor in a conflict resulting in death may not claim 8 self-defense.” Deluca v. Lord, 77 F.3d 578, 586 (2d Cir. 1996). 9 As the defense asserted at trial, there was at least minimal 10 evidence that, even if they were the initial aggressors, Clarke 11 and Jones withdrew and attempted to communicate their withdrawal 12 from the conflict with Flowers before Flowers reached for his 13 gun. Clarke testified on direct examination that when Flowers 14 burst into the third floor stairwell, “I put my hand up to my 15 lips. Tell him to be quiet. . . . I told him – I push him away, 16 like, go ahead. But he stood there. Started reaching for a 17 gun.” On cross-examination, Clarke testified that he “motioned 18 to [Flowers] to leave so he would get out of the area” because he 19 was “going to let him go,” at which point Flowers “started to 20 reach for a gun.” Clarke further testified that he “motioned for 21 [Flowers] to shut up and be quiet. . . . to tell him, go ahead, 22 and mind his business. . . . I push him away,” and he claimed 23 that he had no intention of shooting Flowers at that time because 24 “the plan was just to shoot Yanni.” 25 The government counters that the record does not adequately -9- 1 demonstrate that Clarke and Jones withdrew and communicated this 2 withdrawal to Flowers because Clarke’s hand gesture to Flowers 3 was ambiguous and was made while Clarke was still holding his 4 gun. See Appellee’s Br. at 59 (arguing that Clarke’s gesture 5 alone “did not necessarily convey to Flowers that his life had 6 been spared,” and that “there were signs to the contrary” as 7 well). 8 We stated in United States v. Thomas that “[i]t has long 9 been accepted that one cannot support a claim of self-defense by 10 a self-generated necessity to kill. The right of homicidal self- 11 defense is . . . denied to slayers who incite the fatal attack . 12 . . .” 34 F.3d 44, 48 (2d Cir. 1994) (omissions in original) 13 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); cf. N.Y. Penal 14 Law § 35.15(1)(b) (providing that the justification of self- 15 defense is not available to an initial aggressor). “Only in the 16 event that he communicates to his adversary his intent to 17 withdraw and in good faith attempts to do so is he restored to 18 his right of self-defense.” United States v. Taylor, 510 F.2d 19 1283, 1287 (D.C. Cir. 1975) (internal quotation marks and 20 citation omitted); cf. N.Y. Penal Law § 35.15(1)(b) (providing an 21 exception whereby an initial aggressor may claim self-defense “if 22 the actor has withdrawn from the encounter and effectively 23 communicated such withdrawal to such other person but the latter 24 persists in continuing the incident”). 25 In this case, it is undisputable that Clarke and Jones were -10- 1 the initial aggressors when they entered Building 2 armed, 2 respectively, with a handgun and a shotgun, for the purpose of 3 killing Yanni and possibly other members of his crew. Defendants 4 argue, however, that the two men shot Flowers in self-defense 5 after they indicated their desire that he leave and after he drew 6 a weapon on them. 7 We need not decide whether, to warrant a self-defense jury 8 charge, there was enough evidence that Clarke and Jones withdrew 9 from the encounter with Flowers and adequately communicated that 10 withdrawal to him. This is because, in the context of this case, 11 for a self-defense justification to be available, (1) the 12 shooters had to have withdrawn from the confrontation with 13 Flowers and communicated that fact, and (2) the dangerous 14 situation they had created by setting out to kill Yanni or his 15 affiliates had to have dissipated. Even if the evidence 16 unequivocally demonstrated that Clarke and Jones had done the 17 first of the two, they failed to show that at the time the 18 violent encounter with Flowers occurred, the dangerous situation 19 that they had created by entering Building 2 armed and with the 20 purpose of killing Yanni or his associates had ended. 21 Because the law pertaining to self-defense is a matter of 22 federal common law, see United States v. Butler, 485 F.3d 569, 23 572 n.1 (10th Cir. 2007) (noting that the justification defense 24 has been developed “by drawing on common law”), we find it 25 appropriate to look to state court decisions for guidance on the -11- 1 novel question we now address, see Wallace v. United States, 162 2 U.S. 466, 471-73 (1896) (drawing on, inter alia, state court 3 decisions in fashioning federal self-defense doctrine); Thomas, 4 34 F.3d at 48 (citing state statutory and case law on self- 5 defense). Those decisions suggest that a defendant who initiates 6 a violent crime, such as an armed robbery, that results in a 7 fatal shooting may not claim self-defense absent a showing that, 8 at the time the shooting occurred, the dangerous situation 9 created by the initial crime had dissipated. See, e.g., Gray v. 10 State, 463 P.2d 897, 909-10 (Alaska 1970) (holding that the 11 defendant, an armed robber, had forfeited his right to claim 12 self-defense because “the perilous situation created by the armed 13 robbery continued to exist at the time the shooting occurred,” 14 and that “[w]here, as in this case, the defendant commits a 15 felony which includes an immediate threat of violence, he has 16 created a situation so fraught with peril as to preclude his 17 claim of self-defense to any act of violence arising therefrom”). 18 The loss of this right holds even if the defendant, in good 19 faith, withdraws from the immediate confrontation and 20 communicates that withdrawal. See, e.g., State v. Owen, 253 P.2d 21 203, 214-16 (Idaho 1953), overruled in part on other grounds by 22 State v. Shepherd, 486 P.2d 82 (Idaho 1971). As long as the 23 defendant remains engaged in the perpetration or attempted 24 perpetration of the crime that he initiated, “he cannot be 25 excused for taking the life of his antagonist to save his own. -12- 1 In such a case it may be rightfully and truthfully said that he 2 brought the necessity upon himself by his own criminal conduct.” 3 Id. at 216 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 4 As evidence that the dangerous situation created by a 5 defendant’s initial crime persisted, courts in armed robbery 6 cases have cited the fact that the defendant was still inside the 7 robbed premises at the time of the shooting and that his gun was 8 always in his hand, prepared to shoot. See, e.g., Gray, 463 P.2d 9 at 910 (concluding, based in part on these facts, that the 10 defendants were still engaged in the armed robbery at the time of 11 the shooting); State v. Diggs, 592 A.2d 949, 952 (Conn. 1991) 12 (“As long as a person keeps his gun in his hand prepared to 13 shoot, the person opposing him is not expected or required to 14 accept any act or statement as indicative of an intent to 15 discontinue the assault.” (internal quotation marks and citation 16 omitted)); Owen, 253 P.2d at 215 (“The deceased was not required 17 to accept [the defendant’s] command to ‘stand still and let me 18 out of here,’ as conclusive of his intention to abandon the hold- 19 up. He was still being menaced by the flaming gun in [the 20 defendant’s] hand . . . .”); see also State v. Shockley, 80 P. 21 865, 869 (Utah 1905) (“[S]o long as [the defendant] kept his gun 22 in his hand prepared to shoot, [the victims] were neither 23 expected nor required to construe and accept any act or statement 24 of his as an intent on his part to discontinue the assault and 25 surrender himself as a prisoner.”). -13- 1 From this body of law, we conclude in this case that before 2 defendants could obtain a jury instruction on self-defense, they 3 must offer evidence from which a jury could find not only that 4 Clarke and Jones had demonstrably withdrawn from the immediate 5 confrontation with Flowers, but also that the dangerous situation 6 created by their initial undertaking to kill Yanni no longer 7 existed. Defendants have not met that burden. There is no doubt 8 that Clarke and Jones entered Building 2, armed with loaded guns, 9 for the purpose of killing Yanni and possibly other members of 10 his crew. It makes no difference whether, as Clarke testified, 11 “the plan was just to shoot Yanni,” or, as Jones claimed, Dent 12 had ordered them to shoot Yanni or any member of his crew that 13 they encountered. When they encountered Flowers in the 14 stairwell, they had already created a dangerous situation, by 15 virtue of their active participation in a conspiracy to commit 16 murder. Cf. Owen, 253 P.2d at 216 (“[W]hen these men entered the 17 store, both armed with loaded guns, for the avowed purpose of 18 robbery, they bargained for violence.”). And because the risk of 19 just such an encounter was precisely what made their conduct so 20 dangerous, the shooting was “an[] act of violence arising 21 therefrom.” Gray, 463 P.2d at 910. 22 There was no evidence whatsoever that at the time Clarke and 23 Jones shot Flowers, the dangerous situation had abated or that 24 Clarke and Jones had lowered their guns. Indeed, Clarke 25 testified that at the time he gestured to Flowers, he still -14- 1 “ha[d] [his] gun out.” Plainly the danger from the conspiracy to 2 kill Yanni or his crew still loomed at the time of Flowers’s 3 murder. Under these circumstances, the right of self-defense was 4 not available to Clarke and Jones, and no such right could 5 therefore be claimed by defendants. The district court did not 6 err in denying the requested jury charge. 7 II. Jury Charge with Respect to § 848(e)(1)(A)’s “Engaging In” 8 Element 9 10 Section 848(e)(1)(A) of Title 21, pursuant to which 11 defendants were convicted on Counts Two and Three, sets forth the 12 penalties for “any person engaging in or working in furtherance 13 of . . . [a drug] offense punishable under section 841(b)(1)(A) . 14 . . who intentionally kills or counsels, commands, induces, 15 procures, or causes the intentional killing of an individual.” 16 In charging the jury on the “engaging in” element of this 17 statute, the district court stated that 18 the government must establish that a particular defendant 19 intentionally killed Ramel Flowers while engaging in a 20 conspiracy to distribute or possess with the intent to 21 distribute fifty or more grams of cocaine base. The term 22 “while engaged in” . . . requires not only that the crime 23 occur during the time period covered by the drug conspiracy, 24 but also that the killing be related in some meaningful way 25 to the drug conspiracy. Moreover, each individual 26 defendant’s participation in the killing must be related to 27 the drug conspiracy. 28 29 You may find that the killing was related to the drug 30 conspiracy if you find that there was a connection between 31 the individual defendant’s role in the killing and his 32 participation in the drug conspiracy. For example, a 33 defendant engaging in a narcotics conspiracy who kills a 34 spouse in a purely non-drug-related domestic dispute would 35 not satisfy this element of Count Two. 36 -15- 1 The government must prove that at least one of the 2 defendant’s purposes or motives in the killing of Ramel 3 Flowers was because of the narcotics conspiracy charged in 4 Count One. It is not necessary for the government to prove 5 that this motive was the sole purpose, or even the primary 6 purpose, of a defendant to commit the charged crime. You 7 need only find that it was one of his purposes or motives. 8 9 App. at 358-59 (emphasis added). 10 Major argues that the district court did not adequately 11 instruct the jury on the law. He contends that the district 12 court’s instruction impermissibly minimized the requirement of a 13 meaningful relationship between the Flowers murder and the 14 narcotics conspiracy charged in Count One. Instead, he argues, 15 the jury should have been told that the necessary relationship 16 was more substantial, and that furthering the narcotics 17 conspiracy must have been more than just one of many potential 18 purposes in killing Flowers. Along these lines, defendants 19 requested the following instruction: 20 If you find that a number of motives led to the killing of 21 Ramel Flowers you must be unanimously persuaded beyond a 22 reasonable doubt that a motive meaningfully related to the . 23 . . narcotics conspiracy was at least as important as any 24 other influencing factor before you can convict the 25 defendant. Thus, if you find that a factor unrelated to the 26 specified narcotics conspiracy was more significant to the 27 murder of Ramel Flowers, you must acquit the defendant even 28 if you find that there was a secondary, less significant 29 factor relating to the specified narcotics conspiracy that 30 may also have influenced the murder. 31 32 App. at 62-63 (emphasis added). 33 We review jury instructions de novo, “reversing only where a 34 charge either failed to inform the jury adequately of the law or 35 misled the jury about the correct legal rule.” United States v. -16- 1 Ganim, 510 F.3d 134, 142 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks 2 and citation omitted), petition for cert. filed, 76 U.S.L.W. 3512 3 (U.S. Mar. 7, 2008) (No. 07-1162). “Where, as here, a defendant 4 requested a different jury instruction from the one actually 5 given, the defendant bears the burden of showing that the 6 requested instruction accurately represented the law in every 7 respect,” United States v. Nektalov, 461 F.3d 309, 313-14 (2d 8 Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and 9 that “viewing the charge as a whole, there was a prejudicial 10 error,” United States v. Brand, 467 F.3d 179, 205 (2d Cir. 2006) 11 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), cert. denied, 12 127 S. Ct. 2150 (2007). We reject Major’s argument. The 13 district court’s instruction on the “engaging in” element was 14 neither erroneous nor prejudicial, and it would have been 15 improper to have given the defense’s requested charge. 16 We have had no previous occasion to construe the “engaging 17 in” element of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A) in a way that answers 18 defendants’ argument. The district court in United States v. 19 Walker, 912 F. Supp. 646, 653 (N.D.N.Y. 1996), aff’d 142 F.3d 103 20 (2d Cir. 1998), stated that § 848(e)(1)(A) required the 21 government to “prove that the killing was related in some 22 meaningful way to the [narcotics conspiracy] and the Court will 23 charge the jury that it must so find.” In response to the 24 defendant’s sufficiency challenge, the district court found it 25 sufficient, “[o]n the record before it,” that “a rational jury -17- 1 could conclude on at least one basis that the intentional killing 2 alleged here was committed in furtherance of the alleged 3 [narcotics conspiracy], (i.e. that the killing was undertaken to 4 secure drugs and money to be used in furtherance of the alleged 5 [narcotics conspiracy].” Id. (emphasis added). 6 On appeal, we affirmed the conviction, concluding that on 7 the facts presented, “a rational jury could have found that the 8 purpose of the murder was to obtain drugs and money to be used in 9 furtherance of the [drug conspiracy].” Walker, 142 F.3d at 112- 10 13. Although we remarked in Walker that a jury could find that 11 the purpose of the murder was drug-related (as opposed to one 12 purpose), we did not comment on whether a jury was required to 13 find that the sole or primary purpose of the murder was drug- 14 related. We now agree with the reasoning of the district court 15 in Walker and hold that no such requirement is necessary. 16 To convict a defendant of engaging in a narcotics conspiracy 17 resulting in murder (or engaging in a narcotics conspiracy while 18 engaging in a conspiracy to murder) under 21 U.S.C. § 19 848(e)(1)(A), the government need only prove beyond a reasonable 20 doubt that one motive for the killing (or conspiracy to kill) was 21 related to the drug conspiracy. The existence of other motives 22 does not affect the government’s ability to satisfy the “engaging 23 in” element, as long as there is a substantive connection between 24 the defendant’s role in the murder (or murder conspiracy) and his 25 participation in the drug conspiracy. Cf. United States v. -18- 1 Jones, 101 F.3d 1263, 1267 (8th Cir. 1996) (construing § 2 848(e)(1)(A) as requiring the jury to find “a substantive 3 connection between the killing and the [narcotics conspiracy]” 4 (emphasis added)). The government has no burden to establish 5 that a drug-related motive was the sole purpose, the primary 6 purpose, or even that it was equally as important as any non- 7 drug-related purpose, as long as it was one purpose. 8 Applying this principle to the instant case, we hold that 9 the district court correctly rejected defendants’ request and 10 properly instructed the jury on the necessary relationship 11 between the murder of Flowers and the drug conspiracy charged in 12 Count One. 13 III. Sufficiency of Evidence with Respect to § 848(e)(1)(A)’s 14 “Engaging In” Element 15 16 Defendants also challenge the sufficiency of the evidence 17 with regard to Counts Two and Three (engaging in a narcotics 18 conspiracy resulting in murder, and engaging in a narcotics 19 conspiracy while engaging in a conspiracy to murder, 20 respectively). They argue that the government failed to prove 21 beyond a reasonable doubt that the Flowers murder and the 22 conspiracy to murder Yanni were drug-related; rather, they claim, 23 the evidence shows that those crimes stemmed from a personal feud 24 between Dent and Yanni. 25 Defendants raising a sufficiency challenge bear “a heavy 26 burden.” United States v. Jackson, 335 F.3d 170, 180 (2d Cir. 27 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). On -19- 1 appeal, we must “view the evidence presented in the light most 2 favorable to the government, and . . . draw all reasonable 3 inferences in its favor,” affirming the jury verdict “unless no 4 rational trier of fact could have found all of the elements of 5 the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. 6 Giovanelli, 464 F.3d 346, 349 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) 7 (omission in original) (internal quotation marks and citations 8 omitted), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 206 (2007). Furthermore, it 9 is the province of the jury to resolve conflicting testimony, and 10 we must defer to the jury’s assessment of witness credibility. 11 United States v. Bala, 236 F.3d 87, 93-94 (2d Cir. 2000). 12 Based on the evidence presented, and in light of our holding 13 in Part II, supra, a rational juror could have found that at 14 least one reason for both Flowers’s murder and the conspiracy to 15 murder Yanni or his crew was related to the drug distribution 16 conspiracy. Defendants emphasize testimony by Clarke and Jones 17 “that the Flowers homicide and the murder conspiracy were the 18 culmination of a personal ‘beef’ [i.e., feud] between Jason Dent 19 and Yanni,” arising out of an altercation at a 1999 New Year’s 20 party, “and had nothing to do with a dispute over drugs.” 21 Appellant Desinor’s Br. at 37. This “beef,” they claim, 22 escalated after Yanni choked and later shot at Dent’s brother, 23 Joseph, on March 24, 2000; the events of March 25, 2000 therefore 24 arose out of a desire (primarily on the part of Jason Dent) to 25 retaliate against Yanni for shooting at Joseph. Defendants -20- 1 argue, based on this testimony and on separate testimony by 2 Clarke, that no drug war existed at the time of Flowers’s murder, 3 and that therefore no rational juror could have found the 4 requisite drug-related motive. We disagree. 5 There is ample evidence in the record for the jury to have 6 found that the March 25, 2000 plan to attack Yanni and his crew 7 and the resulting murder of Flowers were related to the ongoing 8 drug rivalry between the Cream Team and Yanni’s crew and to the 9 defendants’ desire to dominate their rivals in the drug trade. 10 For example, Jones testified that the March 25 attack was “a crew 11 thing,” and Clarke testified that one of the purposes of going to 12 Building 2 that night was “to support the Cream Team, defend the 13 Cream Team and members of the Cream Team.” Combining such 14 testimony with abundant evidence of the history of violent 15 disputes over drug territory between the Cream Team and Yanni, 16 the jury easily could have inferred that Flowers was simply 17 another casualty of this rivalry, and that whether or not there 18 was also a personal vendetta against Yanni, there was an 19 underlying motive to protect the Cream Team’s narcotics business 20 from Yanni’s interference. See Walker, 142 F.3d at 112. We 21 therefore reject defendants’ sufficiency challenge. 22 IV. Desinor’s 120-Month Consecutive Sentence 23 Following Desinor’s conviction on Count Four for use of a 24 firearm in relation to a drug trafficking offense and during a 25 crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), the -21- 1 district court sentenced him on that count to a consecutive term 2 of 120 months’ imprisonment. The sentence was based on § 3 924(c)(1)(A)(iii), which requires a minimum prison sentence of 4 120 months if the firearm is discharged. Desinor challenges the 5 sentence on the ground that the district court failed to make any 6 finding as to whether he had actually discharged a weapon, as 7 opposed to simply carrying it, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) 8 (providing a mandatory minimum of five years’ imprisonment), or 9 brandishing it, see id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) (seven years). 10 We review a district court’s sentencing determination for 11 reasonableness, United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260-62 12 (2005), which involves “consideration not only of the sentence 13 itself, but also of the procedures employed in arriving at the 14 sentence,” United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 26 (2d Cir.), 15 cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 192 (2006). The standard of review is 16 abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 591 17 (2007); United States v. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d 204, 206 (2d Cir. 18 2007). 19 There is no doubt that the district court imposed the ten- 20 year statutory minimum sentence because it believed that the jury 21 had concluded that Desinor had discharged his firearm. See App. 22 at 529-32. There was no basis for this belief, however, because 23 the district court’s charge to the jury stated that, to convict 24 defendants on Count Four, 25 [t]he government does not . . . need to show that the 26 defendant fired or even attempted to fire the firearm. It -22- 1 is enough for the government to show that he brandished or 2 displayed the weapon or otherwise made reference to it in a 3 manner calculated to further the commission of the crime 4 charged in Count One. 5 6 Id. at 362-63 (emphasis added). Thus, the jury’s verdict on 7 Count Four did not determine that Desinor discharged a weapon, 8 and the district court never made its own independent finding to 9 that effect. Cf. Harris v. United States, 536 U.S. 545, 556 10 (2002) (holding that 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) “regards 11 brandishing and discharging as sentencing factors to be found by 12 the judge, not offense elements to be found by the jury”). 13 Because, under these circumstances, the district court 14 abused its discretion in sentencing Desinor on Count Four, we 15 vacate that portion of the sentence and remand for further fact- 16 finding and for resentencing in accordance with this opinion. 17 V. Defendants’ Remaining Arguments 18 We have fully considered defendants’ remaining arguments: 19 Desinor’s contention that his conviction on Count One for 20 conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 21 fifty or more grams of crack cocaine cannot stand because the 22 evidence did not establish his involvement in the drug 23 conspiracy; Dent’s claim that his conviction on Count One cannot 24 stand because the evidence was insufficient to show (1) that he 25 was the leader of the Cream Team, and (2) that there was a single 26 narcotics conspiracy as opposed to a collection of independent 27 transactions; Dent’s arguments that the evidence was insufficient 28 to prove that he intended Flowers’s death, thereby invalidating -23- 1 his conviction on Count Two, and that the district court failed 2 to properly instruct the jury as to this specific intent 3 requirement; Major’s argument that he was prejudiced by the 4 admission of certain expert testimony; and Dent’s challenge to 5 his forty-year sentence as excessive. We find all of these 6 arguments to be without merit. 7 CONCLUSION 8 For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the district 9 court as to Dent and Major are AFFIRMED. The judgment as to 10 Desinor is AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part, and the case is 11 REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. -24-