NOT FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0322n.06
Filed: April 28, 2005
NO. 03-2159
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE WESTERN
RENE MANCIA-CAMPOS, DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant-Appellant.
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BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, ROGERS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
SUHRHEINRICH, J., Circuit Judge. Defendant Rene Mancia-Campos appeals from the
judgment of the district court following his guilty plea to one count of entering the United States
after having been convicted of a felony offense, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1). The only
remaining issue on appeal is whether we should vacate Defendant’s sentence and remand to the
district court for resentencing in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. , 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005).
We conclude that the district court’s mandatory application of the guidelines amounted to plain error
in this case.
I.
Defendant is a citizen and national of El Salvador. Defendant’s wife and three children live
in Mexico. On February 19, 2003, he was discovered in Grand Traverse County, Michigan after
having previously been convicted of a felony and deported. Defendant was charged with, and
pleaded guilty to, one count of being present in the United States after previously being deported
as an alien who had been convicted of a felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1).
At sentencing, the district court found that Defendant had been previously convicted of two
felonies involving violence: a California state conviction for attempted grand larceny from the
person, and a California state conviction for making a terrorist threat. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
2L1.2(1)(A)(ii)1, the district court enhanced Defendant’s base offense level by sixteen, resulting in
an offense level of 24. The court reduced this by three levels for acceptance of responsibility,
resulting in a final offense level of 21. The court denied Defendant’s request for a downward
departure. Given the Defendant’s Criminal History Category of V, the resulting guideline range
was seventy to eighty-seven months. The district court sentenced Defendant to a term of seventy-
two months in prison. This timely appeal follows.
II.
The Government concedes that the district court erred in finding that the crime of attempted
grand theft from a person is a crime of violence for purposes of § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) and therefore does
not rely upon this conviction to support the district court’s application of the sixteen-level increase.2
1
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(a), “Unlawfully Entering or Remaining in the United States,” sets the base
offense level at 8. Section 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) provides that:
If the defendant previously was deported, or unlawfully remained in the
United States, after–(A) a conviction for a felony that is . . . (ii) a crime of violence;
. . . increase by 16 levels.
A felony is defined as “any federal, state, or local offense punishable by imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), comment. (n. 2).
2
The district court relied on United States v. Wofford, 122 F.3d 787 (9th Cir. 1997) to
conclude that the crime was inherently dangerous. Wofford relied on the “otherwise” clause of 18
U.S.C. § 924(e) in reaching this conclusion. See Wofford, 122 F.3d at 792-93 (holding that a
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Similarly, Defendant conceded at oral argument that his challenge to the sixteen-level enhancement
pursuant to § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) on the grounds that his 1993 California conviction was not a felony
is foreclosed by this Court’s decision in United States v. Boumelhem, 339 F.3d 414, 426 (6th Cir.
2003) (holding that a suspended sentence under California Penal Code with felony probation was not
a “judgment” that triggered the conversion of the felony charge to a misdemeanor, adopting the view
of the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Robinson, 967 F.2d 287, 293 (9th Cir. 1992)). Thus, the
parties do not disagree on those issues properly preserved on direct appeal.
The only remaining question is whether, in light of Booker, we must remand the matter for
resentencing. Booker holds that under the Sixth Amendment “[a]ny fact (other than a prior
conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts
established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756 (reaffirming rule of Apprendi); Apprendi v.
New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000). Booker also holds that, given this Sixth Amendment right,
the guidelines are advisory, not mandatory. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 765. Further, both holdings apply
to all cases on direct review. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 769 (citing Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328
(1987)).
conviction of grand theft from a person, was a “violent felony” under § 924(e), because it fell within
the “otherwise” clause of § 924(e), which includes in the definition of “violent felony” a crime that
“otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another”).
That language is not found in the current version of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, which refers only to crimes
which have “as an element” the “use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the
person of another,” and does not include larceny from the person in the listed crimes. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2, cmt. n.1 (B)(iii) (Nov. 2003). As noted, the Government concedes this on appeal and
does not rely upon this conviction to support the district court’s application of the sixteen-level
increase.
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There is no Sixth Amendment violation in this case because the enhancement factor at issue
involved the nature of a prior conviction, which is expressly excepted from the constitutional ruling
in Booker. See United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516, 524 (6th Cir. Feb. 16, 2005) (stating that
“[e]xisting case law establishes that Apprendi does not require the nature or character of prior
convictions to be determined by a jury); cf. id. at 525 (holding that there was no Sixth Amendment
violation where the judge, rather than the jury, determined the nature of the defendant’s previous
convictions for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)). We must still
decide, however, whether the Supreme Court’s remedial holding requires a remand here. Booker,
125 S. Ct. at 769; Barnett, 398 F.3d at 524.
It is now settled in this Circuit that, where the defendant failed to raise a Booker error below,
plain error is the applicable standard of review. See, e.g., Barnett, 398 F.3d at 525; United States v.
Milan, 398 F.3d 445, 450-51 (6th Cir. 2005); United States v. Oliver, 397 F.3d. 369, 375 (6th Cir.
2005). We therefore consider whether there was plain error, that affects substantial rights, and that
seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Barnett, 398
F.3d 525 (citing Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466 (1997) (citing United States v. Olano,
507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993))).
This Circuit has recently ruled it is plain error for a defendant “to be sentenced under a
mandatory Guidelines regime that has now become advisory.” Id. at 526; see also Milan, 397 F.3d
at 451 (same). We also now presume prejudice as to pre-Booker sentences absent explicit record
evidence to rebut that presumption. Barnett, 398 F.3d at 526-29 (6th Cir. 2005); United States v.
Trammel, ___ F.3d ___ , 2005 WL 783361, at *3-4 (6th Cir. 2005).
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The Government argues that “for purposes of Booker, the district court expressly found that
the range called for by the sentencing guidelines was appropriate for this particular defendant.” In
support, the Government points out that the district court agreed with [the Government’s] statement
at sentencing that Defendant was “right where he should be.” It therefore contends that a remand is
unnecessary.
In context, it appears that the Government was arguing the appropriateness of Defendant’s
sentence within the narrow context of downward departures under the Guidelines. Defendant
requested a downward departure on the grounds that the sixteen-level increase assessed against him
was overly harsh in light of what he characterized as relatively minor offenses in his past. The
Government disagreed, arguing that:
All of this occurred in the United States where the defendant didn’t belong in the first
place. And it’s the position of the United States that such a person, looking at a
sentencing guideline range of between 70 and 87 months, is right where he should be.
This is not a shocking aberration that the guidelines call for, and this is not a situation
where the Court ought to exercise its discretion and depart.
(J.A. 53). The court replied:
Yes. And I agree with that. If you even look at the issues where he does not get any
criminal history points because of age, he presents himself as a fairly dangerous
person. Threatening a witness of a crime, exhibiting a deadly weapon, so-called
terrorist threat, and attempted grand theft. So I am not going to depart downward in
this case.
(Id.).
It is not entirely clear whether the district court was agreeing with the Government’s
statement that “[t]his is not a shocking aberration,” or that Defendant was “right were he should be.”
In addition, the district court stated that “I think I still have discretion. The amendment says that I
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do have discretion to depart. . . . But I think it’s a much narrower discretion because, supposedly at
least, the sentencing commission has taken these gradations into consideration.” (J.A. 51).
Booker, following Blakely, holds that the availability of some downward departures does not
alter the fact that the Guidelines unconstitutionally require judges to increase the defendant’s
sentence upon finding certain facts. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 750. In this light the district court’s
acknowledging its limited discretion to depart downward is not sufficient to rebut the presumption
that the court would have given a lower sentence in an advisory system.
Moreover, in Barnett, this Court held that a mid-range sentence was insufficient to rebut the
presumption that the defendant was prejudiced by the imposition of a sentence under the mandatory
guidelines. Here, Defendant actually was sentenced near the bottom of the guideline range–only two
months above it.
In sum, the record in this case is insufficient to rebut the presumption of prejudice under
Barnett. The record also supports a finding that the error here seriously affects the fairness and
integrity of the judicial proceedings. See Barnett, 398 F.3d at 529-30.
III.
In sum, because the parties do not dispute that the district court’s application of §
2L1.2(b)(1)(A) was “reasonable,” we find no error on the preserved issues, and therefore need not
engage in a substantial error analysis. However, we also hold that the plain error in this case affected
Defendant’s substantial rights and seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings. We therefore VACATE Defendant’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing
consistent with this opinion and the Supreme Court’s decision in Booker.
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