NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0324n.06
Filed: May 8, 2007
No. 06-5375
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
)
STUART MARSHALL ) OPINION
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: NORRIS, GILMAN, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. Defendant Stuart Marshall entered a conditional plea
of guilty to a six-count indictment, reserving his right to challenge the district court’s order denying
his motion to suppress. Marshall now appeals from that order, arguing that police officers violated
his Fourth Amendment rights by searching his truck and rental property without probable cause. He
also appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court erred in classifying him as a career offender.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court’s denial of Marshall’s motion to suppress.
While we also affirm the district court’s finding that Marshall qualified as a career offender, we must
remand for resentencing on one count of the indictment because the sentence imposed exceeds the
statutory maximum sentence.
I.
No. 06-5375
United States v. Marshall
In 2003, Marshall was renting property from Fraya Givens, in Robards, Kentucky. In
October, Givens called the Henderson County Sheriff’s Department after smelling a strong chemical
odor coming from the outbuilding located on the property. She believed the smell was associated
with drug manufacturing. Detective John Book met with Givens and her son a few houses away
from the property. Givens told the officer that, just before he arrived, she and her son saw two men
leave the property in Marshall’s black Chevy pick-up truck after loading it with several trash bags.
Book called for back-up and went to the rental property with Deputy Keller. He did not smell
anything unusual, and when he knocked on the front door of the home, nobody answered. Givens
and her son then led officers to the outbuilding. She pointed out that Marshall had installed an
exhaust fan in the floor of the outbuilding, which was visible by crouching down. Book then saw
Marshall’s pick-up truck begin to pull into the driveway but then pull away before actually entering.
Keller told Book that, while on his way to the rental property, he had seen the same or similar truck
at a dumpster on North Pleasant Valley Road. Book radioed Deputy Sheriff Jeremy Broshears with
the truck’s description and told him that he believed the truck had Illinois plates. At the suppression
hearing, Book testified that he thought he told Broshears to stop the vehicle for questioning.
After receiving Book’s call, Broshears saw a truck matching the description he had been
given drive past him and noticed that the truck had an expired Illinois license plate sticker. Prior to
stopping the truck, he called in the license plate number for verification. Before getting a response,
he turned on the cruiser’s light bar, and the truck began to speed off. The chase only lasted a couple
of minutes because the truck turned on a dead end street and stopped. The occupants identified
themselves to Broshears as Stuart Marshall and Paul Bruce. He placed Marshall under arrest for
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United States v. Marshall
driving without a license, failure to produce evidence of insurance, driving under the influence, and
expired tags.
Soon after, Book arrived on the scene. Bruce eventually told Book that he and Marshall had
just dumped several green mesh garbage bags in a dumpster on North Pleasant Valley Road. He also
provided a description of the trash bags. Book searched the dumpster and found a green mesh bag
containing five Rubbermaid gallon jars. Detective Bill Mills came to the dumpster and tested the
containers, which revealed the presence of ammonia and naphtha, chemicals used to manufacture
methamphetamine, as well as the presence of methamphetamine. Officers, including Book, then
secured the rental property. Near the carport, in plain view, they found a Rubbermaid container and
green mesh bags similar to those found in the dumpster. Book went to obtain a search warrant,
which was executed after 8:30 p.m. on October 18th.
In the end, Marshall pleaded guilty to the following: Count One, manufacturing five or more
grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(viii); Count Two,
possession with the intent to distribute five or more grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(e)(viii); Count Three, possession with the intent to distribute a
mixture of a substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C); Count Four, possession with the intent to distribute marijuana, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D); Count Five, being a felon in possession of a firearm, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2), and 924(e); and Count Six, possession of a firearm
in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
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No. 06-5375
United States v. Marshall
Following his conditional guilty plea, Marshall filed a motion to suppress, arguing that
officers did not have probable cause to stop his truck and that all of the evidence gathered against
him arose out of that stop and must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. Marshall also
argued that officers searched the outbuilding before obtaining a warrant. After a hearing, the district
court denied his motion, finding that Broshears was a credible witness who had probable cause to
stop the truck once he saw the expired tags. Alternatively, the court held that Broshears had a
justifiable basis for performing an investigatory stop of the vehicle in accordance with Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1 (1968). Lastly, the district court rejected the challenge to the search of the outbuilding,
finding that the evidence did not support Marshall’s position.
II.
A. Motion to Suppress
The factual determinations in a district court’s suppression order are reviewed for clear error
while the application of the law to those facts is reviewed de novo. United States v. Townsend, 330
F.3d 438, 439 (6th Cir. 2003). Further, this court will consider the “evidence in the light most likely
to support the district court’s decision.” United States v. Marxen, 410 F.3d 326, 328 (6th Cir. 2005)
(quotation omitted) (punctuation altered), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1445 (2006).
On appeal, Marshall reasserts the arguments that he raised below. He maintains that
Broshears did not have probable cause or a reasonable, articulable suspicion to sftop his vehicle, and
that any evidence obtained as a result of the illegal stop must be suppressed. He challenges
Broshears’ credibility, arguing that the truck had a trailer hitch, which made it impossible for the
officer to see the expired license plate sticker. Marshall therefore argues that Broshears was lying
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No. 06-5375
United States v. Marshall
when the officer claimed to have seen that the license plate sticker was expired prior to stopping him.
He also points to a radio transmission that occurred just before Broshears pulled the truck over. In
the transmission, Broshears calls in the tag number but does not say that it is expired.
An officer may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, lawfully stop a motorist whom he
or she has probable cause to believe committed a traffic violation, including driving with expired
tags, regardless of the officer’s actual motivation for doing so. United States v. Garrido-Santana,
360 F.3d 565, 571 (6th Cir. 2004); Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996). Marshall
does not dispute that the truck had expired tags. Broshears testified that he saw the expired tag
before pulling the truck over, and the district court determined that Broshears was credible, a finding
which is not clearly erroneous as the evidence showed that the truck’s license plate was in fact
expired. See Garrido-Santana, 360 F.3d at 571-72. Since driving with expired tags constitutes
probable cause to stop a vehicle, the district court correctly concluded that the stop complied with
the Fourth Amendment. Because we agree that probable cause existed, we need not reach
defendant’s alternative argument that the stop was impermissible under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1
(1968).
Marshall next argues that officers illegally searched the outbuilding on the property prior to
obtaining a search warrant. This argument is based on a photograph of the outbuilding taken in
daylight with its door open. As the search warrant was not obtained until 8:30 p.m., when it was
dark outside, Marshall maintains that the photograph must have been taken prior to officers obtaining
the search warrant. However, Marshall’s position is not entirely substantiated by the record. Book
testified that the indoor photographs of the buildings were taken after executing the search warrant
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United States v. Marshall
on October 18th, including some photographs taken on the following day. While all of the disks
containing photographs are dated the 18th, the consistent testimony given at the suppression hearing
is that officers did not attempt to enter the outbuilding until the search warrant was obtained and that
photographs were taken on the property on both the 18th and 19th. The district court did not clearly
err when it determined that the outbuilding was not searched until officers obtained a warrant.
B. Related Offenses
Following his plea, Marshall was sentenced to 216 months of incarceration. He contends that
the district court imposed this sentence after determining that he was a career offender, which
increased his sentencing range under the guidelines. He maintains that he is not a career offender
because the prior felony convictions used to qualify him were part of the same plan or scheme and,
therefore, are not qualifying felony convictions. He also challenges the district court’s determination
that he was an armed career offender. See U.S.S.G. 4B1.4.1 When imposing Marshall’s sentence,
the district court considered the sentence prescribed under the sentencing guidelines for an armed
1
This provision states that “[a] defendant who is subject to an enhanced sentence under the
provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) is an armed career criminal.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4. Section 924(e)
provides as follows:
In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title and has three
previous convictions by any court referred to in section 922(g)(1) of this title for
a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions
different from one another, such person shall be fined under this title and
imprisoned not less than fifteen years, and, notwithstanding any other provision
of law, the court shall not suspend the sentence of, or grant a probationary
sentence to, such person with respect to the conviction under section 922(g).
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
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United States v. Marshall
career offender but determined that the sentence would be excessive under the circumstances of the
case. Instead, the district court concluded that Marshall qualified as a career offender, without the
armed career offender enhancement. The district court went on to say that it was imposing a non-
guidelines sentence.
Following United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), appellate courts are instructed to
review a district court’s sentencing determination for reasonableness. United States v. Webb, 403
F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Booker, 543 U.S. at 261). District courts are directed to
consider the guidelines range, even though it is to be deemed advisory only, as well as the factors
identified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), to arrive at a sentence that is “‘sufficient, but not greater than
necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth in that section.’” United States v. Johnson, 467 F.3d
559, 563 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638, 643 (6th Cir. 2006)).
Post-Booker, we continue to apply the same standard for reviewing the district court’s application
of the federal sentencing guidelines. United States v. Martin, 438 F.3d 621, 637 (6th Cir. 2006).
We review a district court’s determination of the “relatedness” of prior felony convictions for
purposes of sentencing a defendant as a career offender for clear error. United States v. Horn, 355
F.3d 610, 613 (6th Cir. 2004).
The presentence report (“PSR”) recommended three possible alternative sentences, each of
which was considered by the district court. In the first alternative sentence, for Counts One through
Five, a total base offense level of 30 was recommended using the Drug Quantity Table, U.S.S.G. §
2D1.1(c)(5), and a marijuana equivalent of 762 kilograms. A three-level downward adjustment for
acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 3E1.1(a) and (b), was also recommended,
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United States v. Marshall
resulting in an adjusted base offense level of 27. When combined with Marshall’s criminal history
category of VI,2 the PSR recommended an advisory guidelines range of 130-162 months. After
adding his consecutive 60-month sentence on Count Six,3 Marshall’s first recommended sentencing
range was 190-222 months.
The second alternative sentence recommended that Marshall qualified as a career offender.
See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.4 Under this provision, his base offense level is increased to 34.5 After
adjusting downward three levels for his acceptance of responsibility, his adjusted base offense level
becomes 31. When combined with his criminal history category of VI, his “career criminal”
guidelines range is 188-235 months. See U.S.S.G. Sentencing Table. Since 18 U.S.C. §
2
The PSR recommended a criminal history category of VI because Marshall had seven prior
convictions resulting in 13 criminal history points.
3
In Count Six, Marshall was convicted of carrying a firearm in furtherance of a drug
trafficking crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) states that a person convicted of this provision, in
addition to the drug-trafficking charge, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than
five years (60 months). This term was added consecutively to Marshall’s recommended guidelines
range.
4
A career offender must meet the following qualifications:
(a) A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen
years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction;
(2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence
or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior
felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a).
5
When a defendant is found to be a career offender, the guidelines direct the court to look
at the statutory maximum sentence for his offense. An offense with a statutory maximum sentence
of 25 or more years receives a base offense level of 34. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b).
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924(c)(1)(A) directs sentencing courts to impose a consecutive 60-month sentence, Marshall’s
second recommended guidelines range was 248-295 months.
The third alternative sentence recommended a determination that Marshall was an armed
career offender. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4. The same base offense level and adjusted base offense level
apply to an armed career offender as to a career offender; however, the guidelines then recommend
a sentencing range of 262-327 months. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(c)(3).
After considering these three possible alternative sentences, the district court stated that even
though Marshall qualified as a career offender, it was not sentencing him as such. Rather, it imposed
what it termed a “non-guidelines” sentence of 216 months of incarceration. Marshall does not
challenge the reasonableness of his sentence. Given that the actual sentence imposed did not include
an enhancement based upon either the “career offender” or “armed career offender” provisions of
the guidelines, we need not reach Marshall’s arguments concerning the relatedness of his prior
convictions. With the one exception addressed next, we hold that the sentence imposed fully
complied with Booker’s reasonableness requirement.
B. Count Five: Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon
Although not raised by Marshall, the government notes that Count Five should be remanded
for resentencing because the sentence imposed exceeds the statutory maximum authorized by 18
U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). This provision states that the maximum sentence for a violation of § 922(g),
being a felon in possession of a firearm, is ten years or 120 months. Marshall, however, received
four 156-month concurrent sentences for Counts One, Two, Three and Five. The 156-month
sentence on Count Five exceeds the 120-month statutory maximum. While any error could be seen
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United States v. Marshall
as harmless, because defendant would receive no less time if resentenced because he received
concurrent sentences on Counts One, Two and Three, the sentence should be corrected.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order denying the motion to suppress is
affirmed. However, the sentence with respect to Count Five is vacated and remanded. In all other
respects the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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