RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 07a0492p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________
X
Petitioner, -
FIGIRI SHKULAKU-PURBALLORI,
-
-
-
No. 06-4062
v.
,
>
MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, -
Respondent. N
On Appeal from the
Board of Immigration Appeals.
No. A79 042 930.
Submitted: October 23, 2007
Decided and Filed: December 19, 2007
Before: MARTIN, GIBBONS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Andrea J. Ferrara, LAW OFFICES OF ANDREA J. FERRARA, Eastpointe,
Michigan, for Petitioner. John F. Salan, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Grand
Rapids, Michigan, for Respondent.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Figiri Shkulaku-Purballori petitions this Court for
review of the decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals denying his request for asylum, or, in
the alternative, Convention Against Torture relief or withholding of removal. Because we are
without jurisdiction to review the denial of Shkulaku’s asylum application, we DISMISS that part
of his petition, and because he cannot meet the high bar for qualification for withholding of removal,
we AFFIRM the BIA’s decision denying his claim.
I.
Figiri Shkulaku-Purballori is a native and citizen of Albania. He joined the Albanian
Democratic Party in 1991 and switched his allegiance to the Balli Kombetar Party in 1993. He
testified that he was arrested on five different occasions since 1994. He claims that during these
arrests the police hit, kicked, and beat him around the head and stomach, and told him to go back
to the Democratic Party. He says that in 1997 he returned to the “right wing” of the Democratic
Party, but purportedly because of his activities organizing rallies, he was again arrested and beaten
and kicked until he fainted. He alleges that in 1998 he was again taken into custody, and the police
1
No. 06-4062 Shkulaku-Purballori v. Mukasey Page 2
used enough force to break Shkulaku’s little finger on his right hand. Later that year the police took
him before a judge, who released Shkulaku for lack of evidence. Fortuitously, this judge was in the
United States at the time of Shkulaku’s removal hearing and testified about the abuse that Shkulaku
suffered at the hands of the police.
Shkulaku testified that in 1999 and 2000 he was an active participant in the Democratic Party
and an election monitor. He says he was arrested and beaten in both 2000 and 2001 after
participating in rallies in support of a right-wing party coalition. The final incident described by
Shkulaku was in 2001, when while driving a van for a construction company, he was shot at by
unknown individuals. He asserts that he left Albania following this incident and went to Greece,
France, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. He then swam across the border into Texas on or
about August 27, 2001, and was apprehended. He applied to change venues from Texas to Michigan
on February 28, 2002, and this application was granted the same day. In Michigan, Shkulaku’s case
was set to be heard by an immigration judge on July 17, but on June 18 the judge recused herself and
the matter was assigned to another judge. The first Master Calendar Hearing available was on
August 28, 2002, one year and one day after Shkulaku entered the country. He filed for asylum at
that hearing, but the judge dismissed the application as untimely. At a removal hearing on February
28, 2005, an immigration judge denied Shkulaku’s claims for relief based on withholding of removal
and the Convention Against Torture, finding that his testimony was not credible and that due to
changed conditions in Albania, he could not demonstrate a reasonable fear of future persecution.
The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed the immigration judge’s decision on July 10, 2006, and
Shkulaku filed a timely petition for review of the decision of the Board.
II.
This Court will reverse the Board’s determination that an alien is not eligible for admission
to the United States only if it is “manifestly contrary to law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(C). To reverse
the BIA’s determination, we must find that the evidence “not only supports a contrary conclusion,
but indeed compels it.” Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 702-03 (6th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation
marks omitted). We review the Board’s decision on a request for withholding of removal under the
same standard regardless of whether the request was made pursuant to the Immigration and
Naturalization Act or the Convention Against Torture. Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533,
544 (6th Cir. 2003).
1) The Asylum Claim
An alien must file an asylum application within one year of arriving in the United States in
order to be eligible for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). An exception to this rule can be made
if the alien demonstrates either the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect the
applicant’s eligibility for asylum, or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an
application within the one-year period. Id. § 1158(a)(2)(D). Shkulaku contends, under the
extraordinary circumstances exception, that the Board of Immigration Appeals erred in finding that
the asylum application had not been timely filed. Unfortunately, this issue is jurisdictionally barred
from review by this Court. In Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743 (6th Cir. 2006), we held that
under § 106(a)(1)(A)(iii) of the REAL ID Act of 2005, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), we will review
asylum applications denied for untimeliness only when the appeal seeks review of “constitutional
claims or matters of statutory construction,” not when the question is “discretionary” or “factual.”
453 F.3d at 748.
The Sixth Circuit has evaluated claims of “extraordinary circumstances” at least twice under
the Almuhtaseb framework. In Amir v. Gonzales, the panel concluded that it could not review
Amir’s claim that his asylum petition was untimely because of extraordinary circumstances. 467
F.3d 921, 924 (6th Cir. 2006). Amir’s claim, explained the court, centered on an issue regarding the
No. 06-4062 Shkulaku-Purballori v. Mukasey Page 3
admissibility of particular evidence, which the court explained was neither a constitutional question
nor a question of statutory interpretation. Id. (applying the Almuhtaseb framework). In Soe v.
Gonzales, the factual determination centered on Soe’s extraordinary circumstance, namely his
complete isolation from society, and how that isolation bore upon the timing of his asylum
application. 227 Fed. App’x 468, 470 (6th Cir. April 9, 2007). The panel denied his petition for lack
of jurisdiction, finding that “[t]he timeliness of an alien’s asylum application is usually a question
of fact.” Id.
In the instant case, Shkulaku argues that the cause of his late filing was not his own fault, but
the fault of scheduling at the immigration court in Detroit. He also claims that he thought that an
asylum application had to be filed in front of a judge. These issues are “predominantly factual,”
rather than constitutional claims or matters of statutory construction under the Almuhtaseb
framework. 341 F.3d at 748. Therefore the jurisdictional bar to review of the existence of
extraordinary circumstances prevents our addressing this issue.
2) Withholding of Removal Under the Immigration and Nationality Act and the Convention
Against Torture
There are two provisions under which an alien can request withholding of removal:
§ 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), or the Convention Against Torture. See
Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 544-45, 551-52. The INA withholding of removal provision
“corresponds to the non-refoulement obligation in Article 33 of the Refugee Convention, prohibiting
the deportation or removal of anyone whose life or freedom would be threatened in his or her home
country on account of one of the same five grounds necessary for asylum (race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion).” Id. at 545. To prevail on a petition
for withholding of removal under the INA, an alien must show that it is “more likely than not” that
he would be subject to persecution on the basis of one of these five grounds were he removed from
this country. Liti v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 631, 640-41 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(b)(2)). By contrast, to be eligible for withholding of removal under the Convention, “the
applicant bears the burden of establishing ‘it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured
if removed to the proposed country of removal.’” Id. at 641 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)).
With regard to the Convention Against Torture claim, we find that the past acts of violence
Shkulaku endured in Albania do not descend to the level of “an extreme form of cruel and inhuman
treatment,” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2), and therefore do not constitute past torture. As for
withholding of removal, Shkulaku has not demonstrated that it is more likely than not that he will
suffer persecution should he return to Albania. The judge found that conditions in Albania have
changed considerably since Shkulaku left the country in 2001. According to the State Department
Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions for Albania, dated March 2004, the Democratic
Party resumed its participation in the Parliament in 2002, and the municipal elections in October
2003 were considered the most transparent in Albania’s short democratic history, with no police
interference. See generally Mullai v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d at 638 (holding that an immigration judge
may rely on State Department reports to conclude that a change in country conditions was sufficient
to rebut the presumption of well-founded fear); but see Koliada v. INS, 259 F.3d 482, 487 (6th Cir.
2001) (State Department reports may be problematic sources on which to rely). The judge quoted
the profile as stating:
[T]here is no indication that the Socialist Party, either through its own organization
or through government authorities, is engaged in a pattern of repression or violent
behavior against its opponents . . . a review of recent reports by international
observers and human rights organizations turned up no mention of such occurrences,
suggesting that there has not been a pattern of such behavior in the post-1997 period.
No. 06-4062 Shkulaku-Purballori v. Mukasey Page 4
Shkulaku does not dispute these reports, saying only that the State Department reports “do
not reflect every incident” within a country, and that this Court should consider that Albania has a
long history of political instability. This is not sufficient under § 241(b)(3) of the INA or 8 U.S.C.
§ 1231(b)(3). Shkulaku has the burden of “present[ing] evidence establishing an ‘objective
situation’ under which his fear can be deemed reasonable.” Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615, 621 (6th
Cir. 1994). He has failed to do so.
In affirming, we do not reach the issue of the immigration judge’s credibility determinations.
We note, however, that the record suggests that the immigration judge was combative in dealing
with Shkulaku, Shkulaku’s counsel, and the witness. Moreover, the immigration judge engaged in
questioning Shkulaku about his religion, a topic irrelevant to his claim, before permitting his counsel
to question him.1 Such demeanor does not foster confidence that a judicial officer is an impartial
arbiter.
III.
Because we are without jurisdiction to review the denial of Shkulaku’s asylum application,
we DISMISS that part of his petition. Because Shkulaku has failed to show that he is “more likely
than not” to face persecution or torture were he to return to Albania, we AFFIRM the decision of
the BIA to deny withholding of removal.
1
The transcript reads as follows (Joint App’x at 84):
Court: Sir, what is your religion?
Shkulaku: I believe in God?
C: Are you Muslim, are you Muslim, Christian?
S: My father belongs to the Muslim belief and my mother is a Christian.
C: What do you consider yourself, sir?
S: I was raised, I was raised and grew up, it was (indiscernible) the church or mosques, without believing
them.
C: What do you consider yourself today, sir?
S: God’s person.
C: Sir, do you consider yourself Muslim?
S: I’ve never been to the mosque or a church.
C: Do you consider yourself Muslim, sir, yes or no?
S: No.
C: All right.