NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0056n.06
Filed: January 26, 2009
No. 07-5992
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
DENNIS JOEL IVEY, ) MEMORANDUM
) OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and WEBER, Senior District
Judge.*
PER CURIAM. A federal jury convicted Dennis Joel Ivey of being a felon in possession
of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), and of possessing a firearm with an obliterated serial
number, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(k), 924(a)(1)(B). The district court had earlier denied a
defense motion to suppress evidence discovered in Ivey’s car. At sentencing, the district court found
that a within-Guidelines sentence was appropriate, and sentenced Ivey to 210 months of
imprisonment on each count, to be served concurrently, and three years of supervised release.
Ivey appeals both the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress as well as the
reasonableness of his sentence. Having carefully considered the parties’ briefs on appeal and the
record of the proceedings below, we are not persuaded that a lengthy opinion is necessary. We
affirm for the reasons set forth below.
*
The Honorable Herman J. Weber, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 07-5992
United States v. Ivey
I
As to Ivey’s first claim, we find no reversible error by the district court in its denial of the
motion to suppress. As the district court explained in its order denying the motion,
In sum, the initial encounter between Ivey and officer Kelly in which officer
Kelly pulled up behind Ivey’s vehicle, aroused him from his state of
unconsciousness, and asked him who he was, did not constitute a seizure within the
meaning of the Fourth Amendment because a reasonable person in Ivey’s position
would have felt free to leave at that point. However, once officer Kelly asked Ivey
to exit the vehicle, the consensual encounter ripened into a Terry stop which required
officer Kelly to possess a reasonable suspicion that Ivey was engaged in criminal
activity. The smell of alcohol emanating from Ivey’s person provided the requisite
suspicion and justified Ivey’s continued detention, the circumstances of which did
not approach the conditions of an arrest. Finally, officer Kelly’s lawful “plain view”
discovery of the marijuana hanging out of the visor provided probable cause to
effectuate Ivey’s arrest and to conduct a full search of the interior of the vehicle.
Because officer Kelly did not violate Ivey’s Fourth Amendment rights, the
exclusionary rule is not applicable, . . . .
United States v. Ivey, No. 1:05-cr-10082, order at 11 (W.D. Tenn. Apr. 19, 2007). We find that the
district court did not make any clear error in resolving the factual circumstances of the search and
arrest, nor did it make any error in applying the law to the facts. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the
denial of Ivey’s motion to suppress for the reasons set forth in the district court’s well-reasoned
order.
II
On appellate review of a defendant’s sentence, we look to determine whether the defendant
received a reasonable sentence. We “must first ensure that the district court committed no
significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines
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No. 07-5992
United States v. Ivey
range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a
sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen
sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall v. United
States, — U.S. —, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007). If procedurally sound, we then review the sentence
for substantive reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. at 598. As this court has
recognized, a within-Guidelines sentence is presumptively reasonable. United States v. Williams, 436
F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006) (holding that “a properly calculated within-Guidelines sentence will
be afforded a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness on appeal”); see also Rita v. United States,
551 U.S. 338, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2467 (2007) (holding that courts of appeals may adopt a presumption
of reasonableness for within-Guidelines sentences).
Ivey’s only argument on appeal regarding his sentence is that the district court failed to
consider his request for a downward variance based on his medical conditions. He received a within-
Guidelines sentence, so we begin with the presumption that his sentence was reasonable. As
identified in the Presentence Report (“PSR”), at the time of the sentencing hearing Ivey suffered
from back problems due to an earlier automobile-related injury and reported being diabetic,
hypertensive, and having emphysema. JA 158. The PSR noted, however, that the medical records
requested by the probation office had not been received. Id. A review of the record before us
similarly shows no medical records confirming these conditions.
Ivey’s main argument before the district court for a lower sentence was that several of his
prior convictions should be consolidated for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e). By consolidating the convictions, Ivey argued that the advisory Guidelines range would
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No. 07-5992
United States v. Ivey
be significantly lower. As to his medical conditions, Ivey argued in his written objections that his
“current medical situation” and the other sentencing factors set forth at 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
warranted a sentence below the PSR’s suggested range. JA 47. Ivey’s counsel reiterated during the
sentencing hearing that defendant’s “medical situation” and relatively peaceful behavior weighed
in favor of a below-Guidelines sentence. JA 135-36.
In sentencing Ivey, the district court did not specifically refer to Ivey’s reported medical
conditions. It did address at some length Ivey’s Armed Career Criminal Act argument and found that
the convictions should be treated separately for purposes of calculating the Guidelines range. JA 140-
42. After arriving at a sentencing range of 210 to 262 months of imprisonment, the district court
then considered other relevant sentencing factors under § 3553(a). It looked at the nature and
circumstances of the possession offense, finding nothing about Ivey’s criminal actions especially
aggravated or more serious than simple felon in possession. JA 142. It then considered the history
and characteristics of the defendant, noting that his long criminal history certainly did not weigh in
his favor. JA 143. The district court went on to consider alternative sentences, the need to avoid
disparate sentences, and the need to send a deterrent message to others in the community. JA 143-44.
The district court concluded that a within-Guidelines sentence was warranted, but that one at the
bottom of the range was sufficient to punish Ivey and to protect society. JA 144.
While we might have briefly addressed Ivey’s reported medical conditions were we sitting
as the sentencing court, we do not find that the district court abused its discretion here. Ivey never
made clear that he was seeking a downward variance based solely on his reported medical
conditions—each mention of his conditions was joined with some other reason for a lower sentence,
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No. 07-5992
United States v. Ivey
which the district court addressed. However, even had Ivey clearly made a request for a variance
based on his medical conditions, we would still affirm his sentence. First, there is no verification
of any medical conditions in the record before us. Second, and equally as important, nowhere does
Ivey make any connection between his reported medical conditions and the appropriateness of a
lower sentence. Why his medical conditions favor a lower sentence was not addressed before the
district court and still has not been addressed to this day. Ivey’s counsel argued for a sentencing
range of 110 to 137 months of imprisonment; he received 210 months. It is not clear how
imprisonment of almost ten years would impact his medical conditions any differently than would
imprisonment of almost twenty years. Nor was it argued that Ivey’s prognosis suggested his medical
conditions would appreciably worsen were he to be imprisoned for 210 years, but not if he were
imprisoned for only 110 months. Ivey has failed to show that he could not receive sufficient medical
treatment for his relatively common conditions while in prison. Without a better-developed request
for a variance, both factually and legally, the district court was not required to explain why Ivey’s
medical conditions did not warrant a lower sentence. United States v. Gale, 468 F.3d 929, 940 (6th
Cir. 2006) (“When a district court adequately explains why it imposed a particular sentence,
especially one within the advisory Guidelines range, we do not further require that it exhaustively
explain the obverse—why an alternative sentence was not selected—in every instance.”). We find
that Ivey has failed to rebut the presumption of reasonableness of his within-Guidelines sentence and,
accordingly, we AFFIRM his sentence.
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