Affirmed and Opinion filed November 21, 2013.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-12-01155-CV
LASIKPLUS OF TEXAS, P.C AND LCA-VISION, INC., Appellants
V.
FEDERICO MATTIOLI, M.D., Appellee
On Appeal from the 80th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2012-68429
OPINION
Appellants LasikPlus of Texas, P.C. and LCA-Vision, Inc. bring this
interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of their application for a
temporary injunction against Federico Mattioli, M.D., whom appellants allege
violated a covenant not to compete and a notice of termination provision in an
employment contract. In two issues and numerous sub-issues, appellants contend
that the trial court erred in denying the temporary injunction. We affirm.
I. Background
On November 13, 2003, Mattioli, an ophthalmologist, entered into an
Employment Agreement with LasikPlus to provide laser eye surgery and related
services at the LasikPlus clinic in Houston, Texas. LasikPlus is a professional
association originally formed by Mattioli. LCA-Vision is expressly referenced in
the Employment Agreement as the manager of the LasikPlus clinics, and
appellants maintain that LCA-Vision is a third-party beneficiary of the agreement.1
Among other provisions, the agreement contains both a covenant not to compete
and a notice of termination clause.
On October 16, 2012, Mattioli notified LasikPlus that his last day of
employment would be November 16, 2012, although he later revised this to be
November 17. As that date drew near, Mattioli revealed that he would be opening
a new clinic, featuring laser surgical procedures, less than two miles from the
LasikPlus clinic. Appellants (LasikPlus and LCA-Vision) thereafter filed the
present lawsuit, alleging, among other things, that Mattioli had breached the
covenant not to compete and the notice provision contained in the Employment
Agreement.2 Appellants sought damages for the alleged breaches and sought to
enjoin Mattioli from operating his clinic within the area and for the time-period
prohibited by the covenant not to compete. More specifically, appellants requested
an immediate temporary restraining order (TRO) as well as temporary and
1
According to an affidavit by Mattioli contained in the record, LasikPlus began its first
clinic in Houston but grew to have clinics in Dallas, San Antonio, and Austin, and LCA-Vision
is a publicly-traded corporation with dozens of laser vision correction centers across numerous
states. The record further includes a Management Agreement between LasikPlus and LCA-
Vision demonstrating considerable interconnectedness between the entities in running the
Houston clinic.
2
In their pleadings, appellants also alleged tortious interference with business relations
against Mattioli and sought a declaratory judgment, essentially that Mattioli had breached the
agreement.
2
permanent injunctions relating to the covenant not to compete. The covenant reads
in pertinent part as follows3:
8.1. Covenant Not to Compete. Physician [Mattioli] agrees during
the Term of this Agreement and for eighteen (18) months after
termination of Physician’s employment with LPT [LasikPlus]
to not:
8.1.1. engage in any manner in the delivery of laser vision
correction services (other than as an employee of LPT) in
the Restricted Area including, but not limited to, directly
or indirectly, owning, managing, joining, operating,
controlling, contracting with, being employed by, acting
in the capacity as officer, director, trustee, shareholder,
member, or partner or consultant or participating in or
being connected in any manner with the ownership,
management, operation, or control of any person, firm, or
corporation providing laser vision correction services or
facilities. For purposes herein, the Restricted Area is
defined as: A radius of twenty (20) miles from, or in any
county contiguous to the county in which, any laser
vision facility owned, operated or managed by LPT or
LCA-Vision Inc., or any subsidiary or affiliate thereof in
the State of Texas as of the Effective Date of this
Agreement or as of the date of termination of Physician’s
employment with LPT. . . , or
8.1.3. directly or indirectly, induce or solicit any of LPT’s
patients, regardless of their location, to obtain
professional medical, services from any business,
corporation, partnership or entity other than LPT’s or
from any person who is not an employee or affiliate of
LPT; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not
prohibit a bona fide referral of a patient to another
provider of professional medical services if such is
medically indicated and necessary for such patient.
3
Section 8 of the agreement is entitled “Restrictive Covenant.” In addition to the
covenant not to compete, the agreement also contains a clause prohibiting Mattioli from
soliciting other employees to terminate their employment with LasikPlus or LCA-Vision. As
will be shown below, section 8 further includes provisions regarding remedies and enforcement.
3
The Employment Agreement also includes a “Remedies” clause pertaining
to the covenant not to compete. It provides:
8.3. Remedies. Physician agrees that LPT would suffer immediate
and irreparable harm by a breach of Section 8.1 or Section 8.2.
In the event of Physician’s actual or threatened breach of the
provisions of Section[] 8.1 . . . , LPT shall be entitled to an
injunction against said breach by Physician, and Physician
hereby consents to such injunction by a court in accordance with
the laws of the State of Texas and upon notice to Physician, and
an opportunity to be heard; provided, however, that LPT shall
not be prohibited from pursuing any other remedies for such
breach or threatened breach, including, without limitation,
recovery of damages from Physician. . . .
Additionally, the agreement contains an “Enforcement” provision that also
applied to the covenant not to compete. It reads as follows:
8.4. Enforcement. It is further agreed that if a court determines the
aforesaid covenant[] not to compete . . . to be unreasonable as
to time or area or otherwise, the parties consent to the
reformation of the covenants by such court, and LPT or [LCA-
Vision], as the case may be, shall be entitled to enforce the
covenants for such period of time and within such area and
otherwise as may be determined to be reasonable by such court.
In addition to the covenant not to compete, the other provision in the
Employment Agreement that appellants contend Mattioli breached, as relevant to
this opinion, is the termination notice provision. That section states in relevant
part:
4.3. Physician may terminate this Agreement (a) with 120 days
advance written notice to LPT or (b) immediately if LPT is in
material breach of this Agreement and such default continues
for a period of thirty (30) days after Physician gives written
notice thereof to LPT. . . .
The trial court granted appellants an ex parte TRO at the time their Original
4
Petition was filed. After Mattioli answered in the lawsuit, the court held a hearing
on appellants’ request for a temporary injunction. At the hearing, Mattioli’s
attorney stipulated that Mattioli signed the Employment Agreement, did not
provide the requisite notice of employment termination, and was opening an
ophthalmology clinic within two miles of appellants’ clinic. Appellants then
presented live testimony from Dave Thomas, the CFO and co-CEO of LCA-
Vision. Thomas emphasized the money appellants spent in marketing LasikPlus
and Mattioli together, and he opined that after termination of his employment,
Mattioli would continue to reap the benefit of that advertising whereas appellants’
goodwill would be adversely affected if Mattioli was allowed to independently
perform laser surgeries in the area. Thomas further discussed and appellants
introduced documentary evidence revealing that internet searches for Mattioli and
LasikPlus still showed a connection between the two even after termination of the
relationship.
Mattioli primarily argued at the hearing that the covenant contained in the
Employment Agreement violated the Texas Covenants Not to Compete Act and,
thus, was unenforceable and not a proper basis for ordering injunctive relief. See
Tex. Bus. & Com. Code §§15.50-.52. As will be discussed in more detail below,
the Act requires such covenants involving physicians to include buy-out
provisions, which this covenant does not. Id. § 15.50(b)(2). Following the
hearing, the trial court requested briefing concerning its authority to reform the
covenant. Also after the hearing, Mattioli filed two affidavits in which he averred
that appellants’ advertising expenditures were not physician-specific but were for
the clinic as a whole, imposition of the TRO had caused him substantial financial
losses as a very large percentage of his revenues were derived from laser correction
surgeries, and at the time the Employment Agreement was being drafted, he
5
proposed the addition of a buy-out provision related to the covenant not to
compete, but his suggestion was rejected. The trial court subsequently denied the
temporary injunction and dissolved the TRO without stating the grounds therefor.
Appellants then filed this interlocutory appeal.4
II. Standard of Review
The purpose of a temporary injunction is to preserve the status quo of the
subject matter of the litigation pending a trial on the merits. Butnaru v. Ford
Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 204 (Tex. 2002).5 A temporary injunction is an
extraordinary remedy and does not issue as a matter of right. Id. To obtain a
temporary injunction, the applicant must plead and prove (1) a cause of action
against the defendant, (2) a probable right to the relief sought, and (3) a probable,
imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim. Id. An injury is irreparable if the
injured party cannot be compensated adequately in damages or if the damages
cannot be measured by any certain pecuniary standard. Id. At a temporary
injunction hearing, the trial court considers whether the applicant has shown a
probability of success and irreparable injury; the parties do not present the
underlying merits of the controversy. EMS USA, Inc. v. Shary, 309 S.W.3d 653,
657 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.).
Whether to grant or deny a request for a temporary injunction is within the
trial court’s discretion, and we will not reverse its decision absent a clear abuse of
discretion. Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204; Walling v. Metcalfe, 863 S.W.2d 56, 58
(Tex. 1993). An abuse of discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its
4
This is an accelerated interlocutory appeal pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code section 51.014(a)(4).
5
Appellants assert that the status quo in need of injunctive protection in the present case
is their market share and the value of their goodwill, which they claim will be harmed by
Mattioli’s performance of laser eye surgeries in violation of the noncompete covenant.
6
decision on conflicting evidence. Correa v. Houston Surgical Assistant Servs.,
Inc., No. 14-12-01050-CV, 2013 WL 3958499, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] July 30, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). When, as here, no findings of fact or
conclusions of law are filed6, the trial court’s determination of whether to grant or
deny a temporary injunction must be upheld on any legal theory supported by the
record. EMS USA, 309 S.W.3d at 657. When consideration of evidence is
required, we view it in the light most favorable to the trial court’s order, indulging
every reasonable inference in favor of the trial court’s determination. EMSL
Analytical, Inc. v. Younker, 154 S.W.3d 693, 696 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
An appeal of an order granting or denying a temporary injunction based on a
noncompete covenant does not present for appellate review the ultimate question
of whether the covenant is enforceable under the Act. Id. In reviewing a trial
court’s granting or denying of an application for a temporary injunction, we review
only the trial court’s exercise of discretion in determining that a plaintiff did not
show (1) likelihood of success on the merits at trial, or (2) irreparable injury. Id.
III. Analysis
As stated, appellants make several arguments supporting their request for a
temporary injunction spread over two issues.7 Although appellants offer some
discussion related to the probable irreparable harm requirement for a temporary
6
On February 27, 2013, LasikPlus filed a letter with this court stating that the trial court
had signed findings of fact and conclusions of law and that LasikPlus was attempting to obtain a
supplemental clerk’s record containing the findings and conclusions. No supplemental record
has been filed. The record before us does not contain any findings or conclusions or any
indication that they were entered by the trial court.
7
Some of appellants’ arguments are raised to some degree under both of their broadly
defined issues; we will therefore organize this opinion based on the distinct arguments and not
based on the two issues. The disposition of the case is in no way affected by this organization.
7
injunction, their main focus, as was that of the trial court, is on the probable right
to recovery. In this opinion, we will likewise focus on appellant’s likelihood of
success on the merits as that issue was presented to the trial court. Appellants
primarily argue that the trial court erred in (1) applying section 15.50 of the
Business and Commerce Code in the temporary injunction context, (2) refusing to
consider reformation of the contract to comply with section 15.50, and (3) ignoring
Mattioli’s breach of the notice provision as an alternative basis for the temporary
injunction. We will discuss each in turn.
A. Consideration of § 15.50
We begin with appellants’ contention that the trial court erred in considering
the effects of Business and Commerce Code section 15.50 in denying the
temporary injunction. While we agree with appellants that the section does not
govern the temporary injunction analysis, caselaw clearly supports the position that
the dictates of section 15.50 can be considered when assessing the likelihood of
success on the merits, an integral part of the determination of whether a temporary
injunction should be granted. See Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204.
The relevant portions of section 15.50 read as follows:
§ 15.50. Criteria for Enforceability of Covenants Not to Compete
(a) Notwithstanding Section 15.05 of this code,8 and subject to any
applicable provision of Subsection (b), a covenant not to compete is
enforceable if it is ancillary to or part of an otherwise enforceable
agreement at the time the agreement is made to the extent that it
contains limitations as to time, geographical area, and scope of
activity to be restrained that are reasonable and do not impose a
greater restraint than is necessary to protect the goodwill or other
business interest of the promisee.
8
Among other applications, section 15.05 generally makes contracts in restraint of trade
unlawful. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 15.05.
8
(b) A covenant not to compete relating to the practice of medicine
is enforceable against a person licensed as a physician by the Texas
Medical Board if such covenant complies with the following
requirements:
....
(2) the covenant must provide for a buy out of the covenant by
the physician at a reasonable price or, at the option of either
party, as determined by a mutually agreed upon arbitrator or, in
the case of an inability to agree, an arbitrator of the court whose
decision shall be binding on the parties . . . .
Tex. Bus. & Com. Code §15.50.
It is undisputed that Mattioli is a physician licensed by the State of Texas, so
the Employment Agreement and attendant covenant are within the class of
agreements covered by section 15.50(b). Appellants also expressly concede that
the Employment Agreement does not fulfill the requirements of section 15.50(b)
because the agreement does not provide for a buy-out of the covenant not to
compete as required by subsection (b)(2).
In support of their contention that section 15.50 has no application in
temporary injunction proceedings, appellants cite cases wherein courts, including
this one, have concluded that the section does not preempt the statutory and
common law principles that already govern such proceedings. See, e.g., EMSL
Analytical, 154 S.W.3d at 695 (explaining that the Act governs only final remedies
and looking to common law principles in determining whether the trial court
properly denied the application for temporary injunctive relief); Cardinal Health
Staffing Network, Inc. v. Bowen, 106 S.W.3d 230, 236–240 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (en banc) (conducting a comprehensive analysis of the
Act and concluding that it was intended to govern only final remedies).
However, just because section 15.50 does not control the analysis in
9
interlocutory orders does not mean it plays no role in that analysis. As set forth
above, to be entitled to a temporary injunction, an applicant must establish, among
other things, a probability of ultimate success on the merits. See, e.g., Butnaru, 84
S.W.3d at 204; EMS USA, 309 S.W.3d at 657. This requirement protects opposing
parties from the inherent interference of temporary injunctions when it appears
unlikely that the applicant ultimately will prevail in the lawsuit. As appellants
recognize, section 15.50(b) will play a pivotal and possibly dispositional role in the
final outcome of appellants’ cause of action for breach of the noncompete
covenant. Accordingly, in order to properly assess appellants’ likelihood of
success on the merits, the trial court was required to consider the potential
application of section 15.50(b) under the circumstances presented. See EMS
USA, 309 S.W.3d at 657-60 (reviewing trial court’s denial of application under
common law principles and declining to address ultimate issue of noncompete
covenant’s enforceability but reversing and remanding because trial court failed to
consider evidence relevant to enforceability analysis under section 15.50); Tom
James of Dallas, Inc. v. Cobb, 109 S.W.3d 877, 885-89 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003,
no pet.) (refusing to reach ultimate issue of covenant’s enforceability on appeal
from denial of temporary injunction application but considering requirements for
enforceability under section 15.50 in determining whether applicant established “a
probability of success on the enforceability of the covenants”); see also Shoreline
Gas, Inc. v. McGaughey, No. 13-07-364-CV, 2008 WL 1747624, at *12 n.9 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi April 17, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[W]e review the trial
court’s statement that the provisions at issue are unenforceable only insofar as it
affects one or more of the elements required for a temporary injunction[:] a cause
of action, a probable right to relief, [and] probable imminent and irreparable
injury.”).
10
Appellants argue at length that the trial court—in considering the possible
application of section 15.50 at this preliminary stage—prematurely ruled on the
ultimate merits of the case and deprived the jury of their role in determining the
outcome. The court has done nothing of the sort. The case continues unabated
toward final resolution, whether through trial by jury, trial to the court, summary
judgment, or some other process. The court here merely made an assessment of
the probable outcome based on the evidence and argument presented. The court
committed no error in doing so.
B. Reformation
Next, appellants contend the trial court erred in failing to consider the
possibility that the contract could be reformed to include a buy-out provision in
order to comply with section 15.50(b)(2). In their live pleading, appellants have
requested such reformation in the event the noncompete covenant is found to be
unenforceable. Appellants do not contend that the trial court should have reformed
the agreement at this preliminary stage but maintain the court should have
considered the possibility of reformation in assessing appellants’ likelihood of
success on the merits.9 Appellants advance three possible bases for reformation:
(1) language in the Employment Agreement itself regarding reformation, (2) the
legislative history of section 15.50 allegedly suggesting reformation could be
undertaken in these circumstances, and (3) mutual mistake. We discuss each in
turn.10
9
This argument is, of course, stated as an alternative to appellants’ argument discussed
above that the trial court should not have considered the possible application of section 15.50 in
the temporary injunction context.
10
Appellants’ reformation arguments are interwoven to some degree, and it is, therefore,
somewhat unclear whether they intended to make three separate arguments or one unified
argument. We address each of the three arguments we can discern and find them to be without
merit either as separate arguments or as component parts of a unified whole. As we have said
11
1. Contract Language
The specific contract language appellants claim authorizes reformation
appears in section 8.4 of the agreement, entitled “Enforcement.” It provides:
[I]f a court determines the . . . covenant[] not to compete . . . to be
unreasonable as to time or area or otherwise, the parties consent to
the reformation of the covenants by such court, and [appellants] shall
be entitled to enforce the covenants for such period of time and within
such area and otherwise as may be determined to be reasonable by
such court.
(Emphasis added).
Appellants focus on the use of the word “otherwise” in section 8.4,
suggesting that the lack of a buy-out clause in the contract falls within the term’s
ambit. However, the language of 8.4 is clear that it applies only when a court
determines the covenant not to compete to be unreasonable. Here, the trial court’s
implied finding is that the noncompete covenant is not likely to be determined
enforceable due to its failure to comply with section 15.50(b)(2). There is no
indication the trial court made or was asked to make even a preliminary assessment
regarding the covenant’s reasonableness as to time, area, or otherwise. Section 8.4
of the agreement therefore does not apply under these circumstances, and
appellants have not established a probable right to recovery on this basis. See, e.g.,
City of San Antonio v. Headwaters Coalition, Inc., 381 S.W.3d 543, 545-46, 554
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied) (reversing grant of temporary
before, the underlying objective of reformation is to correct a mutual mistake made in preparing
a written instrument, so that the instrument truly reflects the original agreement of the parties.
See Comiskey v. FH Partners, LLC, 373 S.W.3d 620, 633 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2012, pet. denied). As will be seen, some of appellants’ arguments stretch the bounds of this
general principle. We take no position regarding whether appellants’ approaches to reformation
could succeed under different circumstances.
12
injunction where applicant failed to demonstrate a probable right to recovery).11
2. Reformation under Section 15.50
Although acknowledging that the noncompete covenant as written does not
meet the requirements of section 15.50 due to the absence of a buy-out provision,
appellants suggest that the legislative history of the section authorizes reformation
to add such a provision. As discussed above, under section 15.50, a noncompete
covenant relating to the practice of medicine is enforceable if, among other
requirements, it provides
for a buy out of the covenant by the physician at a reasonable price or,
at the option of either party, as determined by a mutually agreed upon
arbitrator or, in the case of an inability to agree, an arbitrator of the
court whose decision shall be binding on the parties.
Tex. Bus. & Com. Code §15.50(b)(2). Appellants maintain that this subsection is
ambiguous regarding the authority of an arbitrator to reform the agreement and that
the legislative history of the section demonstrates that broad reformation powers
were contemplated to ensure that covered noncompete covenants meet the
requirements of the section. Mattioli disagrees and asserts the section is not
ambiguous, and, even if it were, legislative history reveals no intent to imbue
arbitrators with broad reformation powers.
In construing statutory language, our primary objective is to ascertain and
give effect to the legislature’s intent. Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411
(Tex. 2011). “Enforcing the law as written is a court’s safest refuge in matters of
statutory construction, and we should always refrain from rewriting text that
11
Appellants also argue that the trial court had a duty to harmonize the provisions of the
contract in order to give effect to the parties’ intent to be bound by the covenant not to compete.
However, we cannot rewrite a contract or add to its language under the guise of interpretation.
Frontier Logistics, L.P. v. Nat’l Prop. Holdings, No. 14-11-00357-CV, 2013 WL 5738198, at *3
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 17, 2013, no pet. h.).
13
lawmakers chose . . . .” Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433,
443 (Tex. 2009). We consider issues of statutory construction de novo.
Molinet, 356 S.W.3d at 411. We may consider legislative history in construing a
statute. Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.023(3). However, the plain meaning of the text,
given the context of the statute as a whole, provides the best expression of
legislative intent. Molinet, 356 S.W.3d at 411.
Here, there is no indication in section 15.50 that the legislature intended to
invest courts or arbitrators with the authority to reform noncompete covenants to
create buy-out provisions. To the contrary, the section as a whole provides that if a
noncompete covenant involving a physician does not have a buy-out clause, it is
not enforceable. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 15.50(b). The language in subsection
15.50(b)(2) concerning arbitration clearly contemplates only the issue of a
reasonable price for a buy-out; it does not suggest a court or arbitrator could add a
buy-out clause to a covenant that does not contain one. Because the statutory
language clearly supports the opposite of appellants’ assertions, we need not delve
into the parties’ disagreements regarding legislative history. See generally
Molinet, 356 S.W.3d at 411.
3. Mutual Mistake
Lastly, appellants suggest that there was a mutual mistake between the
parties to the Employment Agreement, LasikPlus and Mattioli, which led to the
omission of a buy-out clause when the parties intended to include one. In support,
they point out that the parties expressed the intent to be bound to the noncompete
covenant.12 Appellants do not cite to any evidence or make any other arguments
12
In this regard, appellants specifically cite the language in section 8.3 which reads in
part:
8.3. Remedies. . . . In the event of Physician’s actual or threatened breach of the
provisions of Section[] 8.1 . . . , [LasikPlus] shall be entitled to an injunction
14
supporting a mutual mistake finding.
A party seeking reformation of a contract based on mutual mistake must
prove: (1) an original agreement and (2) a mutual mistake, made by both parties
and occurring after the original agreement, in reducing the original agreement to
writing. Comiskey v. FH Partners, LLC, 373 S.W.3d 620, 633 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). “The doctrine of mutual mistake must not
routinely be available to avoid the result of an unhappy bargain.” Williams v.
Glash, 789 S.W.2d 261, 265 (Tex. 1990).
Mattioli offered his own affidavit, stating that at the time the Employment
Agreement was being drafted, he proposed inclusion of a buy-out provision but
appellants’ representative rejected the proposal. He further stated that “[t]here was
no mistake as to whether to include a buyout provision.”13 Given the fact Mattioli
provided the court with evidence contrary to the existence of a mutual mistake and
appellants offered no evidence on the issue, the trial court did not abuse its
against said breach by [Mattioli], and [Mattioli] hereby consents to such
injunction by a court in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas and upon
notice to Physician, and an opportunity to be heard . . . .
Appellants suggest only that this clause evidences an intent to be bound by the noncompete
covenant.
13
Both parties cite Mattioli’s affidavit as support for their positions, but contrary to
appellants’ assertion, nothing in the affidavit suggests that there was merely “a disagreement as
to the amount of a buyout price at the time the contract was signed.” See generally Millwrights
Local Union No. 2484 v. Rust Eng’g Co., 433 S.W.2d 683, 686 (Tex. 1968) (providing parties
may agree to use of affidavits as evidence in temporary injunction proceedings). The affidavit
clearly indicates that appellants’ representative did not want such a clause as Mattioli proposed.
Both parties agree that the trial court sought further briefing on the issue of reformation, and both
sides submitted post-hearing briefing and exhibits in response to that request. Mattioli’s affidavit
was attached as an exhibit to his supplemental briefing. Appellants did not object to
consideration of Mattioli’s affidavit in the trial court and do not object on appeal. See generally
Ahmed v. Shimi Ventures, L.P., 99 S.W.3d 682, 684 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,
no pet.) (considering affidavits in reviewing temporary injunction order where opposing party
did not object). The trial court denied the application for a temporary injunction on the same day
that Mattioli’s trial brief and affidavit were filed.
15
discretion in refusing to hold that appellants demonstrated a likelihood of success
based on the possibility the agreement could be reformed. See generally Correa,
2013 WL 3958499, at *4 (explaining that an abuse of discretion does not occur
when the trial court’s decision is supported by evidence).14 Moreover, based on
the foregoing reasoning, the court did not abuse its discretion to the extent it
determined appellants failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits
based on their reformation arguments.
C. Notice as Alternate Basis for Injunction
Appellants additionally contend that the trial court erred in ignoring
Mattioli’s alleged breach of the Employment Agreement’s notice provision as an
alternative basis for the temporary injunction. As appellants point out, Mattioli’s
attorney stipulated at the temporary injunction hearing that Mattioli gave only 30-
days’ written notice before opening his new clinic and not the 120-days’ notice
required under section 4.3 of the Employment Agreement.15
Appellants, however, neither cite to a request in the trial court for an
injunction based on the failure to provide proper notice nor explain how Mattioli’s
failure to give 120-days’ notice could support issuance of the temporary injunction
they sought. Appellants’ request, which was incorporated in their live pleading,
sought a temporary injunction based only on alleged violations of section 8 of the
14
Appellants again suggest that the trial court prematurely ruled on the ultimate merits
and deprived them of their right to a final trial on the issue of the parties’ intent. The trial court
simply denied appellants’ application for a temporary injunction because the court determined
that they did not meet their burden for interlocutory injunctive relief. See Loye v. Travelhost,
Inc., 156 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) (“The trial judge’s decision to
grant a temporary injunction was based on the evidence presented at the temporary injunction
hearing. We cannot assume this evidence will be the same as the evidence developed at a full
trial on the merits.”).
15
Mattioli’s counsel did not concede that Mattioli breached the agreement; he only conceded that
Mattioli did not give 120 days’ notice.
16
Employment Agreement, containing the noncompete covenant and a prohibition on
soliciting fellow employees. The request does not mention section 4.3, which
contains the notice requirement.16
Moreover, an alleged breach of an agreement does not automatically entitle
the plaintiff to a temporary injunction pending trial; as discussed in detail above,
temporary injunctions require specific matters be demonstrated by the applicant,
including a probable right to the relief sought and probable, imminent, and
irreparable injury in the interim. See Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204. Appellants insist
that Mattioli’s attorney’s stipulation on notice entitles them to a temporary
injunction, but they offer no reasoning as to why a failure to give proper notice
entitles them to restrict the professional services Mattioli could offer to his clients
within a geographical area and until trial. Whatever damages appellants claim
resulted from Mattioli’s 30-day notice were sustained long ago. Although we
construe briefs liberally, see Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.9, we will not
make appellants’ arguments for them. E.g., Tello v. Bank One, N.A., 218 S.W.3d
109, 116 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Accordingly, we reject
appellants’ arguments based on the notice requirement of section 4.3.
IV. Conclusion
Having held that each of appellants’ distinct arguments is without merit and
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying their request for a temporary
injunction, we overrule appellants’ two issues.
16
The contractual remedy of an injunction, as set out in section 8.3, is only for a breach
of sections 8.1 or 8.2.
17
We affirm the trial court’s order denying appellants’ application for
temporary injunction.
/s/ Martha Hill Jamison
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Boyce, Jamison, and Busby.
18