Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed February 16, 2011.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-10-01049-CR
DOMINICK LOWE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 232nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1226453
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Dominick Lowe, was convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child.
In two issues, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting his video-taped
custodial statement and the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. We
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
During all times material to our disposition, Erica Clark resided in an apartment in
Houston, Texas with her eleven-year-old daughter, J.C. At approximately 1:00 p.m. on
August 24, 2008, Clark returned home from work. After Clark knocked on the front
door, J.C. delayed for an unusually long period of time before unlocking the door. Clark
engaged in her usual post-work routine but noticed J.C. was nervous. Eventually, Clark
discovered a twelve-year-old boy, D.M., hiding in J.C.’s bedroom closet; Clark did not
search the closet for other individuals. Clark then contacted the police.
While awaiting police, Clark exited the apartment when she heard a car alarm.
When Clark checked her vehicle, she observed a person running through the pool area of
the apartment complex ―[l]ike they were trying to get away from somebody or you know
like they was in trouble.‖ Clark did not notice whether the person had exited from
Clark’s apartment. Clark returned to her apartment where J.C. and D.M. remained.
Eventually, D.M.’s mother and police officers arrived and spoke with Clark; no arrests
were made that day.
In January 2009, J.C.’s friends informed Clark that J.C. was ―performing oral sex
on boys.‖ When Clark confronted J.C. regarding the rumor, J.C. stated that appellant had
raped her. According to Clark, J.C. explained that appellant was D.M.’s older brother
and had been hiding in her closet on August 24, 2008 when Clark discovered D.M. in the
closet. Appellant turned seventeen years old during July 2008. Clark contacted the
police regarding J.C.’s allegations.
At trial, J.C. testified as follows. She and appellant ―dated‖ and spent time
together at J.C.’s apartment when Clark was at work. Appellant and J.C. first engaged in
genital-to-genital sexual intercourse on appellant’s birthday as a ―[birthday] present to
[appellant].‖ During their relationship, appellant and J.C. engaged in genital-to-genital
sexual intercourse three or four times. The last incident occurred when appellant and
D.M. visited J.C.’s apartment on the day described above. D.M. remained in the living
room while appellant and J.C. engaged in sexual intercourse in her bedroom. Clark then
returned to the apartment and knocked on the front door. Appellant and J.C. dressed, and
appellant and D.M. hid in J.C.’s bedroom closet. Clark eventually discovered D.M. but
not appellant. While Clark was outside of the apartment checking her vehicle, appellant
fled from the apartment and ran through the pool area.
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Appellant was residing in Phoenix, Arizona when Houston police began
investigating J.C.’s allegations. A Houston detective requested Phoenix Police
Department Officer Sean Hall to assist in locating and arresting appellant. Officer Hall
arrested appellant and then interviewed him at police headquarters. A video recording of
the interview was admitted at trial. During the interview, appellant expressed that he
would be incarcerated if he related a prior incident between him and his sister’s friend;
however, appellant did not confess to previously engaging in sexual intercourse with any
person.
Appellant was transported to Houston and charged with aggravated sexual assault
of a child. Appellant elected a trial to the bench. The trial court found appellant guilty
and assessed punishment at fifteen years’ confinement.
II. LEGAL SUFFICIENCY
We begin with appellant’s second issue, in which he contends the evidence is
legally insufficient to support his conviction.
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
As charged in the indictment, appellant committed aggravated sexual assault of a
child if he intentionally or knowingly caused the penetration of the sexual organ of J.C., a
person younger than fourteen years of age, by placing his sexual organ in J.C.’s sexual
organ. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i), (2)(B) (West 2011).
When reviewing sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and any
reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could have found the elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19 (1979)). We do not sit as
thirteenth juror and may not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder by re-
evaluating weight and credibility of the evidence. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Rather, we defer to the fact finder to resolve conflicts in
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testimony fairly, weigh evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to
ultimate facts. Id. This standard applies equally to circumstantial and direct evidence.
Id. Our duty as reviewing court is to ensure the evidence presented actually supports a
conclusion that the defendant committed the crime. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742,
750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
B. Analysis
Appellant argues the evidence is insufficient because J.C. was not credible for the
following reasons: (1) J.C. accused appellant of sexual assault in an attempt to shift
blame from herself when confronted by Clark regarding an unrelated rumor; (2) J.C. lied
when she told Clark she was forcibly raped; (3) J.C. lied when she told officers she and
appellant engaged in sexual intercourse only once; (4) J.C. testified that she was scared
and confused the first time she and appellant had sex, but later testified she engaged in
sex with him as a birthday present; and (5) J.C.’s timeframe relative to the events of
August 24, 2008 is implausible in light of the time that Clark returned home from work.
Appellant’s arguments are not persuasive. The fact finder is the exclusive judge of
witness credibility and weight to be given their testimony, and it is the exclusive province
of the fact finder to reconcile conflicts in the evidence. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d
103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. Despite any
inconsistencies, we must defer to the trial court’s decision to believe J.C.’s testimony that
she and appellant engaged in sexual intercourse. Accordingly, the evidence is legally
sufficient to support appellant’s conviction. We overrule appellant’s second issue.
III. SUPPRESSION OF STATEMENT
In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting the video
recording of his custodial interrogation because the court failed to make a finding that his
statement was voluntary under Arizona law.
At trial, Officer Hall testified that he arrested appellant in Arizona and questioned
him at police headquarters. Officer Hall advised appellant of his Miranda rights but did
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not inform appellant that he had ―the right to terminate the interview at anytime.‖ During
the following exchange, appellant questioned Officer Hall on voir dire and objected to
admission of his statement:
[Appellant’s counsel:] Okay. And you indicated that you did not advise
[appellant] that he could terminate the interview at anytime. Correct?
[Officer Hall:] Correct.
[Appellant’s counsel:] All right. . . . Judge at this time we would object to
the introduction of [the video-recorded statement] based on Article 38.22
Code Of Criminal Procedure which requires that admonishment [referring
to the right to terminate the interview at any time] be given during the
Miranda Warnings and I know the prosecutor has indicated that if it was on
here would that refresh the officer’s memory. I have reviewed it as well
and I do not find that to be on in the warnings given to [appellant].
[Trial court:] Well, I don’t know what’s on there but I think -- let me ask
you this officer. In Arizona does your state law require that you advise
suspects of their right to terminate an interview? Is that part of the
warnings you’re required by state law to give?
[Officer Hall:] Not for adults. That’s not on our adult card, no, ma’am.
[Trial court:] I’m pretty sure that under Texas law they take a statement in
another state and it complies with that state law when it comes in here. I
could be wrong about that. Ya’ll have any case law on that?
[Prosecutor:] I can verify. I agree with you on that but I can get you some
case law on that but it’s what happens in their state law and he does read on
the video. You can see very clearly that he read from an Arizona card the
rights.
[Trial court:] Okay. And as long as -- and they’re all Mirandized.
[Prosecutor:] Yes, ma’am.
[Trial court:] . . . [D]o you have any authority?
[Appellant’s counsel:] Not at this time Judge and I guess I need to check
that as well just to make sure it complied.
[Trial court:] Well, I’ll admit it conditionally then and if you have some
authority that shows me that it’s not truly admissible under our law I’ll take
that into consideration but at this point it’s admitted
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After the trial court viewed the video recording, the State made the following assertion:
Your Honor, may I just put on the record Article 38.22 Section 8 clearly
states if the statement’s obtained from another state then you comply with
that State’s laws not the laws of Texas.1
On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court was required to determine the
voluntariness of appellant’s statement under Arizona law before its admission into
evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22 § 8(1) (―[S]tatement of an accused
made as a result of a custodial interrogation is admissible against the accused in a
criminal proceeding in this state if . . . the statement was obtained in another state and
was obtained in compliance with the laws of that state or this state.‖); see also Arizona
Rev. Statute § 13-3988 (B) (2010) (enumerating factors for court to consider when
determining voluntariness of statement). However, a trial court is not required to make a
finding regarding voluntariness of a statement unless a question is raised regarding
voluntariness. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 6 (―In all cases where a
question is raised as to the voluntariness of a statement of an accused, the court must
make an independent finding in the absence of the jury as to whether the statement was
made under voluntary conditions.‖ (emphasis added)).
Appellant’s sole objection pertained to Officer Hall’s failure to advise appellant
regarding his right to terminate the interview at any time, as required under article 38.22,
section 2(a)(5). See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 2(a)(5). As Officer Hall
explained, an officer is not required under Arizona law to warn the accused that he has
the right to terminate the interview at any time. See State v. Canez, 42 P.3d 564, 583–84
(Ariz. 2002) (determining officer read rights to defendant prior to questioning and
defendant validly waived rights; rights read by officer did not include a right to terminate
interview at any time); State v. Mumbaugh, 491 P.2d 443, 450–51 (Ariz. 1971)
(explaining requirements of Miranda); see also Gonzales v. State, 190 S.W.3d 125, 129–
1
We acknowledge that the prosecutor’s statement is not entirely correct. Under the Code of
Criminal Procedure, a custodial statement obtained in another state is admissible in Texas if it was
obtained in compliance with the laws of that state or Texas law. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.22 § 8(1) (West 2005).
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30 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d) (recognizing warning ―[you have]
the right to terminate the interview at any time‖ is not required under Miranda or
California law and holding confession obtained in California was admissible under article
38.22, section 8 despite the fact defendant was not warned he had right to terminate
interview at any time).2 Notwithstanding the undisputed fact that appellant was not
warned he could terminate the interview at any time, the trial court correctly overruled
appellant’s objection because his statement was obtained in compliance with Arizona
law. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 2(a)(5). We hold that no question was
raised regarding the voluntariness of appellant’s statement. Accordingly, the trial court
did not err by failing to make a voluntariness finding. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ Charles W. Seymore
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Frost, Seymore, and Jamison.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
2
In contrast to Texas law, Arizona law does not contain statutory codification of Miranda
warnings.
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