People v. Forrest

FILED
2015 IL App (4th) 130621 October 6, 2015
Carla Bender
NO. 4-13-0621 th
4 District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) McLean County
CLINT FORREST, ) No. 12CF1163
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Paul Lawrence,
) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Knecht and Appleton concur in the judgment, and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In April 2013, a jury found defendant, Clint Forrest, guilty of (1) aggravated bat-

tery (720 ILCS 5/12-3.05(c) (West 2010)), (2) criminal damage to property (720 ILCS 5/21-1(1)

(a) (West 2010)), and (3) mob action (720 ILCS 5/25-1(a)(1) (West 2010)). In June 2013, the

trial court sentenced defendant to four years' imprisonment for aggravated battery and three years

for mob action, to run concurrently.

¶2 Defendant appeals, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion by barring tes-

timony from a defense witness as a sanction for defendant's failure to comply with the disclosure

requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 413(d)(i) (eff. July 1, 1982). Alternatively, defend-

ant argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his counsel failed to comply

with Rule 413(d)(i). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 On November 2, 2012, the State charged defendant with aggravated battery, crim-

inal damage to property, and mob action. (The State later dismissed a fourth count, which is not

at issue in this appeal.) The State's charges arose from its claim that a day earlier, defendant—

acting in concert with codefendants, Jordan Graham and Kailey Westerfield—(1) punched and

kicked Gabriel Lewis and Emilee Edge and (2) damaged property valued in excess of $300.

¶5 A. The State's Motion To Bar Testimony as a Discovery Sanction

¶6 After jury selection but prior to opening statements, the State informed the trial

court that the day before, defense counsel stated her intent to call Westerfield as a defense wit-

ness. The State explained that Westerfield was a codefendant and that defendant's discovery re-

sponses did not list Westerfield as an intended witness. The State claimed that defense counsel

intended to call Westerfield to testify to "bad acts involving herself and *** Lewis," who was a

victim in the present case. The State represented that Lewis' testimony would constitute a signif-

icant part of the State's evidence. The State asserted it did not anticipate defense counsel's call-

ing Westerfield as a witness because her testimony could be used to incriminate her in her own

criminal case.

¶7 The trial court then asked defense counsel what kind of bad acts Westerfield

would be testifying about. Counsel explained that Westerfield and Lewis had been dating and

ended their relationship three months prior to the alleged offenses. Thereafter, Lewis stalked

Westerfield, harassed her, and damaged her car. As a result, Westerfield obtained an order of

protection against Lewis. According to defense counsel, these prior bad acts established that

Lewis had a motive to fabricate his testimony implicating defendant. Counsel explained further

that the State could not claim that it was surprised by the content of Westerfield's proposed tes-

timony because it was set forth in Westerfield's recorded statement to police.

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¶8 The State responded that it was unprepared for Westerfield's testimony. The State

argued that had it known Westerfield would testify, it potentially could have secured witnesses to

rebut her testimony. The State—without citing a specific discovery rule—requested that the

court bar Westerfield's testimony as a sanction for defendant's failing to disclose her as a witness.

¶9 The trial court found that because Westerfield was not listed as an intended wit-

ness in defendant's discovery responses, the State had no reason to assume that she would be

called as a witness. The court concluded that because defendant failed to disclose Westerfield as

a witness, the court would not allow her to testify. Defendant objected, arguing that

Westerfield's name was included in other discovery contexts, and the State should have antici-

pated the possibility that she would be called as a witness. The court did not change its ruling.

¶ 10 B. The State's Evidence Presented at Trial

¶ 11 The State called Edge as a witness, and she testified that on the night of October

31, 2012, she was at a party with Lewis—her boyfriend of three months—and their friend,

Marco Alvarez. Around 2 the following morning, Marco's uncle, Rigoberto Alvarez (Rigo),

called Lewis and invited Edge, Lewis, and Marco to a party at Anna Henson's apartment. Edge,

Lewis, and Marco drove to the party in Lewis' blue Chevy Tahoe. When they entered Henson's

apartment, Henson, Rigo, Westerfield, Omar Naverette, and Graham were also there. Defendant,

who was in the bathroom when Edge, Lewis, and Marco arrived, left the bathroom and started a

"verbal altercation" with Lewis. Immediately thereafter, Edge and Westerfield began their own

"verbal altercation." Defendant lunged at Lewis and tried to attack him, but Marco and

Navarette restrained defendant. Edge and Lewis left the apartment and walked toward Lewis'

Tahoe, intending to drive away. Edge stated that when she and Lewis decided to go to Henson's

apartment, they were unaware that defendant and Westerfield would be there.

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¶ 12 Edge testified further that as she and Lewis approached the Tahoe, defendant ran

out of the apartment toward them, swinging a knife. Lewis ran away, and defendant used the

knife to deflate both of the Tahoe's driver side tires. Defendant also grabbed a cinder block and

threw it at the Tahoe, smashing the driver side window, and then chased Lewis down the street

with the knife.

¶ 13 Edge recounted that Westerfield attempted to punch her but missed. She re-

sponded by hitting Westerfield, and the two wrestled each other to the ground. Someone pulled

Edge off of Westerfield and stood her up. Defendant then punched Edge in the face, knocking

her to the ground. Rigo held Edge on the ground, while defendant, Westerfield, and Graham hit

her. Defendant stomped on the side of Edge's face and kicked her multiple times. Although

Edge could not see defendant's face when he punched and kicked her, she knew by his shoes,

clothing, and the sound of his voice that defendant was the person attacking her. Eventually,

Edge's attackers went back inside the apartment, and she called 9-1-1.

¶ 14 On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Edge about a recorded state-

ment she gave to police after the alleged attack. Edge testified that she did not recall what she

told police in the interview. The trial court permitted defense counsel to play the recording for

the jury. In the recording, Edge stated that she knew defendant and Westerfield would be at

Henson's apartment. However, when questioned on that point by defense counsel, Edge contin-

ued to deny knowing that defendant and Westerfield would be there. Edge testified further that

she knew that Westerfield had previously accused Edge and Lewis of damaging Westerfield's

car.

¶ 15 Chad Hitchens, an officer with the Bloomington police department, testified that

he responded to a call on the morning of November 1, 2012, at Henson's apartment. When he

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arrived, he observed Edge bleeding from her head and screaming and crying. Edge told Hitchens

that defendant had tried to stab Lewis. Hitchens observed a blue Tahoe with a broken window

and two flat tires. He searched the scene for a knife but did not find one.

¶ 16 Prior to calling Lewis to testify, the State moved to prohibit defendant from ques-

tioning Lewis concerning the aforementioned bad acts. The trial court stated that it would allow

defense counsel to question Lewis about those acts but would not allow that questioning to dis-

tract from the primary issues in the case.

¶ 17 Lewis testified that he had dated Westerfield for approximately 2 1/2 years, but in

July 2012, their relationship ended. A month later, Lewis began dating Edge. Lewis stated that

on the night of October 31, 2012, he was at a Halloween party with Edge and Marco when

Marco told them that Rigo had called to invite the three of them to a party at Henson's apartment.

¶ 18 Lewis testified further that he, Edge, and Marco went to Henson's apartment.

Almost immediately after they entered the apartment, defendant came out of the bathroom with a

knife in his hand. As Navarette held defendant back, Lewis and Edge exited the apartment and

walked toward the Tahoe. Defendant ran after them with a knife, and Lewis ran away. Defend-

ant used the knife to deflate two of the Tahoe's tires. Defendant then threw a cinder block

through the driver side window of the Tahoe. Lewis ran far enough away from the scene that he

could not see what was happening to Edge, but he heard her screaming for help. When Lewis

returned to the scene, he saw that Edge was beaten up. Lewis called 9-1-1.

¶ 19 Lewis stated that while he and Westerfield were dating, she was cheating on him

with defendant. Lewis was aware that, at the time of the alleged offenses, an order of protection

prohibited him from contacting Westerfield. Lewis also knew that the order of protection was

based, in part, on accusations that Lewis had damaged Westerfield's car. At the time of trial,

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Lewis was facing a charge that he committed domestic battery against Westerfield. On cross-

examination, Lewis stated that he and Westerfield had a "hostile" relationship. Lewis testified

that he was willing to inflict physical harm on defendant because of defendant's relationship with

Westerfield.

¶ 20 C. Defendant's Evidence Presented at Trial

¶ 21 Defendant called Henson, who testified that when Lewis and Edge arrived at her

apartment, Henson immediately told them to leave. They did not, and Lewis lunged at defend-

ant. Henson never saw defendant carrying a knife. Henson remained inside her apartment and

did not see the events that occurred outside.

¶ 22 Rigo testified that on October 31, 2012, he invited Marco to Henson's apartment

and informed Marco that Lewis and Edge were not welcome there. Rigo did not see defendant

brandish a knife. Rigo stated that he stayed inside the apartment while the altercation was occur-

ring outside.

¶ 23 Defendant elected not to testify.

¶ 24 D. Closing Argument and Verdict

¶ 25 During closing argument, defense counsel argued that Edge and Lewis had falsi-

fied their testimony to "set up" defendant because Lewis was upset that defendant was dating

Westerfield.

¶ 26 The jury found defendant guilty of all three counts. The trial court later sentenced

defendant to concurrent prison terms of four years for aggravated battery and three years for mob

action. This appeal followed.

¶ 27 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 28 Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by barring testimony

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from a defense witness as a sanction for defendant's failure to comply with the disclosure re-

quirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 413(d)(i) (eff. July 1, 1982). Alternatively, defendant

argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his counsel failed to comply

with Rule 413(d)(i). We address defendant's arguments in turn.

¶ 29 A. The Trial Court's Evidentiary Ruling

¶ 30 Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by barring testimony

from a defense witness as a sanction for defendant's failure to comply with the disclosure re-

quirements of Illinois Rule 413(d)(i) (id.). Although we agree with defendant that the trial court

abused its discretion, we conclude that any error in barring the evidence was harmless.

¶ 31 1. Standard of Review

¶ 32 We review a trial court's decision as to the appropriate sanction for a discovery

violation for an abuse of discretion. People v. Schlott, 2015 IL App (3d) 130725, ¶ 24, 33

N.E.3d 665. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court's decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or

unreasonable, such that no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the court. Id.

¶ 33 2. Offers of Proof

¶ 34 When, as here, a defendant claims on appeal that the trial court improperly barred

some defense evidence, he must provide the reviewing court with "an adequate offer of proof as

to what the excluded evidence would have been." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v.

Pelo, 404 Ill. App. 3d 839, 875, 942 N.E.2d 463, 493-94 (2010). In Pelo, this court provided the

following guidance:

"[A]n offer of proof serves dual purposes: (1) it discloses to the

court and opposing counsel the nature of the offered evidence, thus

enabling the court to take appropriate action, and (2) it provides the

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reviewing court with an adequate record to determine whether the

trial court's action was erroneous. [Citation.]

The traditional way of making an offer of proof is the

'formal' offer, wherein counsel offers the proposed evidence or tes-

timony by placing a witness on the stand, outside the jury's pres-

ence, and asking him questions to elicit with particularity what the

witness would testify to if permitted to do so. [Citation.]

In lieu of a formal offer of proof, counsel may request per-

mission from the trial court to make representations regarding the

proffered testimony. As a matter of the court's discretion, the

court may allow such an 'informal' offer of proof.

A trial court may deem an informal offer of proof sufficient

if counsel informs the court, with particularity, (1) what the ***

testimony will be, (2) by whom it will be presented, and (3) its

purpose. [Citation.] However, an informal offer of proof is inade-

quate if counsel (1) 'merely summarizes the witness' testimony in a

conclusory manner' [citation] or (2) offers unsupported speculation

as to what the witness would say [citation].

In any event, it remains entirely within the trial court's dis-

cretion whether to accept an informal offer of proof in lieu of the

formal offer consisting of testimony from the witness stand. Alt-

hough it would be helpful for the court to address this issue explic-

itly—that is, to inform counsel on the record whether the court is

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 satisfied with counsel's informal offer of proof—if the court fails

to do so sua sponte, the obligation to obtain such a ruling remains

with counsel. Especially given how easy it is for counsel to obtain

such a ruling from the court, we are disinclined to engage in specu-

lation about whether the court was willing to accept an informal

offer of proof if the record is not explicit on that point. Thus, ab-

sent such an explicit record, it was incumbent upon defendant's

counsel to make a formal offer of proof to the court to preserve for

appeal the court's ruling that the testimony in question was not ad-

missible." (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 875-76, 942 N.E.2d at

494.

Regrettably, the trial court and defense counsel did not follow the aforementioned suggested pro-

cedure.

¶ 35 3. The Offer of Proof in the Present Case

¶ 36 Here, defense counsel made an informal offer of proof. After the State objected

to Westerfield's testifying to "some prior bad acts involving herself and Gabe Lewis," the trial

court asked defense counsel, "Bad acts? What are we talking about?" Defense counsel explained

that, at the time of the alleged offenses, Westerfield was dating defendant. A few months prior,

she ended a dating relationship with Lewis. Since then, counsel recounted, Lewis "has stalked

her, harassed, damaged her car, on many occasions. He has thrown things into her car, kitty litter

for example popped her tire, smashed her windshield, and run into her car. So much to the ex-

tent that Kailey Westerfield had to obtain an order of protection against Gabe Lewis[.]" Counsel

further explained that the purpose of admitting the testimony about the bad acts was to establish

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that Lewis had a motive to fabricate his testimony implicating defendant.

¶ 37 The trial court did not explicitly state whether it was accepting defendant's infor-

mal offer of proof as to Westerfield's testimony. It did, however, bar Westerfield's testimony as

a result of defendant's failure to disclose Westerfield as a witness.

¶ 38 The trial court should have asked the State whether it objected to defense coun-

sel's representations regarding Westerfield's testimony. After hearing the State's position, the

court could then have exercised its discretion to explicitly accept or reject defendant's informal

offer of proof. Here, despite the lack of an explicit statement by the court indicating that it was

accepting defense counsel's informal offer of proof, we will infer that the court accepted it before

the court ruled to bar Westerfield's testimony.

¶ 39 4. Sanctions for Failure To Comply With Discovery Rules

¶ 40 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 413(d)(i) (eff. July 1, 1982) provides that a criminal

defendant "shall furnish the State" with "the names and last known addresses of persons he in-

tends to call as witnesses." Although defendant does not contest that (1) he failed to disclose

Westerfield as a witness until the day of trial, and (2) Illinois Supreme Court Rule 415(g) (eff.

Oct 1. 1971) authorizes a trial court to impose sanctions for a party's failure to comply with the

discovery rules—specifically, the authority to "grant a continuance, exclude such evidence, or

enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances"—defendant contends that the

court here abused its discretion on this record by imposing the most onerous sanction—namely,

the exclusion of Westerfield's testimony. We agree.

¶ 41 When fashioning an appropriate sanction, a trial court should primarily consider

four factors: (1) the effectiveness of a less severe sanction; (2) the materiality of the proposed

testimony; (3) the potential prejudice to the other party resulting from the testimony; and (4) bad

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faith in the violation of the discovery rules. People v. Ramsey, 239 Ill. 2d 342, 430, 942 N.E.2d

1168, 1216-17 (2010). Precluding a criminal defendant from presenting testimony or evidence is

reserved for only the most extreme situations. People v. Tally, 2014 IL App (5th) 120349, ¶ 28,

10 N.E.3d 488. The court's imposition of sanctions is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Peo-

ple v. Houser, 305 Ill. App. 3d 384, 390, 712 N.E.2d 355, 359 (1999). To exercise sound discre-

tion, a court must consider available alternative sanctions. Id.

¶ 42 a. Factor One: The Effectiveness of a Less Severe Sanction

¶ 43 In this case, with respect to the first factor—the effectiveness of a less severe

sanction—the record contains no indication that the trial court considered alternative sanctions

prior to barring Westerfield's testimony. (And we note the State suggested none.) Defendant's

violation potentially could have been cured by granting the State a continuance to secure wit-

nesses or allowing it the opportunity to once again interview Westerfield. The State contends on

appeal that a continuance would have been inappropriate because (1) the continuance would

have needed to be lengthy enough for the State to secure witnesses, (2) it was unknown whether

such witnesses would be available, and (3) the jury had already been selected. The points raised

by the State on appeal could have—and should have—been raised by the State at the trial level

so they could have been explicitly addressed by the trial court on the record. Based upon the

record before us, we cannot know whether a continuance would have sufficiently addressed any

of the State's legitimate concerns that arose from defendant's discovery violation.

¶ 44 We also note that Rule 415(g)(ii) (Ill. S. Ct. R. 415(g)(ii) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971)) al-

lows the State to subject defense counsel to appropriate sanctions for a willful violation of a dis-

covery rule. In People v. Foster, 271 Ill. App. 3d 562, 567-68, 648 N.E.2d 337, 340-41 (1995),

this court reminded trial courts of their authority to sanction counsel for willful discovery viola-

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tions and the proper procedure to follow when doing so:

"Because Rule 415(g)(ii) speaks of a 'wilful violation,' a

trial court should explicitly ask the counsel whom the court be-

lieves may have violated a discovery order for his explanation, if

any, as to why he failed to comply with the court's order. Once the

court hears counsel's response, the court should then make specific

findings of fact before concluding that a wilful violation by coun-

sel has occurred. [Citation.] If the court finds *** a wilful viola-

tion by counsel, then the court should consider two unrelated paths

of action by asking both of the following questions: (1) how im-

portant and necessary is the new evidence being offered in viola-

tion of the discovery rules, and if the court admits it, how prejudi-

cial and surprising will it be to the other side? And, (2) what per-

sonal sanction, if any, should the court impose upon counsel so as

to both punish and deter wilful violations of its discovery order?"

(Emphasis in original.)

We are not suggesting that defense counsel's violation was willful in the present case. We mere-

ly mean to remind trial courts of their authority to subject counsel to sanctions and to encourage

those courts to consider sanctioning counsel as an alternative to barring testimony.

¶ 45 Along these same lines, a most curious aspect of this case is the trial court's fail-

ure to ask defense counsel the three initial questions that one might think most important when

addressing the State's motion to bar Westerfield from testifying because of an alleged discovery

violation—namely, (1) when did counsel first become aware of Westerfield's availability to testi-

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fy; (2) when did counsel decide she wanted to call her; and (3) when did counsel so inform the

State? The State could have suggested to the court that it make these inquiries, but the State did

not, leaving this gaping hole in the record.

¶ 46 b. Factor Two: The Materiality of the Evidence

¶ 47 As to the second factor, Westerfield's testimony was material to the defense. De-

fendant intended to produce testimony from Westerfield that Lewis had a motive to fabricate his

testimony. Such testimony was material in this case, given that the evidence against defendant

was based in large part upon Lewis' testimony. The State argues that (1) the offer of proof was

not specific enough to determine whether Westerfield's testimony was material and (2)

Westerfield's testimony would have been collateral to the issues at hand. The State's argument

about lack of specificity should have been raised in the first instance to the trial court, thereby

giving both the court and defense counsel the chance to address the State's concern. In any

event, the court seemed to think the offer adequate and sufficiently specific to establish its mate-

riality.

¶ 48 c. Factor Three: Prejudice

¶ 49 As to the third factor, the State would not have suffered prejudice from the admis-

sion of Westerfield's testimony. The State conducted a recorded interview with Westerfield and

therefore could not have been surprised by her proposed testimony. When assessing the State's

claim that it was somehow prejudiced by defendant's late notification that he intended to call

Westerfield, we are mindful of the fact that she was a codefendant with defendant in this very

case. That status is significant, if not dispositive, of the State's claim that it was surprised and

prejudiced by the late notification that Westerfield was going to testify because the State had to

know the possibility always exists that a codefendant, at some point, might be willing to testify at

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her codefendant's trial. To be blunt, no experienced criminal law practitioner could possibly be

surprised by such a development, although it is a little unusual that the codefendant winds up tes-

tifying for a codefendant, instead of "flipping" and testifying as a State's witness.

¶ 50 Just as we reject the State's claim that the late notification about Westerfield

somehow surprised and prejudiced the State, we would similarly reject defendant's assertions of

surprise and prejudice had Westerfield "flipped" from being a codefendant to being a State's wit-

ness against defendant. (As we indicated, the more typical practice.) An experienced defense

attorney would always understand that her client's codefendant, represented by separate counsel,

would likely be negotiating with the prosecutor to see whether an agreement could be reached

that would be beneficial to the codefendant in exchange for his testimony at trial against the re-

maining defendant. We deemed the trial court to have erred by barring the codefendant in this

case from testifying because of the late notification under Rule 413, and we would similarly con-

clude that an order barring a codefendant from testifying as a State's witness because of a late

notification under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 412 (eff. Oct. 1, 1971) would be unreasonable.

¶ 51 None of this is to say that the trial court, in appropriate circumstances, could not

exercise its discretion to order the late-inscribed witness to be available for interview by the op-

posing counsel before being permitted to testify. We simply note, regarding the issue of preju-

dice that a party might suffer, it is difficult to envision any case in which the State or a defendant

could legitimately claim surprise and prejudice when a codefendant testifies at his codefendant's

trial, whether called by the State or by the defendant.

¶ 52 d. Factor Four: Bad Faith

¶ 53 Regarding the final factor, no evidence in the record shows that defense counsel's

failing to disclose Westerfield as a witness was the result of bad faith. The State argues that

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counsel knew of Westerfield's testimony as early as December 2012—when the State tendered to

defendant a copy of Westerfield's statement to police—but failed to disclose Westerfield as a

witness until just prior to jury selection in April 2013. However, the relevant date is not when

defense counsel learned of Westerfield's statement but, instead, when counsel learned that

Westerfield was willing and available to testify. As we noted earlier, the record is silent on that

point. Without knowing when counsel learned that Westerfield was willing to testify, we decline

to conclude that counsel's failing to disclose Westerfield was the result of bad faith.

¶ 54 Considering these four factors together, we conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by barring Westerfield's testimony.

¶ 55 5. Harmless Error

¶ 56 The State argues that any error in barring Westerfield's testimony was harmless

because Westerfield's testimony would have been cumulative and because it would not have im-

peached Edge's testimony, which was sufficient to establish defendant's guilt. We agree.

¶ 57 A nonconstitutional evidentiary error is harmless if there is no reasonable proba-

bility that the jury would have acquitted the defendant absent the error. People v. Stull, 2014 IL

App (4th) 120704, ¶ 104, 5 N.E.3d 328.

¶ 58 Here, according to defendant's informal offer of proof, Westerfield would have

testified that (1) she and Lewis were in a dating relationship that ended three months prior to the

alleged offenses in the present case; (2) after the breakup, Lewis stalked and harassed

Westerfield and damaged her car; and (3) as a result of Lewis' actions, Westerfield obtained an

order of protection against him, which was in effect at the time of the alleged offenses.

¶ 59 At trial Edge testified that, prior to the offenses in the present case, Westerfield

had alleged that Edge and Lewis ran into her car. Lewis testified that, while he was dating

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Westerfield, she was cheating on him with defendant. Lewis stated that at the time of the alleged

offenses, and order of protection was in place prohibiting him from having contact with

Westerfield. Lewis was aware that the protective order resulted, in part, from Westerfield's ac-

cusations that Lewis had damaged her car. Lewis described his relationship with Westerfield as

"hostile" and admitted that he was so angry with defendant that Lewis was willing to harm him.

Lewis asserted further that, at the time of trial, he was facing a charge of domestic battery against

Westerfield.

¶ 60 When considering Westerfield's proposed testimony in the context of the other

evidence presented at trial, we conclude that there is no reasonable probability that the jury

would have acquitted defendant had Westerfield been allowed to testify. A significant part of

Westerfield's proposed testimony was cumulative of the testimony of Lewis and Edge that al-

ready established the hostile nature of the relationship between Lewis and Westerfield, and de-

fendant argued to the jury that Lewis' hostility motivated him to falsify his testimony against de-

fendant. The jury rejected that theory and instead found credible the testimony of Edge and

Lewis. Their testimony was supported by Hitchens's account that he found Edge bloody and cry-

ing outside Henson's apartment.

¶ 61 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 62 Alternatively, defendant argues that he received ineffective assistance of trial

counsel because counsel failed to comply with Rule 413(d)(i).

¶ 63 A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is subject to the two-pronged test set

forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Under that test, a defendant must

demonstrate: (1) that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,

and (2) a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the

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proceedings would have been different. People v. Ramsey, 239 Ill. 2d 342, 433, 942 N.E.2d

1168, 1218 (2010). A "reasonable probability" is defined as a showing sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome, rendering the result unreliable or fundamentally unfair. People v.

Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶ 81, 25 N.E.3d 526. A defendant's failure to establish either prong

of the Strickland test precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Arbuck-

le, 2015 IL App (3d) 121014, ¶ 44, 31 N.E.3d 351.

¶ 64 In the present case, defendant's claim fails because he cannot establish prejudice,

i.e., a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceedings would

have been different. Had defense counsel properly disclosed her intent to call Westerfield as a

witness, the court would not have imposed the sanction barring Westerfield's testimony. How-

ever, as explained earlier, the court's imposition of the sanction was harmless error because there

was not a reasonable probability that defendant would have been acquitted had Westerfield's tes-

timony been admitted. Prejudice under Strickland requires a similar conclusion that, absent the

alleged error, there is a reasonable probability that the results of the proceedings would have

been different. Ramsey, 239 Ill. 2d at 433, 942 N.E.2d at 1218. As defendant cannot establish

that reasonable probability, his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails.

¶ 65 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 66 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's judgment. As part of our judg-

ment, we award the State its $75 statutory assessment against defendant as costs of this appeal.

¶ 67 Affirmed.

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