in the Interest of B.H., a Child

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH

NO. 02-15-00155-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF B.H., A
CHILD

----------

FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 323-100058J-14

----------

MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

----------

S.H. (Mother) appeals the trial court’s judgment terminating her parental

rights to her son, B.H. (Braden). 2 In one issue, she contends that the evidence is

legally and factually insufficient to support the judgment because it does not

establish that the affidavit of relinquishment that she signed was voluntary and

free from coercion, duress, fraud, or misrepresentation. We affirm.

1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2
To protect B.H.’s and S.H.’s anonymity, we use aliases. See Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 109.002(d) (West 2014); Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2).
 Background Facts

Mother birthed Braden in April 2014. Approximately two weeks later, the

Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) filed a petition

asking the trial court to name the Department as Braden’s temporary sole

managing conservator and seeking the termination of Mother’s parental rights to

him if their reunification could not be achieved. 3 The Department attached an

affidavit to the petition. The affidavit explained, among other facts, that Mother

and Braden had tested positive for illegal drugs upon Braden’s birth, that Mother

had “reported no prenatal care to the hospital,” and that Mother had attempted to

hide her pregnancy because of a history of miscarriages. The affidavit also

stated that Braden had suffered from rapid breathing while in the hospital, that he

was placed in Mother’s care days after his birth, and that the Department had

sought his removal from her custody after she again tested positive for illegal

drugs and did not agree to temporary placement outside of her home. 4 The trial

court named the Department as Braden’s temporary sole managing conservator.

In June 2014, the Department filed a service plan for Braden that stated

that the Department’s permanency goal was family reunification. The

Department also filed a family service plan in which it recognized Mother’s love

3
The petition named a man as Braden’s alleged father. A paternity test
later excluded him as the father. Mother eventually stated that she does not
know the identity of Braden’s father.
4
The affidavit also explained that Mother’s family members had declined to
serve as placement options for Braden.

2
for Braden but stated that she had a history of drug abuse and had “very little

social support from her family members.” The family service plan assigned

several tasks to Mother, including submitting to further drug tests and completing

certain classes. The record indicates that Mother completed some requirements

of the service plan but that drug tests continued to show illegal drugs use.

By November 2014, the Department represented that Mother was not

adequately participating in services. In January 2015, the Department filed a

document stating that its permanency goal had changed to termination of

Mother’s parental rights and Braden’s adoption. That document explained that

Mother had been unsuccessfully discharged from counseling and from outpatient

drug treatment and had again tested positive for illegal drugs in a December

2014 test. An April 2015 report submitted by Braden’s court-appointed special

advocate explained that Mother did “not appear to understand the impact and

consequences of her drug use.”

On April 13, 2015, Mother signed an affidavit in which she relinquished her

parental rights to Braden. She represented that it was in Braden’s best interest

to be placed for adoption and that she was therefore “freely, voluntarily, and

permanently . . . [relinquishing] . . . all of [her] parental rights, privileges, powers,

and duties.” She recognized that once the trial court terminated her parental

rights, she would “have no further say concerning” Braden. She also attested, “I

want the Department . . . to present this Affidavit of Relinquishment of Parental

Rights to the Court and tell the Judge this affidavit speaks for me.” She

3
acknowledged that she could never revoke the affidavit, that she was signing the

affidavit with the advice of counsel, and that her decision to sign the affidavit was

accompanied with the “firm conviction that this decision [was] the best available

alternative for [Braden].”

Based on Mother’s affidavit of relinquishment, and after conducting a

hearing on the same day that she signed it, the trial court rendered a judgment

terminating her parental rights to Braden. In the judgment, the court found by

clear and convincing evidence that Mother had executed an irrevocable affidavit

of relinquishment of her parental rights and that termination of her parental rights

to Braden is in his best interest. Mother brought this appeal.

Voluntariness of Affidavit

Mother contends that the trial court erred by terminating her parental rights

because the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to show that her affidavit

of relinquishment was voluntary and free from coercion, duress, fraud, or

misrepresentation. She argues that the affidavit was involuntary and coerced

because in exchange for signing the affidavit, she was “promised that [Braden’s]

foster parents would set up a private Facebook account where they would ‘post

pictures or information about [Braden].’” She also appears to contend that the

evidence is insufficient because she did not testify in open court about the

voluntariness of her signature.

In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to

erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights,

4
privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child’s

right to inherit. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b) (West 2014); Holick v. Smith,

685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently, “[w]hen the State seeks to sever

permanently the relationship between a parent and a child, it must first observe

fundamentally fair procedures.” In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012)

(citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391–92

(1982)). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings in favor of the parent.

In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 (Tex. 2012); E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 554–55;

Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–21.

Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing

evidence. See Act of Mar. 26, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1, § 1.078,

sec. 161.001(b), 2015 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 18, 18–20 (West) (to be codified as

an amendment to Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001) (hereinafter cited as Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(a); E.N.C., 384

S.W.3d at 802. Evidence is clear and convincing if it “will produce in the mind of

the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought

to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2014); E.N.C., 384

S.W.3d at 802.

In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental termination

cases, we determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the challenged ground for

termination was proven. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005).

5
Similarly, in reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we determine whether,

on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief

that the Department proved the statutory grounds for termination. Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 161.001(b); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002).

For a trial court to terminate a parent-child relationship, the Department

must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s actions satisfy

one ground listed in family code section 161.001(b)(1) and that termination is in

the best interest of the child. 5 Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); see E.N.C.,

384 S.W.3d at 803; In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). A trial court may

order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and

convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest and that the

parent has voluntarily executed “an unrevoked or irrevocable affidavit of

relinquishment of parental rights.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(K),

(b)(2); see also In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 113 (Tex. 2014) (“[I]mplicit in

section [161.001(b)(1)(K)] is the requirement that the affidavit of parental rights

be voluntarily executed.”). The family code provides requirements for an affidavit

of voluntary relinquishment as follows:

(a) An affidavit for voluntary relinquishment of parental rights
must be:

(1) signed after the birth of the child, but not
before 48 hours after the birth of the child, by the

5
Mother does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence to show that
termination is in Braden’s best interest.

6
parent, whether or not a minor, whose parental rights
are to be relinquished;

(2) witnessed by two credible persons; and

(3) verified before a person authorized to take
oaths.

(b) The affidavit must contain:

(1) the name, county of residence, and age of the
parent whose parental rights are being relinquished;

(2) the name, age, and birth date of the child;

....

(4) a statement that the affiant is or is not
presently obligated by court order to make payments for
the support of the child;

(5) a full description and statement of value of all
property owned or possessed by the child;

(6) an allegation that termination of the parent-
child relationship is in the best interest of the child;

(7) one of the following, as applicable:

....

(C) a statement that the child has no
presumed father;

(8) a statement that the parent has been informed
of parental rights and duties;

(9) a statement that the relinquishment is
revocable, that the relinquishment is irrevocable, or that
the relinquishment is irrevocable for a stated period of
time;

....

7
 (12) the designation of a prospective adoptive
parent, the Department of Family and Protective
Services, if the department has consented in writing to
the designation, or a licensed child-placing agency to
serve as managing conservator of the child and the
address of the person or agency.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.103(a)–(b) (West 2014).

We have examined Mother’s affidavit of relinquishment, and it meets

section 161.103’s requirements, which is prima facie evidence of its validity. See

In re A.L.H., Nos. 14-14-01029-CV, 14-14-01030-CV, 2015 WL 3759162, at *1

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 16, 2015, no pet.); In re R.B., 225 S.W.3d

798, 804 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.). Mother nonetheless contends

that the affidavit was involuntary.

An involuntarily executed affidavit is a complete defense to a termination

suit based on section 161.001(b)(1)(K). See K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 113; see also

In re C.E., No. 02-14-00054-CV, 2014 WL 3866159, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

Aug. 7, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.). An affidavit is executed voluntarily when it is

executed knowingly and intelligently. See K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 113. A direct

attack on a judgment terminating parental rights based on an unrevoked affidavit

of relinquishment “is limited to issues relating to fraud, duress, or coercion in the

execution of the affidavit.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.211(c) (West 2014); see

also Vela v. Marywood, 17 S.W.3d 750, 759 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000) (“Since an

affidavit of relinquishment waives rights of constitutional magnitude, it must be

8
made voluntarily, knowingly, intelligently, and with full awareness of the legal

consequences.” (citation omitted)), pet. denied, 53 S.W.3d 684 (Tex. 2001).

Mother concedes that the “face of the affidavit reflects that it was signed

knowingly and voluntarily.” Nonetheless, she premises her evidentiary

sufficiency challenge on two grounds. First, she contends that her affidavit of

relinquishment was not voluntary because she was made an unenforceable

promise of “post-termination access to [Braden] through Facebook, including

photographs of [him] and information about his well-being.” But Mother does not

direct us to any place in the record supporting this factual assertion, and in our

careful review of the record, we have found no such support.

Instead, Mother directs us only to an unsigned, handwritten document that

she attached to her brief but that does not appear in the record. We cannot

consider such a document as a basis for reversing a trial court’s judgment. See

Tex. R. App. P. 34.1 (“The appellate record consists of the clerk’s record and, if

necessary to the appeal, the reporter’s record.”); Bencon Mgmt. & Gen.

Contracting, Inc. v. Boyer, Inc., 178 S.W.3d 198, 210 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (“[A]n appellate court may not consider matters outside the

appellate record. The attachment of documents as exhibits or appendices to

briefs is not formal inclusion in the record on appeal and, therefore, the

documents cannot be considered.” (citation omitted)); see also LeBlanc v. Fed.

Home Loan Mortg. Corp., No. 02-10-00004-CV, 2011 WL 856896, at *1 n.3 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth Mar. 10, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[W]e will not consider the

9
exhibits that are attached to LeBlanc’s brief and that are not also included in the

record.”). Thus, to the extent that Mother premises her evidentiary sufficiency

challenge on her allegation that her execution of the affidavit of relinquishment

was involuntary for the reason that it was based on an unenforceable promise of

access to Braden through Facebook, we reject the challenge. 6

The second contention upon which Mother appears to predicate her issue

is that she signed the affidavit on the date of trial, 7 that she was not called as a

witness, and that the “record . . . shows scant evidence, other than [a

caseworker’s testimony] that [the affidavit] was executed knowingly and

voluntarily, that it was in actuality executed as such.” At the hearing that the trial

court conducted before rendering its judgment, the Department’s caseworker

assigned to Braden’s case succinctly testified that she had no reason to believe

that Mother’s affidavit of relinquishment was not voluntary or was coerced. This

6
The cases cited by Mother are distinguishable because in those cases,
the record evidenced the alleged promises of post-termination contact. See
Jones v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 85 S.W.3d 483, 487, 492–
93 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pets. denied) (considering a promise of continued
contact that the mother testified about in a hearing on a petition for bill of review);
Queen v. Goeddertz, 48 S.W.3d 928, 929–32 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2001, no
pet.) (analyzing a promise of future visitation that was expressed in the affidavit
of relinquishment). We deny, as moot, the Department’s “Motion to Strike
Appendix to the Appellant’s Brief.”
7
Mother does not cite authority supporting her proposition that a parent’s
signing an affidavit of relinquishment under the pressure of an impending trial
proves that the affidavit is involuntary. Cf. R.B., 225 S.W.3d at 803–06 (holding
that the fact that parents were under considerable pressure to make a decision
did not mean affidavits of relinquishment were the result of duress or other
wrongdoing).

10
is not the only evidence affecting voluntariness, however, because in the affidavit

itself, Mother swore that she was signing it freely and voluntarily; that she was

permanently relinquishing all rights, privileges, powers, and duties with respect to

Braden; that she would have no “further say concerning” Braden; that she did not

desire to testify; that the affidavit was irrevocable; and that the Department was

relying on her “promise that [she would] not attempt to reclaim [Braden].” Mother

wrote her initials nine times by lines in the following paragraph:

“I REALIZE THAT I SHOULD NOT SIGN THIS AFFIDAVIT UNTIL I
HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD . . . EACH WORD, SENTENCE,
AND PARAGRAPH IN IT. I REALIZE THAT I SHOULD NOT SIGN
THIS AFFIDAVIT OF RELINQUISHMENT IF THERE IS ANY
THOUGHT IN MY MIND THAT I MIGHT SOMEDAY SEEK TO
CHANGE MY MIND. I REALIZE THAT I SHOULD NOT SIGN THIS
AFFIDAVIT OF RELINQUISHMENT IF I AM NOT THINKING
CLEARLY BECAUSE OF ILLNESS, MEDICATION, MY
EMOTIONAL STATE, OR ANY OTHER REASON. BECAUSE I
REALIZE HOW IMPORTANT THIS DECISION IS FOR THE
FUTURE OF MY CHILD, I HAVE PUT MY INITIALS BESIDE
EVERY LINE OF THIS PARAGRAPH SO THAT IT WILL ALWAYS
BE UNDERSTOOD THAT I HAVE READ THIS AFFIDAVIT OF
RELINQUISHMENT, UNDERSTAND IT, AND DESIRE TO SIGN
IT.”

We conclude that in light of the fact that the record contains no evidence of

involuntariness, Mother’s caseworker’s testimony about Mother’s voluntariness

and Mother’s statements in the affidavit reflecting on her voluntariness allowed

the trial court to rationally form a firm belief or conviction that the affidavit was

voluntary and was not procured by fraud, coercion, or duress. Therefore, we

hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to affirm the trial court’s

judgment terminating Mother’s parental rights on the basis of her affidavit of

11
relinquishment. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(K); K.M.L., 443

S.W.3d at 113; J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; A.L.H., 2015

WL 3759162, at *1–2; In re A.C., No. 12-14-00122-CV, 2014 WL 6803987, at *3–

4 (Tex. App.—Tyler Oct. 22, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that the evidence

was sufficient to support termination of parents’ rights when their affidavits of

relinquishment contained language expressing voluntariness and the record

contained no evidence of involuntariness); In re M.V., 343 S.W.3d 543, 548 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.) (holding similarly). We overrule Mother’s only issue.

Conclusion

Having overruled Mother’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

terminating her parental rights to Braden.

/s/ Terrie Livingston

TERRIE LIVINGSTON
CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GARDNER and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: October 8, 2015

12