Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
4-4-2003
Tang v. Atty Gen
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket 02-2874
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"Tang v. Atty Gen" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 661.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 02-2874
YONG TANG; YI *LAN LI,
Petitioners
v.
JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL
OF THE UNITED STATES,
Respondent
*(Amended per the Clerk's Order of 7/22/02)
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE
Agency No. A70 582 053
Argued March 4, 2003
Before: ROTH, BARRY, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Opinion Filed: April 4, 2003)
Jan A. Reiner, Esq. (Argued)
350 Broadway
New York, NY 10013
Attorney for Petitioner Yong Tang
Theodore N. Cox. (Argued)
Suite 1802
401 Broadway
New York, NY 10013
Attorney for Amnesty Int’l USA, Inc. Amicus-Appellant
Michelle E. Gordon, Esq. (Argued)
Donald E. Keener, Esq.
John M. McAdams, Jr., Esq.
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation
Ben Franklin Station
P.O. Box 878
Washington, DC 20044
Attorney for Respondent
OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge
Because we write primarily for the parties in this case, we will not recite the
underlying facts except when necessary to our analysis. Yong Tang and his wife, Yi Lan Li,
petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) refusing
them asylum or withholding of deportation on the basis that Yong Tang’s account of past
persecution and fear of future persecution in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”)
lacked plausibility1. Where a refusal to grant asylum or withholding of deportation is
1
Given that the BIA summarily affirmed the decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”)
and never issued a written opinion, the decision of the IJ is to be reviewed by this Court as
2
premised on an adverse credibility determination, we will uphold the agency's findings of
fact to the extent that they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence
on the record considered as a whole.” Balasubramanrim v. INS, 143 F.3d 157, 161 (3d
Cir.1998) (internal quotations omitted); see also Senathirajah v. I.N.S., 157 F.3d 210 (3d
Cir. 1998). Because the adverse credibility determination was not supported by substantial
evidence, we will vacate the BIA’s order and remand for further proceedings.
Petitioner, a pro-democracy Chinese dissident, testified to his account of
persecution while in the PRC. This account included his placement in a “re-education”
labor camp as a child along with his family and, when he was older, his arrest and detention
by the government of the PRC in response to his pro-democracy activities, activities which
included a leadership role at various demonstrations, such as the Tiananmen Square protests
in the days leading up to the massacre of student demonstrators by the government. He also
described having been brutally beaten until he lost consciousness in an attempt to compel
him to reveal the names of fellow activists. Petitioner’s acceptance to graduate school was
revoked by the government and subsequently conditioned upon his submission of a written
“confession” of his “violations.” Additionally, although he was promised a position
commensurate with his level of education by the government, he was, in fact, assigned to do
manual labor. Petitioner recounted persistent police visits, frequent interrogation, and
constant surveillance. Asserting a well-founded fear of future persecution in the PRC, he
though it were that of the BIA. Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 n.2 (3d Cir. 2001).
3
cited his numerous pro-democracy activities in the United States, including his affiliation
with the Chinese Alliance for Democracy, his participation in protests in front of the
Chinese Embassy in New York to rally for democratic reform in China, and his publication
of articles critical of the government of the PRC in prominent international
Chinese-language journals.
The IJ, it is important to note, did not take any issue with petitioner’s testimony that
he had been politically active against the PRC government, that he had suffered persecution,
or that he fears persecution in the future. Moreover, respondent concedes that the IJ’s
determination “was not based on inconsistencies, discrepancies, or lack of corroboration,
detail or specificity.” Resp. Br. at 31. Rather, the IJ denied petitioner’s application for
asylum and withholding of deportation on the basis that his evidence was not plausible in a
few respects. The IJ pointed particularly to four areas he found “curious,” (App. at 44),
“less than credible” (id. at 46), and “rais[ing] some eyebrows on the part of the Court” (id.
at 46-47), and which, the IJ maintained, undermined the notion that petitioner had a
legitimate fear of persecution: (1) petitioner’s employment in the United States by NIC
International Corporation (“NIC”), a “foreign corporation...owned or associated with” the
PRC (id. at 44); (2) the “C8” marking on the back of petitioner’s work authorization card,
which revealed his asylum applicant status and, according to the IJ, should have precluded
his hire, were he truly being persecuted; (3) the fact that petitioner's job title in China was
that of Director Assistant, Bureau of Shipping Administration, which the IJ felt conferred
upon him a “certain degree of responsibility and authority” inconsistent with that which a
4
dissident would be accorded (id. at 46); and (4) the fact that petitioner and his wife were
allowed to come to the United States on government-issued student visas.
Our review of the record reveals that the IJ’s conclusions regarding the
implausibility of petitioner’s testimony as to these “certain issues,” id. at 45, were
premised on inferences, assumptions, and feelings that range from overreaching to sheer
speculation. The record is bereft of evidence, much less “substantial evidence,” to support
an adverse credibility determination. See, e.g., Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir.
2002) (adverse credibility determination was reversible where it was premised on
impermissible speculation and not record evidence).
In the first place, there is no basis on the record for the IJ’s conclusion that NIC was
owned by or associated with the PRC and certainly no basis which permitted the conclusion
that petitioner had knowledge of any such association; indeed, he testified that he simply
did not know. But it was on the basis of these wholly unsupported conclusions that the IJ
came to the further conclusion that by accepting employment with NIC, petitioner did not
act like a person who feared persecution by the PRC.2 Moreover, it is simply untenable to
say that because petitioner worked for a company run by persons of Chinese extraction –
and that was all that the evidence disclosed – he would not reasonably fear persecution upon
2
We note, as an aside, that a foreign corporation under New Jersey law is defined as “a
corporation . . . organized under laws of a jurisdiction other than [New Jersey]. . . .” N.J.
Stat. 14A:1-2.1(i)(2002). NIC was incorporated in New York, and is, thus properly termed
a “foreign corporation” in New Jersey. Clearly, NIC’s “foreign” status should never have
been deemed an indicator that it was a company owned by or associated with the
government of the PRC.
5
his return to China.
But the IJ went on in this vein, stating that he simply could not believe that “officers
of a foreign corporation from the government of the People’s Republic of China are so
ignorant” that they would not have been aware that the C8 designation on petitioner’s work
authorization card meant that he had applied for asylum and thus, he concluded, the PRC
government had no interest in petitioner as a political dissident. It bears repeating that
there was no evidence that NIC was owned by or had ties to the PRC government much less
evidence that petitioner knowingly chose to work for a corporation with such ties. But the
IJ found it “incredible,” “cloud[ing]” petitioner’s testimony with “a lot of intrigue” that “the
personnel of [NIC] were aware of [petitioner’s asylum] application and . . . did not give any
importance to the fact that he was applying for asylum.” None of this was based on
anything of record and was, by the IJ’s own admission, a “feeling.” App. at 48.
The IJ also believed that petitioner’s lofty-sounding job title while in the PRC meant
that he held an important position, thus, undermining his credibility. This, too, gives us
some pause given petitioner’s clear and uncontradicted testimony that his position actually
entailed a good deal of manual labor at a construction site. We see nothing on the record to
suggest that that was not so, his job title aside.
Finally, despite the IJ’s statement that petitioner’s very ability to have left the PRC
and traveled to the United States “raises some eyebrows on the part of the Court” (id. at 46-
47), the mere possession of a passport does not necessarily suggest that an asylum
applicant has no legitimate or well-grounded fear of persecution. See Cordero-Trejo v.
6
I.N.S., 40 F.3d 482, 490 (1st Cir. 1994); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, ¶ 48, at 14 (Geneva
1979). Furthermore, the IJ's bald statement that the PRC’s issuance of a passport and
student visa to petitioner “belies all kinds of historical treatment by the government of the
[PRC] in dealing with dissidents,”and was “contrary to China's historical treatment of
political dissidents,” is, even if correct, supported by nothing in the record. What is in the
record and ignored by the IJ was petitioner’s testimony that he obtained his travel
documents outside of conventional channels because he did not believe that he could obtain
them any other way. The IJ concluded, however, that “what I think happened in this case is
that the respondents were very good students . . . and they were probably holding positions
of [a] certain degree of authority with the government of the People’s Republic of China
and in reward of all of those good things, the government decided to send them to the
United States to [study] and eventually return to the People’s Republic of China, in probably
higher positions . . . .” A47-48. All of this is sheer speculation, nothing more and nothing
less.
It is thus clear to us that the adverse credibility determination made in this case was
not supported by substantial evidence of record and may not stand. Given this conclusion,
we need not reach the other issues raised by petitioner, including the issue of the propriety
and, indeed, the constitutionality of the BIA’s practice of summary affirmance. This issue,
we note, will be before this Court en banc in Dia v. Ashcroft, No. 02-2460.
We will grant the petition for review, vacate the BIA’s order, and remand this matter
7
with instructions to remand to the IJ for a determination of whether, given the testimony of
petitioner that he suffered past and fears future persecution, testimony we have found to be
credible, petitioners should be granted asylum and/or withholding of deportation.
TO THE CLERK OF COURT:
Kindly file the foregoing opinion.
___/s/ Maryanne Trump Barry
Circuit Judge