Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
3-27-2006
USA v. Gomez-Fonseca
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-2278
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2006
Recommended Citation
"USA v. Gomez-Fonseca" (2006). 2006 Decisions. Paper 1382.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2006/1382
This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2006 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. For more information, please contact Benjamin.Carlson@law.villanova.edu.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Nos: 05-2278/2302
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
JUAN MANUEL GOMEZ-FONSECA,
Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(Crim. No. 04-cr-00197-1)
District Judge: Hon. Sylvia H. Rambo
Submitted pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
February 2, 2006
Before: McKEE, SMITH and VAN ANTWERPEN,
Circuit Judges
(Filed: March 27, 2006)
OPINION
McKEE, Circuit Judge.
Juan Manual Gomez-Fonseca appeals the sentence he received after pleading
guilty to one count of illegal reentry into the United States after deportation following
conviction for an aggravated felony. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
I.
1
Inasmuch as we write primarily for the parties we need not recite the factual or
procedural background of this appeal except insofar as may be helpful to our brief
discussion.
At sentencing, Gomez-Fonseca argued that the 16-level increase in his offense
level that was calculated in the PSR was not warranted because he had never been
convicted of a crime of violence. He also objected to the denial of acceptance of
responsibility in the PSR, and he argued that he should be awarded a downward departure
because his criminal history level over-represented the seriousness of his crimes.
The district court found that the 16-level increase was warranted because his
previous conviction had been for a crime of violence. After hearing argument from his
attorney, the district court awarded a three-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility. However, the court found that Gomez-Fonseca’s criminal history category
did not over-represent the seriousness of his crimes, and the court therefore adopted the
PSR’s calculation of his criminal history score. The recommended sentencing range was
77 to 96 months, and the court imposed a sentence of 77 months explaining that the
sentence was “reasonable in view of the considerations expressed in 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a).” 1 App. 59.
1
Gomez-Fonseca was sentenced approximately four months after the Supreme
Court issued its opinion in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005),
which held that the federal sentencing guidelines are advisory. 125 S.Ct. at 764-65.
After Booker, “[t]he district courts, while not bound to apply the Guidelines, must consult
those Guidelines and take them into account when sentencing.” Id. at 767. As before
(continued...)
2
Prior to sentencing on the charge of illegal reentry, the Middle District of
Pennsylvania accepted a transfer of Gomez-Fonseca’s supervised release from the Eastern
District of Washington. A petition requesting revocation of supervised release had been
filed because Gomez-Fonseca’s return to the United States violated the conditions of his
release. Because Gomez-Fonseca and his counsel were not prepared for a hearing on the
date of sentencing, a revocation hearing was held on April 21, 2005.
At the revocation hearing, Gomez-Fonseca argued that the 77-month prison
sentence imposed the prior week already punished him for illegally reentering the United
States because his illegal reentry violated his supervised release. During the revocation
hearing, counsel noted that the applicable revocation guideline range was 12 to 18
months, and contended that imposing an additional sentence would be unlawful.
The district court found that Gomez-Fonseca had violated the conditions of his
supervised release. In imposing sentence, the district court noted that it considered both
the relevant policy statement in the guidelines and the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a). The district court also noted that Gomez-Fonseca had illegally returned to the
United States only 8 months after being deported, and he had received an additional
conviction since his return. The district court considered the sentence already imposed for
the illegal reentry, and the time Gomez-Fonseca had spent in prison for his new
1
(...continued)
Booker, district courts must impose sentences that promote the “sentencing goals” listed
in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id. at 764-65.
3
conviction. The court then imposed an additional six months imprisonment. The court
explained that that sentence was necessary to protect the community, deter others and
promote respect for the law. The sentence was below the advisory guideline range.
Thereafter, Gomez-Fonseca appealed both sentences.
II.
We consider each of Gomez-Fonseca’s four arguments separately.
A. The 1995 conviction was a crime of violence.
Gomez-Fonseca argues that his 1995 conviction for false imprisonment with the
use of a knife was not a “crime of violence” because no one was injured during the
commission of the crime. Accordingly, he claims that the district court erred by applying
a 16-level increase for being a previously deported alien convicted of a crime of
violence.2 The claim warrants little discussion.
Application Note 1(B)(iii) of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 indicates that a “crime of
violence” can be “any offense under federal, state or local law that has as an element the
use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.”
In evaluating a prior conviction when imposing a sentence, the district court may
look to “the terms of the charging document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript
of colloquy between judge and defendant in which the factual basis for the plea was
2
Whether an offense is a “crime of violence” is a legal determination. United
States v. Trala, 386 F.3d 536, 547 (3d Cir. 2004). Therefore, our review of the district
court’s holding is plenary. Gibbs v. Cross, 160 F.3d 962, 964 (3d Cir. 1998).
4
confirmed by the defendant, or to some other comparable judicial record of this
information.” United States v. Shepard, U.S. , 125 S.Ct. 1254, 1263 (2005).
Gomez-Fonseca’s California conviction encompassed two statutes – Cal. Penal
Code § 236, False Imprisonment, and Cal. Penal Code § 12022(b), Use of Deadly or
Dangerous Weapon. Using a deadly or dangerous weapon to falsely imprison someone
obviously fits into the category of a “crime of violence” because it involves a substantial
risk of physical force. Therefore, the 16-level increase in the criminal offense level was
appropriate, and arguing the contrary approaches frivolity.
B. The district court’s interpretation of the guidelines.
Gomez-Fonseca argues that the district court abused its discretion by following the
guidelines as if they were mandatory. We disagree that a sentence that coincides with
the applicable guideline range somehow morphs the guidelines back into a mandatory
sentencing scheme. Under the post-Booker sentencing framework, district courts
consider the applicable advisory guidelines range in addition to the factors set forth in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a). 125 S.Ct. at 764-765. We review the sentences for unreasonableness.
Id. at 765.
Here, it is abundantly clear that the district court was well aware that the
guidelines were only advisory and that it considered all of the factors under § 3553(a) in
imposing the sentence of 77 months. At the sentencing hearing, after considering the
various arguments about what sentence would be appropriate, the district court stated,
“the [c]ourt finds [] the sentence of 77 months to be reasonable in view of the
5
considerations expressed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” App. 59. The district court recognized
that Gomez-Fonseca was a repeat offender who “did not seem to be deterred by prior
deportations.” Id. at 44. The court considered, and ultimately rejected, the argument that
the criminal history level exaggerated the seriousness of his prior convictions.
Given this record, the sentence of 77 months was reasonable. It was at the low-
end of the advisory guideline range. Although the court was not confined to that range, it
was not obligated to venture outside of it as Gomez-Fonseca’s argument suggests.
C. The district court’s denial of a downward departure.
In a related argument, Gomez-Fonseca contends that the district court erred by not
granting him a downward departure because his criminal history level over-represented
the seriousness of his past crimes. Pre-Booker, we had no jurisdiction to review a
district court’s discretionary refusal to depart downward. See, e.g., United States v.
Denardi, 892 F.2d 269, 272 (3d Cir. 1989). We recently held that the Supreme Court’s
decision in Booker “does not compel us to reverse this precedent.” United States v.
Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 333 (3d Cir. 2006).
Here, it is clear that the district court was well aware that it had the authority to
depart downward. It did not choose to do so.
D. The separate sentence for violating supervised release.
Gomez-Fonseca argues that the additional sentence of six months for the
supervised release violation punished him twice for the same offense. That argument
ignores that his illegal reentry was a new criminal conviction and also violated the
6
previously imposed term of supervised release. It would be a novel principle of law that
precluded a court from sentencing a recidivist for a new crime as well as for the violation
of any probation, parole, or supervised release that the criminal conduct may have
violated.
III. Conclusion.
For all of the above reasons, we will affirm the judgment of sentence.
7