Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
7-11-2007
USA v. Snead
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-3648
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"USA v. Snead" (2007). 2007 Decisions. Paper 790.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-3648
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
RASHIAD SNEAD,
also known as
SMILEY,
Rashiad Snead,
Appellant
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 03-cr-00538-1)
District Judge: Hon. James K. Gardner
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
July 9, 2007
Before: SLOVITER, HARDIMAN, and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Filed July 11, 2007)
_____
OPINION
SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Rashiad Snead appeals from the District Court’s order sentencing him to
390 months imprisonment. His primary contention is that the District Court erred in
declining to sentence him below the statutory mandatory minimum sentence of thirty-two
years. He alleges that the Government discriminated against him on the basis of gender
in failing to file a substantial assistance motion under either U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 or 18
U.S.C. § 3553(e). He also maintains that the Government selectively prosecuted him in
that he was treated more harshly than his two older white female co-defendants.
The Government has filed a motion to enforce the appellate waiver in Snead’s plea
agreement and to dismiss the appeal. In our recent opinion in United States v. Gwinnett,
483 F.3d 200 (3d Cir. 2007), we rejected the Government’s argument that we have no
jurisdiction to entertain Snead’s appeal. However, because Snead knowingly, voluntarily,
and intelligently waived his right to appeal, and no miscarriage of justice would result
from enforcing the appellate waiver, we reject Snead’s challenges to the sentence
imposed by the District Court, and will affirm.
I.
Within an eight-day period in May 2003, Snead robbed eight grocery stores at
gunpoint in the Reading, Pennsylvania area, all of which were engaged in interstate
commerce. On all eight occasions, Snead entered the store alone and committed robbery
at gunpoint. On some of those occasions, his two co-defendants, Holly Williams and
June Chance, waited in an automobile nearby.
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In seven of the eight instances, Williams drove the automobile to the store to be
robbed. Chance generally served as the lookout, and Snead selected items for ostensible
purchase, pulled his gun at the cashier, and demanded that the cashier hand over the cash
in the register. He then fled the store and was picked up by Williams. The eight stores
robbed and the approximate amount of cash taken were: La Chiquita Grocery ($150);
Buena Vista Grocery store ($50); Ralph’s Food Market ($240); Krick’s Corner Store
($1,200); International Deli ($350); Amazana Grocery Store ($300); Bohn Grocery Store
($100); and the El Gallito Store ($350). Snead, Williams and Chance divided the stolen
funds.
On August 26, 2003, Snead was indicted on one count of conspiracy to interfere
with interstate commerce by robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Count One); eight
counts of interference with commerce by robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951 and 2
(Counts Two through Nine); eight counts of using a gun during a crime of violence, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Counts Ten through Seventeen); and one count of
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count
Eighteen).
On April 1, 2004, pursuant to a written plea agreement, Snead entered a plea of
guilty to Counts One through Nine, Eleven, and Twelve of the indictment. In exchange
for the guilty plea, the Government agreed to dismiss Counts Ten and Thirteen through
Eighteen of the indictment. The plea agreement contained an appellate waiver in which
Snead agreed to waive his rights to appeal or collaterally attack his conviction or sentence
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“under 18 U.S.C. § 3742, 28 U.S.C. § 1291, 28 U.S.C. § 2255, or any other provision of
law.” App. at 60.
On September 14, 2004, Snead filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Snead
alleged that the Government had discriminated against him on the basis of his gender by
entering into more lenient plea agreements with his co-defendants, Williams and Chance.
However, on March 31, 2005, Snead withdrew his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
He stated that he was going to pursue a different avenue of attack – he planned to object
to the Government’s refusal to file a motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) on his behalf.
Snead was sentenced on July 22, 2005. The District Court first calculated the
sentence under the Sentencing Guidelines, noting that with a base offense level of 27 and
a criminal history category of IV, the guidelines called for a sentence within the 100-125
month range. However, under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) Snead’s conviction for Counts Eleven
and Twelve required mandatory seven- and twenty-five-year sentences respectively, both
to be served consecutively to any sentence received on Counts One through Nine. The
District Court granted Snead a downward variance on Counts One through Nine,
sentencing Snead to only six months imprisonment on those counts, all to run
concurrently. The Court then sentenced Snead to the statutory mandatory minium of
seven years (eighty-four months) on Count Eleven and the statutory mandatory minimum
of twenty-five years on Count Twelve (300 months), both to be served consecutively to
any other term imposed. Thus, Snead received 390 months imprisonment, five years of
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supervised release, and a special assessment.1 The Government moved to dismiss Counts
Ten and Thirteen through Eighteen, which the Court granted.
On July 26, 2005, Snead filed a timely notice of appeal. The Government then
filed a motion to enforce the appellate waiver in Snead’s plea agreement and to dismiss
the appeal.
II.
The Government argues that the appellate waiver should be enforced and Snead’s
appeal dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. However, as we recently clarified in Gwinnett,
this court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear appeals concerning the effects of an
appellate waiver. 483 F.3d at 203 (“this court retains subject matter jurisdiction over the
appeal by a defendant who had signed an appellate waiver”). Nevertheless, if we are
satisfied that Snead knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to an appeal, then we will
not exercise our jurisdiction to review the merits of his appeal unless the result would
work a miscarriage of justice. See id.; see also United States v. Khattak, 273 F.3d 557,
558 (3d Cir. 2001) (holding as a matter of first impression that “[w]aivers of appeals are
generally permissible if entered into knowingly and voluntarily, unless they work a
miscarriage of justice”).
We proceed then to consider whether there is record evidence that Snead
1
The amount of the special assessment is listed
inconsistently in the judgment as $1,000 and/or $1,100. Compare
App. at 259 with App. at 260.
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knowingly and voluntarily signed the appellate waiver. The language of the plea
agreement which Snead entered pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure is clear as to its intent to hold Snead and the Government to its provisions.
Specifically, the agreement states:
In exchange for the undertakings made by the government in entering this plea
agreement, the defendant voluntarily and expressly waives all rights to appeal or
collaterally attack the defendant’s conviction, sentence, or any other matter
relating to this prosecution, whether such a right to appeal or collateral attack
arises under 18 U.S.C. § 3742, 28 U.S.C. § 1291, 28 U.S.C. § 2255, or any other
provision of law.
a. Notwithstanding the waiver provision above, if the government
appeals from the sentence, then the defendant may file a direct appeal of his
sentence.
b. If the government does not appeal, then notwithstanding the waiver
provision set forth in this paragraph, the defendant may file a direct appeal
but may only raise claims that:
1. the defendant’s sentence exceeds the statutory maximum; or
2. the sentencing judge erroneously departed upward from the otherwise
applicable sentencing guideline range.
App. at 60.
We turn next to the colloquy between the sentencing judge and Snead during the
Rule 11 plea agreement hearing. See Gwinnett, 483 F.3d at 204 (quoting Khattak, 273
F.3d at 563, where we stated, “[i]n determining whether a waiver of appeal is ‘knowing
and voluntary,’ the role of the sentencing judge is critical.”). At the Rule 11 hearing, the
District Court asked Snead a series of questions to determine whether he had entered into
the agreement knowingly and voluntarily. The Court asked Snead, for example, “did you
hear the [Assistant] United States Attorney [(“AUSA”)] tell me what the terms and
conditions of your plea agreement are?” App. at 74. Further, the Court asked Snead,
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“Did the [AUSA] tell me fully, completely and accurately all of the terms and conditions
of your agreement as you understand them?” Id. Snead answered in the affirmative to
both questions. Next, the Court informed Snead that pursuant to his plea agreement:
you have waived or given up certain of the appeal rights which I’ve just explained
to you. You have waived your right to take any kind of collateral appeal or habeas
corpus petition. . . . In addition, you have limited your rights to take a direct appeal
from your sentence under your agreement. . . . If . . . the Government does not take
a direct appeal, then you can still take a direct appeal on two things, but on nothing
else. . . . first, if my sentence is greater than the statutory maximum sentence . . .
then you can take a direct appeal . . . and secondly, if I erroneously depart upward
from the otherwise applicable sentence guideline range, you can also take a direct
appeal from that . . . .
App. at 76-77.
At the conclusion of the plea hearing the District Court stated the following:
[I] find that the defendant is fully alert, competent and capable of entering an
informed plea, and that each plea is supported by an independent basis in fact
containing each of the essential elements of the offenses pled to. In other words,
[I] find there to be a factual basis for each of the pleas of guilty. Defendant’s pleas
of guilty are therefore each accepted, and he is now adjudged guilty of each of
those offenses.
App. at 90.
In light of the plea agreement and the plea colloquy, we are satisfied that Snead
entered his plea knowingly and voluntarily. There remains the question of whether the
Government’s sentencing position was unconstitutionally discriminatory, which would, if
it were, work a miscarriage of justice.
In Khattak, we declined to adopt a blanket rule prohibiting all review of certain
otherwise valid waivers of appeals. We stated: “[t]here may be an unusual circumstance
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where an error amounting to a miscarriage of justice may invalidate the waiver.” 273
F.3d at 562. We endorsed the approach of the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in
United States v. Teeter, 257 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 2001), where that court set forth certain
factors to consider before “‘reliev[ing] the defendant of the waiver.’” Khattak, 273 F.3d
at 563 (quoting Teeter, 257 F.3d at 25-26). Those factors are:
[T]he clarity of the error, its gravity, its character (e.g., whether it concerns a fact
issue, a sentencing guideline, or a statutory maximum), the impact of the error on
the defendant, the impact of correcting the error on the government, and the extent
to which the defendant acquiesced in the result.
Id. (quoting Teeter).
In his appeal, Snead contends that the District Court erred in not sentencing him
below the statutory mandatory minimum of thirty-two years. He maintains that the
District Court should not have overlooked the Government’s discriminatory behavior in
that the Government failed to make a substantial assistance motion under either U.S.S.G.
§ 5K1.1 or 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).
In United States v. Wade, the Supreme Court, in considering the Government’s
refusal to file a motion pursuant to either U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 or 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e), stated
that the federal courts have “authority to review a prosecutor’s refusal to file a
substantial-assistance motion and to grant a remedy if they find that the refusal was based
on an unconstitutional motive . . . . say because of a defendant’s race or religion.” 504
U.S. 181, 185-86 (1992). The Supreme Court then stated that a “claim that a defendant
merely provided substantial assistance will not entitle a defendant to a remedy or even to
8
discovery or an evidentiary hearing. Nor would additional but generalized allegations of
improper motive. . . . [A] defendant has no right to discovery or an evidentiary hearing
unless he makes a substantial threshold showing.” Id. at 186 (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Taken in tandem then, Khattak and Wade stand for the proposition that an
appellate waiver may be vitiated and this court may consider a defendant’s appeal if a
miscarriage of justice would occur in enforcing the appellate waiver; such a miscarriage
of justice could include a refusal on the Government’s part to file a substantial-assistance
motion. However, just as Wade failed to “[allege], much less [claim] to have evidence
tending to show, that the Government refused to file a motion for suspect reasons such as
his race or religion,” 504 U.S. at 186, similarly Snead has failed to demonstrate, although
he did allege, the requisite “substantial threshold showing” of unconstitutional motive on
the basis of gender. Briefly stated, the fact that Snead received a far harsher sentence
than his co-defendants does not evidence unconstitutional motive on the Government’s
part. A criminal defendant has no constitutional right to be given a sentence equal in
duration to that of his co-defendants. United States v. Hart, 273 F.3d 363, 379 (3d Cir.
2001). As the District Court stated, Snead:
brandished the gun in these robberies, they did not. He grabbed the
customer in one of these robberies; the co-defendants did not. He shoved
the gun in the chest of one of the grocers in one of these robberies; the
co-defendants did not. He demanded the money; the co-defendants did not.
He threatened to kill at least one of the grocers; the co-defendants did not.
App. at 238.
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III.
In light of the foregoing, and our conclusion that Snead has not shown a
miscarriage of justice, we will enforce the appellate waiver, thereby affirming the
sentence of the District Court.
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